Differential Psychology Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

This milestone text provides a comprehensive and state-of-the art overview of perfectionism theory, research, and treatment from the past 25 years, with contributions from the leading researchers in the field. The book examines new... more

This milestone text provides a comprehensive and state-of-the art overview of perfectionism theory, research, and treatment from the past 25 years, with contributions from the leading researchers in the field. The book examines new theories and perspectives including the social disconnection model of perfectionism and the 2 × 2 model of perfectionism. It also reviews empirical findings, with a special focus on stress, vulnerability, and resilience, and examines perfectionism in specific populations. Finally, it considers how perfectionism relates to physical health and psychophysiological processes and introduces new approaches to effective prevention and treatment. By increasing our understanding of perfectionism as a complex personality disposition and providing a framework for future explorations, this landmark publication aims to promote further research in this field. It will be invaluable reading for academics, students, and professionals in personality psychology, clinical and counselling psychology, applied psychology and related disciplines.

Perfectionists have shown increased negative affect after failure compared to nonperfectionists. However, little is known about how perfectionists react to repeated failure. This study investigated the effects of two forms of... more

Perfectionists have shown increased negative affect after failure compared to nonperfectionists. However, little is known about how perfectionists react to repeated failure. This study investigated the effects of two forms of perfectionism—self-oriented perfectionism and socially prescribed perfectionism—on 100 university students’ reactions to repeated failure (versus repeated success) examining three negative emotions: anxiety, depression, and anger. Results showed that socially prescribed perfectionism predicted increased anxiety, depression, and anger after initial failure and further increased anger after repeated failure. In contrast, self-oriented perfectionism predicted increased anxiety, but only after repeated failure. The findings suggest that both self-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism are vulnerability factors predisposing individuals to react with increased negative affect after repeated failure.

Toxoplasmosis is a neglected tropical disease with a global distribution that is estimated to infect one third of the world’s human population. This study was a comparison of ELISA and rapid Immunochromatographic tests (ICT) in diagnosis... more

Toxoplasmosis is a neglected tropical disease with a global distribution that is estimated to infect one third of the world’s human population. This study was a comparison of ELISA and rapid Immunochromatographic tests (ICT) in diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in Port Harcourt Nigeria. Eight hundred patients grouped in four categories from three Health Care Centres were randomly sampled after due ethical approval was obtained. Samples were analysed using Toxo IgG-IgM rapid test (ICT) and Enzyme linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) technique. Socio Demo graphic Data were obtained using well-structured questionnaires. The seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis based on ICT was 28.1% while that of ELISA was 34.5% both significant (P < 0.05) with a relative risk of 0.815. The diagnostic parameters of ICT versus ELISA IgG were sensitively 46.7% specificity 81.7% positive predictive value (PPV) 57.3%, Negative predictive value (NPV) 74.4 with a diagnostic efficiency of 69.6% Cohen Kappas indicate goo...

Encouraging further research on the dimensional assessment of personality disorders (PDs), Section III of the DSM-5 introduced a hybrid model for the assessment of six PDs employing self-reports on 25 maladaptive personality traits... more

Encouraging further research on the dimensional assessment of personality disorders (PDs), Section III of the DSM-5 introduced a hybrid model for the assessment of six PDs employing self-reports on 25 maladaptive personality traits (“DSM-5 personality traits”). Following suggestions that multidimensional perfectionism is an important characteristic across various personality disorders (Ayearst, Flett, & Hewitt, 2012), the present study investigated how personal (self-oriented) and interpersonal (other-oriented and socially prescribed) aspects of perfectionism predicted the DSM-5 personality traits in a sample of 311 university students. Multiple regressions (controlling for the overlap between the different forms of perfectionism) showed that socially prescribed perfectionism positively predicted the traits defining schizotypal, borderline, avoidant, and obsessive-compulsive PD; other-oriented perfectionism positively predicted the traits defining narcissistic PD; and both socially prescribed and other-oriented perfectionism positively predicted the traits defining antisocial PD. In contrast, self-oriented perfectionism positively predicted only one of the four traits defining obsessive-compulsive PD (rigid perfectionism). Showing that multidimensional perfectionism predicted all DSM-5 traits defining the personality disorders of Section III, the findings suggest that future DSM-5 updates may profit from including interpersonal aspects of perfectionism as a diagnostic criterion.

Cumulative evidence has shown that four dimensions can be differentiated in the experience of test anxiety: worry, emotionality, interference, and lack of confidence. To investigate whether these dimensions show specific relationships... more

Cumulative evidence has shown that four dimensions can be differentiated in the experience of test anxiety: worry, emotionality, interference, and lack of confidence. To investigate whether these dimensions show specific relationships with ways of coping, a study with 162 students (75 male, 87 female) examined how students cope with anxiety and uncertainty in the run-up to important exams. Coping strategies included task-orientation and preparation, seeking social support, and avoidance. Results showed that overall test anxiety was related to seeking social support. When dimensions of test anxiety were inspected individually while controlling for interdimensional overlap, however, results showed a specific pattern of relationships: (a) worry was related to task-orientation and preparation and inversely related to cognitive avoidance, (b) emotionality was related to task-orientation and preparation and seeking social support, and (c) interference was related to avoidance and inversely related to task-orientation and preparation, whereas (d) lack of confidence was related to avoidance only. Although some gender differences emerged, the findings indicate that the main components of test anxiety display different relationships with coping. Moreover, they confirm that it is important to differentiate between worry and interference because these dimensions, albeit closely related, may show opposite relationships with ways of coping.

Настоящая статья посвящена результатам экспериментального изучения некоторых предпосылок психологических способностей абитуриентов и студентов специализированных факультетов по переподготовке учителей.

ABSTRACT This paper examines the relationships between individual differences in situational triggers of aggressive behaviors (STAR) and the FFM personality traits. The investigation, conducted among Polish male and female offenders and... more

ABSTRACT This paper examines the relationships between individual differences in situational triggers of aggressive behaviors (STAR) and the FFM personality traits. The investigation, conducted among Polish male and female offenders and students, revealed different relationships across samples. Among students, higher sensitivity to frustration and provocation was related to higher Neuroticism and lower Agreeableness and sensitivity to provoking situations to lower Openness to Experience. Among prisoners, however, lower Agreeableness was negatively linked to being more sensitive to provocation. Furthermore, the study found sex differences in STAR scales in the student sample but not the prisoners’ sample.

Almost 30 years ago, Hamachek (1978) suggested that 2 forms of perfectionism be distinguished, a positive form labeled “normal perfectionism” and a negative form labeled “neurotic perfectionism.” Focusing on the positive, we present an... more

Almost 30 years ago, Hamachek (1978) suggested that 2 forms of perfectionism be distinguished, a positive form labeled “normal perfectionism” and a negative form labeled “neurotic perfectionism.” Focusing on the positive, we present an overview of the different empirical conceptions of the 2 forms of perfectionism and a common framework for the 2 basic approaches: the dimensional approach differentiating 2 dimensions of perfectionism (perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns) and the group-based approach differentiating 2 groups of perfectionists (healthy perfectionists and unhealthy perfectionists). Moreover, we review the evidence demonstrating that (a) perfectionistic strivings are associated with positive characteristics and (b) healthy perfectionists show higher levels of positive characteristics compared to unhealthy perfectionists and nonperfectionists. Although questions on core facets, positive effects, and developmental antecedents of positive forms of perfec...

Zur Erfassung des Konstruktes Worrying (Besorgnis), der kognitiven Komponente normaler und pathologischer Angst, wurden an insgesamt 224 Probanden Reliabilität, Itemkennwerte, Faktorenstruktur und Konstruktvalidität dreier Inventare... more

Zur Erfassung des Konstruktes Worrying (Besorgnis), der kognitiven Komponente normaler und pathologischer Angst, wurden an insgesamt 224 Probanden Reliabilität, Itemkennwerte, Faktorenstruktur und Konstruktvalidität dreier Inventare untersucht: des Penn State Worry Questionnaires (PSWQ; Meyer, Miller, Metzger & Borkovec, 1990), der Student Worry Scale (SWS; Davey, Hampton, Farrell & Davidson, 1992) und des Worry Domains Questionnaires (WDQ; Tallis, Eysenck & Mathews, 1992). Die interne Konsistenz von PSWQ und WDQ (.86 und .91) sind als gut bis sehr gut zu bewerten, die der SWS dagegen als unbefriedigend (.58). Die faktorielle Struktur des PSWQ ist weitgehend erwartungskonform, während der WDQ weniger und die SWS mehr Faktoren als vermutet hervorbringen. Fallen die Interkorrelationen der drei Worry-Inventare und damit die Betrachtung ihrer Konstruktvalidität noch zufriedenstellend aus, so sind die Korrelationen mit konstruktrelevanten Außenvariablen insgesamt eher niedrig, vor allem dann, wenn man dispositionelle Ängstlichkeit auspartialisiert. Zusammenhänge von Worrying mit Geschlecht, Alter und sozialer Erwünschtheit werden abschließend dargelegt.

Die Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale-Deutsch (FMPS-D; Stöber, 1995) ist die deutsche Version der Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale von Frost, Marten, Lahart und Rosenblate (1990) und erfasst Perfektionismus entlang der von... more

Die Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale-Deutsch (FMPS-D; Stöber, 1995) ist die deutsche Version der Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale von Frost, Marten, Lahart und Rosenblate
(1990) und erfasst Perfektionismus entlang der von Frost et al. (1990) vorgeschlagenen sechs Dimensionen: Sorge über Fehler (engl.: Concern over Mistakes, CM), Handlungszweifel (Doubts about Actions, D), Elterliche Erwartungen (Parental Expectations, PE), Elterliche Kritik (Parental Criticism, PC), Persönliche Ansprüche (Personal Standards, PS) und Organisation (Organization, O).

The Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (BIDR) is a widely-used instrument to measure the two components of social desirability: self-deceptive enhancement (SDE) and impression management (IM). With respect to scoring of the BIDR,... more

The Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (BIDR) is a widely-used instrument to measure the two components of social desirability: self-deceptive enhancement (SDE) and impression management (IM). With respect to scoring of the BIDR, Paulhus (1994) has authorized two methods, namely continuous scoring (all answers on the continuous answer scale are counted) and dichotomous scoring (only extreme answers are counted). In the present article, three studies with student samples are reported, and continuous and dichotomous scoring of BIDR subscales are compared with respect to reliability, convergent validity, sensitivity to instructional variations, and correlations with personality. Across studies, the scores from continuous scoring (continuous scores) showed higher Cronbach's alphas than those from dichotomous scoring (dichotomous scores). Moreover, continuous scores showed higher convergent correlations with other measures of social desirability and more consistent effects with self-presentation instructions (fake-good versus fake-bad instructions). Finally, continuous SDE scores showed higher correlations with those traits of the five-factor model for which substantial correlations were expected (i.e., neuroticism, extraversion, and conscientiousness). Consequently, the present findings indicate that continuous scoring may be preferable to dichotomous scoring when assessing socially desirable responding with the BIDR.

The chapter presents a review of the research literature examining perfectionism from a motivational perspective. Taking the two-factor model of perfectionism—differentiating the two higher-order dimensions of perfectionistic strivings... more

The chapter presents a review of the research literature examining perfectionism from a motivational perspective. Taking the two-factor model of perfectionism—differentiating the two higher-order dimensions of perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns—as a basis, we present analyses of the differential relationships that the two dimensions show with key motivational constructs focusing on achievement motivation and self-determination theory. As regards achievement motivation, we examine the relationships with achievement motives (hope of success and fear of failure) and achievement goals (task and ego goals, 2 × 2 and 3 × 2 achievement goals). As regards self-determination theory, we examine the relationships with autonomous and controlled motivation and with the different regulatory styles associated with intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and amotivation. Based on the findings of our review, we propose that the differential motivational qualities of perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns are important to understand why perfectionism is a “double-edged sword” that may energize or paralyze people, motivating some perfectionists to engage and others to disengage. We conclude that perfectionism research may profit from seeing perfectionism from a motivational perspective, perhaps even regard perfectionism as a motive disposition (need for perfection) whereby perfectionistic strivings represent the approach-oriented and autonomous aspects, and perfectionistic concerns the avoidance-oriented and controlled aspects.

Four studies investigating the convergent validity, discriminant validity, and relationship with age of the Social Desirability Scale-17 (SDS-17) are presented. Where convergent validity is concerned, SDS-17 scores showed correlations... more

Four studies investigating the convergent validity, discriminant validity, and relationship with age of the Social Desirability Scale-17 (SDS-17) are presented. Where convergent validity is concerned, SDS-17 scores showed correlations between .52 and .85 with other measures of social desirability (Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Lie Scale, Sets of Four Scale, Marlowe-Crowne Scale). Moreover, scores were highly sensitive to social-desirability provoking instructions (job-application instruction). Finally, with respect to the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding, SDS-17 scores showed a unique correlation with impression management, but not with self-deception. Where discriminant validity is concerned, SDS-17 scores showed nonsignificant correlations with neuroticism, extraversion, psychoticism, and openness to experience, whereas there was some overlap with agreeableness and conscientiousness. With respect to relationship with age, the SDS-17 was administered in a sample stratified for age, with age ranging from 18 to 89 years. In all but the oldest age group, the SDS-17 showed substantial correlations with the Marlowe-Crowne Scale. The influence of age (cohort) on mean scores, however, was significantly smaller for the SDS-17 than for the Marlowe-Crowne Scale. In sum, results indicate that the SDS-17 is a reliable and valid measure of social desirability, suitable for adults of 18 to 80 years of age.

English translation of the original German version: Stoeber, J., Otto, K., & Stoll, O. (2004). Mehrdimensionales Inventar zu Perfektionismus im Sport (MIPS) [Multidimensional Inventory of Perfectionism in Sport (MIPS)]. In J. Stoeber, K.... more

English translation of the original German version: Stoeber, J., Otto, K., & Stoll, O. (2004). Mehrdimensionales Inventar zu Perfektionismus im Sport (MIPS) [Multidimensional Inventory of Perfectionism in Sport (MIPS)]. In J. Stoeber, K. Otto, E. Pescheck, & O. Stoll, Skalendokumentation "Perfektionismus im Sport" (Hallesche Berichte zur Pädagogischen Psychologie Nr. 7). Halle/Saale, Germany: Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Department of Educational Psychology.

Perfectionism is a multidimensional personality disposition characterized by striving for flawlessness and setting exceedingly high standards of performance accompanied by overly critical evaluations of one’s behavior. Perfectionism is a... more

Perfectionism is a multidimensional personality disposition characterized by striving for flawlessness and setting exceedingly high standards of performance accompanied by overly critical evaluations of one’s behavior. Perfectionism is a complex characteristic. It comes in different forms and has various aspects. This chapter has a dual purpose: It aims to serve as an introduction to “The Psychology of Perfectionism” (the edited book you are holding in your hands) and an introduction to the psychology of perfectionism (what the book is about). To these aims, I first present a brief history of perfectionism theory and research. Then I introduce the two-factor theory of perfectionism—differentiating perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns—with the intention to provide readers with a conceptual framework that may serve as a “compass” guiding them through the different models and measures of perfectionism they will encounter in this book. Going beyond the two-factor model, I next introduce three aspects of perfectionism that are important for a comprehensive understanding of perfectionism: other-oriented perfectionism, perfectionistic self-presentation, and perfectionism cognitions. The chapter will conclude with a brief overview of the organization of the book and the contents of the individual chapters.

The Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS) is a multidimensional self-report scale of perfectionism. It contains a total of 35 items. These are subsumed to the following six subscales: Concern over Mistakes (CM; 9 items),... more

The Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS) is a multidimensional self-report scale of perfectionism. It contains a total of 35 items. These are subsumed to the following six subscales: Concern over Mistakes (CM; 9 items), Personal Standards (PS; 7 items), Parental Expectations (PE; 5 items), Parental Criticism (PC; 4 items), Doubts about actions (D; 4 items), and Organization (O; 6 items). The first five subscales represent the core dimensions of the FMPS whereas the subscale Organization was found to be only loosely related to the other subscales. Consequently, Frost et al. recommended to exclude O when calculating total scores (see Frost, Marten, Lahart, & Rosenblate, 1990, pp. 454-456). With this, the FMPS total score is based on 29 items. All items are scored in the direction of perfectionism. With a five-point answer scale from Strongly disagree (1) to Strongly agree (5), the potential range of FMPS total scores is 29-145.

The construct of clinical perfectionism, conceptualized as a one-dimensional construct (Shafran, Cooper, & Fairburn, 2003), has drawn considerable debate because of the associated critique of multidimensional perfectionism’s relevance for... more

The construct of clinical perfectionism, conceptualized as a one-dimensional construct (Shafran, Cooper, & Fairburn, 2003), has drawn considerable debate because of the associated critique of multidimensional perfectionism’s relevance for clinical theory and research. Hence Dickie, Surgenor, Wilson, and McDowall’s (2012) finding that the Clinical Perfectionism Questionnaire (CPQ), designed to measure clinical perfectionism, was two-factorial and thus multidimensional makes an important contribution to the debate. The present study aimed to replicate Dickie et al.’s finding examining the CPQ’s factorial structure in 316 university students. In addition, the study examined the CPQ’s convergent correlations with dispositional perfectionism, perfectionism cognitions, and perfectionistic self-presentation. CPQ total scores showed large-sized positive correlations with dispositional perfectionism and perfectionism cognitions demonstrating convergent validity. However, the study confirmed that the CPQ was two-factorial with Factor 1 mainly capturing perfectionistic strivings and Factor 2 mainly capturing perfectionistic concerns, thus questioning the CPQ’s construct validity. Together with Dickie et al.’s findings, the present study’s findings suggest that—if the CPQ is a valid measure of clinical perfectionism as conceptualized by Shafran et al. (2003)—the construct of clinical perfectionism and its dimensionality need to be reconsidered.

Hewitt and Flett’s 45-item Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS; Hewitt & Flett, 1991, 2004) is a widely-used instrument to assess self-oriented, other-oriented, and socially prescribed perfectionism. With 45 items, it is not overly... more

Hewitt and Flett’s 45-item Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS; Hewitt & Flett, 1991, 2004) is a widely-used instrument to assess self-oriented, other-oriented, and socially prescribed perfectionism. With 45 items, it is not overly lengthy, but there are situations where a short form is useful. Analyzing data from 4 samples, this article compares 2 frequently used 15-item short forms of the MPS—Cox et al.’s (2002) and Hewitt et al.’s (2008)—by examining to what degree their scores replicate the original version’s correlations with various personality characteristics (e.g., traits, social goals, personal/interpersonal orientations). Regarding self-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism, both short forms performed well. Regarding other-oriented perfectionism, however, Cox et al.’s short form (exclusively comprised of negatively worded items) performed less well than Hewitt et al.’s (which contains no negatively worded items). It is recommended that researchers use Hewitt et al.’s short form to assess other-oriented perfectionism rather than Cox et al.’s.

This panel explores the concept of creative polymathy—the development of expertise and creativity in multiple domains. Polymathy is found to be correlated with creative eminence by historiometric and biographic studies. However, the full... more

This panel explores the concept of creative polymathy—the development of expertise and creativity in multiple domains. Polymathy is found to be correlated with creative eminence by historiometric and biographic studies. However, the full richness of the concept is still largely untapped. The detailed study of polymathy can provide insights into themes as varied as the nature of creativity, genius and individual differences, and shed new light on the bio-psycho-social interactions that underlie creative behavior. This makes the study of polymathy relevant not only for those who identify themselves as polymaths but also for society at large; a more polymathy-friendly society represents a more fertile ground for diversity and innovation. In the panel, six scholars will bring their unique contributions to the study of polymathy. Michael Araki will present a brief history of polymathy and discuss its different conceptualizations as well as its core components. Angela Cotellessa will bring insights from a phenomenological study conducted with thirteen modern-day polymaths. Dean Keith Simonton will present the history of historiometric research on the versatility of historic geniuses. Irina Trofimova will discuss how polymathy can be represented in the Functional Ensemble of Temperament (FET) framework, bringing insights from temperament and neurochemistry research. Robert Root-Bernstein and Michele Root-Bernstein will conclude the panel with their comments. Finally, this interdisciplinary panel aims to be the spearhead of future scientific developments driven by the integration of different research strands.

Abstract in English The Social Desirability Scale by Crowne and Marlowe (1960), M-C SDS, continues to enjoy great popularity, as does the German version by Lück and Timaeus (1969). After 40 years, however, it is questionable whether the... more

Abstract in English
The Social Desirability Scale by Crowne and Marlowe (1960), M-C SDS, continues to enjoy great popularity, as does the German version by Lück and Timaeus (1969). After 40 years, however, it is questionable whether the M-C SDS is still up-to-date. It may well be that one could find new items with a higher degree of social desirability. Four studies are described in which a new scale in the style of the Marlowe-Crowne scale, the Social Desirability Scale-17 (SDS-17), was developed and examined. The SDS-17, a 17-item scale, displayed satisfactory reliability and convergent validity: Internal consistency ranged from .72 to .75; test-retest stability across four weeks was .82; and the correlations with the M-C SDS ranged from .67 to .74. Overall, the SDS-17 is comparable to the M-C SDS. However, it is shorter (17 instead of 23 items) and demonstrates greater face-validity: A sample of 49 judges rated the items of both scales with respect to social desirability. The SDS-17 items received significantly and substantially higher ratings than the M-C SDS items.
Abstract in German
Zusammenfassung. Die “Social Desirability Scale” von Crowne und Marlowe (1960), SDS-CM, erfreut sich nach wie vor großer Beliebtheit. Dasselbe gilt für die deutsche Fassung (Lück & Timaeus, 1969). Nach 40 Jahren ist es jedoch fraglich, ob die SDS-CM noch zeitgemäß ist bzw. ob sich nicht neue Items finden lassen, die einen höheren Grad an sozialer Erwünschtheit aufweisen. Vier Studien werden beschrieben, in denen eine neue Skala im Stil der Crowne-Marlowe-Skala entwickelt und überprüft wird. Das Ergebnis ist die Soziale-Erwünschtheits-Skala-17 (SES-17). Diese umfaßt 17 Items. Reliabilität und konvergente Validität sind zufriedenstellend: Die interne Konsistenz liegt bei .72 bis .75, die Retest-Stabilität über vier Wochen bei .82 und die Korrelation mit der SDS-CM bei .67 bis .74. Damit ist die SES-17 ein der SDS-CM vergleichbares Verfahren, ist jedoch ökonomischer (17 statt 23 Items) und zeigt höhere Augenscheinvalidität: Eine Stichprobe von 49 Beurteilern schätzte die Items beider Skalen bezüglich sozialer Erwünschtheit ein. Die SES-17-Items erhielten signifikant und bedeutsam höhere Ratings als die SDS-CM-Items.

This study uses structural equation modelling to investigate the psychological mechanism underpinning interrogative suggestibility on the Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale (GSS). It considers the relationship between neuroticism... more

This study uses structural equation modelling to investigate the psychological mechanism underpinning interrogative suggestibility on the Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale (GSS). It considers the relationship between neuroticism (vulnerability especially) and compliance within the Five-Factor personality model,fearful avoidant attachment (FAA), the experience of intense negative life events (iNLE) and interrogative suggestibility. Each participant completed the GSS 1, the Life Events Questionnaire, the Relationship Scale Questionnaire, and the NEO Personality Inventory-Revised. Findings show that: (i) vulnerability and FAA correlate; FAA patterns indirectly affect misinformation acceptance both in the absence of pressure (Yield 1) and in response to pressure (Yield 2) through iNLE. (ii) FAA patterns and compliance indirectly affect sensitivity to interrogative pressure (Shift scores) through iNLE. An endogenous tendency towards distress, FAA, and compliant tendencies (with respect to Shift scores) may be the basis of individual differencesin interrogative suggestibility. This could manifest as false statements and inconsistencies inanswer during questioning.

This chapter provides a synopsis of research on where multidimensional perfectionism " fits " within the broader framework of contemporary personality theory. Focusing on Hewitt and Flett's (1991) model of perfectionism--differentiating... more

This chapter provides a synopsis of research on where multidimensional perfectionism " fits " within the broader framework of contemporary personality theory. Focusing on Hewitt and Flett's (1991) model of perfectionism--differentiating self-oriented, other-oriented, and socially prescribed perfectionism--the chapter presents a summary and critical discussion of how multidimensional perfectionism relates to the dimensions and facets of two major structural models of personality (the five-factor model and the HEXACO model) and one neuropsychological model of personality (reinforcement sensitivity theory). Implications of the findings for multidimensional theories and models of perfectionism, as well as future perfectionism research, are discussed.

Even though it has been over 20 years since Spence and Robbins (1992) first showed perfectionism and workaholism to be closely related, the relationship between perfectionism and workaholism is still under-researched. In particular, it... more

Even though it has been over 20 years since Spence and Robbins (1992) first showed perfectionism and workaholism to be closely related, the relationship between perfectionism and workaholism is still under-researched. In particular, it has remained unclear why perfectionism is linked to workaholism. Using data from 131 employees, this study—examining self-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism—investigated whether intrinsic-extrinsic work motivation could explain the positive relationship between perfectionism and workaholism. Whereas socially prescribed perfectionism was unrelated to workaholism, self-oriented perfectionism showed a positive correlation with workaholism. Furthermore autonomous (integrated and identified regulation) and controlled (introjected and external regulation) work motivation showed positive correlations. However, when all predictors were entered in a regression analysis, only self-oriented perfectionism, identified regulation, and introjected regulation positively predicted workaholism. In addition, a mediation analysis showed that identified and introjected regulation fully mediated the effect of self-oriented perfectionism on workaholism. The findings suggest that high levels of work motivation explain why many self-oriented perfectionists are workaholic.

This work is dedicated to the memory of Alain Lieury who encouraged me turning my interest towards factor analysis, as used in differential psychology. First, we briefly discuss the theoretical status of factors and the inferential nature... more

This work is dedicated to the memory of Alain Lieury who encouraged me turning my interest towards factor analysis, as used in differential psychology. First, we briefly discuss the theoretical status of factors and the inferential nature of factor analytic inference. We then present the common factor model and outline the various stages of implementation of exploratory factor analysis. The integration of factor analysis in the more general framework of structural equation models and certain extensions of confirmatory factor analysis are described. Some aspects of the evolution of the model and techniques are highlighted.

Perfectionism is a prevalent personality disposition that may affect all domains of life. Work is an important domain of life for many people. Yet, research on perfectionism at work and how perfectionism affects employees’ health and... more

Perfectionism is a prevalent personality disposition that may affect all domains of life. Work is an important domain of life for many people. Yet, research on perfectionism at work and how perfectionism affects employees’ health and well-being is still limited. Research, however, has investigated perfectionism’s relationships with three key aspects of peoples’ working lives that are closely associated with employees’ health and well-being: work engagement, workaholism, and job burnout. Differentiating between perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns (Stoeber & Otto, 2006), the present chapter presents an overview of the relevant research findings. Taken together, the findings suggest that (a) perfectionistic strivings show positive relationships with work engagement whereas perfectionistic concerns show no relationships or negative relationships, (b) perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns both show positive relationships with workaholism, and (c) perfectionistic strivings show negative relationships with burnout whereas perfectionistic concerns show positive relationships. To explain the opposite relationships that perfectionistic strivings and concerns show with burnout, two hypothetical models are presented. In Model 1, autonomous versus controlled motivation explain the opposite relationships of perfectionistic strivings and concerns with burnout. In Model 2, adaptive versus maladaptive coping explain the relationships. The chapter concludes with directions for future research on perfectionism, work engagement, workaholism, and job burnout pointing out the importance of longitudinal studies and intervention studies.

Mit dem Thema Angst haben sich die klassischen Schulen der Psychologie schon seit langem befaßt: die Psychoanalyse (z. B. Freud, 1895/1971) mit ihren tiefenpsychologischen Betrachtungen, der Behaviorismus (z. B. Mowrer, 1939) mit seinen... more

Mit dem Thema Angst haben sich die klassischen Schulen der Psychologie schon seit langem befaßt: die Psychoanalyse (z. B. Freud, 1895/1971) mit ihren tiefenpsychologischen Betrachtungen, der Behaviorismus (z. B. Mowrer, 1939) mit seinen Reiz-Reaktions-Analysen sowie die Kognitive Psychologie (z. B. Eysenck, 1992), die seit Ende der 60er Jahre in der Psychologie die vorherrschende Rolle spielt. Letztere betrachtet vor allem Einschätzungen und Informationsverarbeitungsprozesse. Dazu gehört auch die kognitiv-transaktionale Theorie von Streß und Emotionen, die Richard Lazarus (1966, 1991) hervorgebracht hat und die seit über drei Jahrzehnten große Verbreitung und Anerkennung gefunden hat. Nach dieser Theorie entstehen Emotionen aufgrund kognitiver Einschätzungsprozesse. Nicht die kritische Situation an sich löst Gefühle aus, sondern deren subjektive Interpretation. In streßreichen Anforderungssituationen nehmen Menschen eine zweifache kognitive Einschätzung vor, und zwar eine Ereigniseinschätzung (primary appraisal) und damit gleichzeitig eine Ressourceneinschätzung (secondary appraisal). Dieser Vorgang, der nicht unmittelbar bewußt ablaufen muß, endet typischerweise mit einer Bewertungskategorie wie z. B. Herausforderung, Bedrohung oder Schaden/Verlust. Die Angstemotion resultiert dann, wenn sich Bedrohung als die dominante Einschätzungskategorie ergibt (Lazarus, 1991; Schwarzer, 1993). Daran schließen sich Bewältigungsprozesse sowie Neueinschätzungen an. Nach diesem Ansatz ist Angst also eine spezifische, kognitiv vermittelte Emotion im Rahmen einer Streßepisode. Daneben gibt es eine Reihe weiterer aktueller Ansätze, in denen wichtige Differenzierungen des Angstkonstrukts vorgenommen werden, die im folgenden dargestellt werden.

This study investigates the relationship between the number and intensity of negative life events experienced (nNLE and iNLE respectively), neuroticism (N), compliance (C), and interrogative suggestibility on the Gudjonsson Suggestibility... more

This study investigates the relationship between the number and intensity of negative life events experienced (nNLE and iNLE respectively), neuroticism (N), compliance (C), and interrogative suggestibility on the Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale 1 (GSS 1). Participants (N = 127) completed the GSS1, the Life Events
Questionnaire, and the NEO Personality Inventory-Revised. Results show that nNLE correlates significantly with both Yield 1 and Yield 2. Blended models including iNLE and N as independent variables, C as the mediator, and GSS scores as dependent variables provide the most acceptable accounts of GSS scores. The models demonstrate that: (i) the effects of iNLE, N and C on Yield 1 are not statistically significant,
(ii) iNLE (but not N or C) exerts a significant and positive direct effect on Yield 2, and (iii) iNLE, N and C exert significant and positive direct effects on shift scores. Findings suggest that answer-shifting on the GSS may result from a negative mindset within interviewees, a desire to alleviate distress, and from
compliant tendencies in response to feelings of uncertainty and expectations of success. They further imply that false confessions, in interviewees reporting iNLEs, could also result from compliance with interviewer-pressure or negative feedback during questioning.

Background The PGWBI is a 22-item health-related Quality of Life (HRQoL) questionnaire developed in US which produces a self-perceived evaluation of psychological well-being expressed by a summary score. The PGWBI has been validated and... more

Background The PGWBI is a 22-item health-related Quality of Life (HRQoL) questionnaire developed in US which produces a self-perceived evaluation of psychological well-being expressed by a summary score. The PGWBI has been validated and used in many countries on large samples of the general population and on specific patient groups. Recently a study was carried out in Italy to reduce the number of items of the original questionnaire, yielding the creation of a shorter validated version of the questionnaire (PGWB-S). The purpose of the present paper is to describe the methods adopted and to report and discuss the relevance of results. Methods Data for this study were collected from 4 different population samples: two general population samples a student and a patient sample. On the basis of the results of the first (development) sample population, six relevant items were identified statistically from the original questionnaire and grouped to assemble a new summary scale. Following the newly created 6-item questionnaire was administered in three independent population samples. Descriptive statistics, correlation coefficients, univariate and multivariate regression analyses were used to compare the performance of the long and short questionnaire, within and between population samples and across relevant subgroups. A further independent sample extracted by an ongoing cancer clinical trial served as final validation step. Results Overall, the questionnaires were administered to 1443 subjects. Six items were selected by a step-wise approach to explain 90% of the variance of the summary measure of the original questionnaire. Response rates reached 100%, while missing items were not observed. University students (n = 400) showed the highest mean value of the summary measure (75.3); while the patient sample (n = 28) had the lowest score (71.5). The correlation coefficients between the summary measures and the single items according to the different studies were satisfactory, reaching the highest estimates in the student sample. The internal consistency showed high values of the Cronbach's alpha coefficient (range 0.80 – 0.92) for all three study samples, coming close to the value of the coefficient established for the original questionnaire (0.94). A cross-validation in an independent sample of 755 cancer patients confirmed the item selection procedure and amount of variance explained by the new shorter questionnaire (ranging from 90. 2 to 95.1 %, across age and sex strata). Conclusion The newly identified PGWB-S showed good acceptability and validity for the use in various settings in Italy. The translation of the PGWB-S into different languages, and its use in other linguistic settings will add evidence about its cross-cultural validity.

Whereas clinical psychology regards perfectionism as a personality disposition associated with psychopathology and mental health problems, research in personality and individual differences found perfectionism to be a multidimensional... more

Whereas clinical psychology regards perfectionism as a personality disposition associated with psychopathology and mental health problems, research in personality and individual differences found perfectionism to be a multidimensional disposition that has adaptive and maladaptive aspects. The present entry presents an overview of the two-factor model of perfectionism—differentiating perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns as two superordinate dimensions of multidimensional perfectionism—and of how the two factors show different relations with motivation and performance. Furthermore, the entry introduces other-oriented perfectionism as a “dark” form of perfectionism separate from perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concern. The entry concludes with a discussion of open questions and directions for future research.

Over the past 20 years we have gained a comprehensive understanding of self-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism, but our understanding of other-oriented perfectionism (OOP)—and how it differs from the other two forms of... more

Over the past 20 years we have gained a comprehensive understanding of self-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism, but our understanding of other-oriented perfectionism (OOP)—and how it differs from the other two forms of perfectionism—is still underdeveloped. Two studies with university students are presented examining OOP’s relationships with social goals, the dark triad, the HEXACO personality dimensions, and altruism. OOP showed unique positive relationships with narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy and unique negative relationships with nurturance, intimacy, and social development goals. Furthermore it showed unique relationships with social dominance goals (positive) and emotionality, agreeableness, and altruism (negative) dependent on the OOP measure used. The findings suggest that OOP is a “dark” form of perfectionism associated with antisocial and narcissistic personality characteristics.

The aim of the present study was to examine levels of energetic arousal (EA), tense arousal (TA), and hedonic tone (HT) in individuals with different circadian preferences. Subjects were males with extreme either morning (M-type) or... more

The aim of the present study was to examine levels of energetic arousal (EA), tense arousal (TA), and hedonic tone (HT) in individuals with different circadian preferences. Subjects were males with extreme either morning (M-type) or evening (E-type) preferences (N ¼ 31), selected using the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire cutoff points derived from the Polish population norms. They completed the UWIST Mood Adjective Check List every 1.5 h between 08:00 to 20:00 h in laboratory conditions. The obtained data showed higher levels of TA and lower levels of HT in E-types over the whole day as compared to M-types. As for EA, M-types showed higher levels than E-types between 08:00 to 17:00 h, but the two groups showed no differences during the later hours of the day. Both groups were found to exhibit similar diurnal patterns in TA and HT, and dissimilarity between M-types and E-types appeared in the daily course of EA. The results show the three-dimensional
model of mood is more advantageous in M-types than in E-types during the hours of typical human activity.

Анализируются интегральный и дифференциальный подходы к изучению индивидуальности человека. Обсуждается парадокс индивидуальности как предмета исследования дифференциальной психологии. Сделан вывод о том, что и дифференциация, и... more

Анализируются интегральный и дифференциальный подходы к изучению индивидуальности человека. Обсуждается парадокс индивидуальности как предмета исследования дифференциальной психологии. Сделан вывод о том, что и дифференциация, и интеграция являются необходимыми механизмами перехода от глобальной неделимости индивида к собственно индивидуальности как целостной уникальности конкретного человека.
The article analyzes the differential and integral approach to the study of human individuality. It discusses the paradox of individuality as the subject of study of differential psychology. It is concluded that differentiation and integration are necessary mechanisms for transition from the holistic «indivisibility» of the individual to the «individuality» as integrated human uniqueness.

Since the overturning of the Guildford Four and Birmingham Six convictions, in 1989 and 1991 respectively, much research has been conducted into interview techniques and the causes of false confessions. In 2008 evidence emerged of a link... more

Since the overturning of the
Guildford Four and Birmingham Six
convictions, in 1989 and 1991
respectively, much research has
been conducted into interview
techniques and the causes of false
confessions.
In 2008 evidence emerged of a
link between the experience of life
adversity and interrogative
suggestibility. This work opened
the door to the notion that
psychological vulnerabilities during
police questioning may sometimes
stem from characteristics
reinforced through mere exposure
to negative environmental
influences. This article presents
this new evidence and offers insight
into why some suspects, who do not
appear to be vulnerable, end up
with an increased risk of making
false confessions during police
interview.

The Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS; Frost, Marten, Lahart, & Rosenblate, 1990, Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14, 449-568) provides six subscales for a multidimensional assessment of perfectionism: Concern over Mistakes... more

The Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS; Frost, Marten, Lahart, & Rosenblate, 1990, Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14, 449-568) provides six subscales for a multidimensional assessment of perfectionism: Concern over Mistakes (CM), Personal Standards (PS), Parental Expectations (PE), Parental Criticism (PC), Doubts about actions (D), and Organization (O). Despite its increasing popularity in personality and clinical research, the FMPS has also drawn some criticism for its factorial instability across samples. The present article argues that this instability may be due to an overextraction of components. Whereas all previous analyses presented six-factor solutions for the FMPS items, a reanalysis with Horn's parallel analysis suggested only four or five underlying factors. To investigate the nature of these factors, item responses from N = 243 participants were subjected to principal component analysis. Again, parallel analysis retained only four components. Varimax rotation replicated PS and O as separate factors, whereas combining CM with D as well as PE with PC. Consequently, the present article suggests a reduction to four (instead of six) FMPS subscales. Differential correlations with anxiety, depression, parental representations, and action tendencies underscore the advantage of this solution.

Adolescence is regarded a key period when individual differences in perfectionism develop. Yet, so far only a few longitudinal studies have investigated the development of perfectionism in adolescents. Using a longitudinal correlational... more

Adolescence is regarded a key period when individual differences in perfectionism develop. Yet, so far only a few longitudinal studies have investigated the development of perfectionism in adolescents. Using a longitudinal correlational design with 381 adolescents aged 15-19 years, the present study investigated whether perceived parental expectations and criticism predicted longitudinal increases in self-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism over 7-9 months. Results showed that perceived parental expectations predicted longitudinal increases in socially prescribed perfectionism: Adolescents who perceived that their parents had high expectations of them at Time 1, showed increased socially prescribed perfectionism from Time 1 to Time 2 compared to adolescents who did not perceive their parents’ having such high expectations. No such effect was found for self-oriented perfectionism. The findings provide supportive evidence for the social expectations model of the development of perfectionism regarding socially prescribed perfectionism, but not self-oriented perfectionism. Implications of this finding for the understanding of the development of perfectionism and future studies are discussed.

Findings from cross-sectional studies on the relationship between perfectionism and the Big Five personality traits demonstrate that conscientiousness shows significant positive correlations with self-oriented perfectionism, and... more

Findings from cross-sectional studies on the relationship between perfectionism and the Big Five personality traits demonstrate that conscientiousness shows significant positive correlations with self-oriented perfectionism, and neuroticism with socially prescribed perfectionism. The question is whether conscientiousness and neuroticism also predict longitudinal changes in self-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism. A sample of 214 adolescents aged 14-19 years completed measures of the Big Five and perfectionism twice over a period of 5 to 8 months. As was expected, conscientiousness predicted longitudinal increases in self-oriented perfectionism. Neuroticism, however, did not predict any longitudinal increases in perfectionism—neither in self-oriented nor in socially prescribed perfectionism. Providing support for McCrae and Costa’s dynamic personality theory (McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T., Jr. [1999]. A five-factor theory of personality. In L. A. Pervin & O. P. John [Eds.], Handbook of personality [2nd ed., pp. 139-153]. New York: Guilford) which holds that broad personality traits play a part in the development of lower-level personality characteristics, the findings suggest that conscientiousness is a trait that plays a role in the development of self-oriented perfectionism.

The aim of the present article was to determine whether recently shown positive relationships between self-reported emotional intelligence and morningess-eveningness preference exist when emotional intelligence is measured with an... more

The aim of the present article was to determine whether recently shown positive relationships between self-reported emotional intelligence and morningess-eveningness preference exist when emotional intelligence is measured with an ability-based test. In two studies (study 1: N = 206 and study 2: N = 184) we applied two different morningess-eveningness questionnaires and a performance test of emotional intelligence consisting of four dimensions (perception, understanding, assimilation, managing). The two studies provided similar results indicating that “night owls” have higher emotional intelligence than “larks”, specifically, evening oriented subjects showed greater ability in emotion perception and understanding, as compared to morning oriented individuals. The obtained results were in-line with hitherto existing research on chronotype and general intelligence. The results provide further evidence for a cognitive character of ability-based emotional intelligence, and accentuate its different nature when compared to self-reported emotional intelligence. The main findings are discussed in terms of evolutionary theories of circadian preferences, emotional intelligence and mental abilities.

Perfectionism has been associated with higher levels of psychological maladjustment and disorder in adolescence and lower levels of subjective well-being and psychological adjustment. Perfectionism, however, is a multidimensional... more

Perfectionism has been associated with higher levels of psychological maladjustment and disorder in adolescence and lower levels of subjective well-being and psychological adjustment. Perfectionism, however, is a multidimensional disposition, and not all dimensions of perfectionism are necessarily unhealthy and maladaptive. This entry presents an overview about perfectionism in adolescence and the main dimensions of perfectionism: perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns. It shows how the two dimensions are related to subjective well-being, psychological adjustment and maladjustment, and disorder. Moreover, it informs on how perfectionism can be measured and what factors influence the development of perfectionism in children and adolescents. Moreover, it will discuss what is still unknown about perfectionism and why the notion that perfectionism can be healthy or adaptive is controversially debated.

This study investigated the Consequences of Perfectionism Scale (COPS) and its relationships with perfectionism, performance perfectionism, affect, and depressive symptoms in 202 university students using confirmatory factor analysis,... more

This study investigated the Consequences of Perfectionism Scale (COPS) and its relationships with perfectionism, performance perfectionism, affect, and depressive symptoms in 202 university students using confirmatory factor analysis, correlations, and regression analyses. Results suggest that the COPS is a reliable and valid measure of positive and negative consequences of perfectionism.

Die Forschung zur Schülerpersönlichkeit ist Teil der Pädagogischen Psychologie und der Persönlichkeitspsychologie. "Persönlichkeitspsychologie ist die empirische Wissenschaft von den überdauernden, nichtpathologischen,... more

Die Forschung zur Schülerpersönlichkeit ist Teil der Pädagogischen Psychologie und der Persönlichkeitspsychologie. "Persönlichkeitspsychologie ist die empirische Wissenschaft von den überdauernden, nichtpathologischen, verhaltensrelevanten individuellen Besonderheiten von Menschen" (Asendorpf 1996, S. 11), und Persönlichkeit wird durch individuelle Muster von mehr oder minder stabilen Eigenschaften beschrieben (vgl. Pekrun 1983). Diese Eigenschaften können unterschiedlich global und unterschiedlich stabil sein. Zu den bereichsunspezifischen Personmerkmalen gehören etwa globale Persönlichkeitseigenschaften wie Neurotizismus oder der Selbstwert. Die globalen Persönlichkeitseigenschaften sind als sehr stabil gedacht. Im Gegensatz dazu kann sich der Selbstwert einer Person unter bestimmten Bedingungen ändern. Ausmaß und zeitlicher Umfang der Stabilität eines Personmerkmals variiert also unabhängig von dem Ausmaß an Globalität eines Personmerkmals. Alle Personmerkmale gemeinsam beschreiben die Persönlichkeit eines Individuums. Die Schülerpersönlichkeit unterscheidet sich nicht von der Persönlichkeit von Kindern und Jugendlichen. Vielmehr wird mit dem Terminus Schülerpersönlichkeit das Wechselspiel zwischen Persönlichkeitsentwicklung und Schulfaktoren angesprochen (Pekrun 1983). Diesen schulbezogenen Persönlichkeitsmerkmalen werden wir in diesem Kapitel nachgehen.

Campbell and Di Paula (2002) suggested differentiating Perfectionistic Striving and Importance of Being Perfect subscales when measuring self-oriented perfectionism, and Others’ High Standards and Conditional Acceptance subscales when... more

Campbell and Di Paula (2002) suggested differentiating Perfectionistic Striving and Importance of Being Perfect subscales when measuring self-oriented perfectionism, and Others’ High Standards and Conditional Acceptance subscales when measuring socially prescribed perfectionism. The present study investigates the utility of this differentiation by analyzing data from 1041 students and examining correlations with positive striving and maladaptive evaluation concerns aspects of perfectionism and with positive and negative indicators of well-being and psychological adjustment. As expected, (a) Perfectionistic Striving scores showed higher correlations with positive striving aspects of perfectionism and with positive indicators of well-being and adjustment than Importance of Being Perfect scores, and (b) Conditional Acceptance scores showed higher correlations with maladaptive evaluation concerns aspects of perfectionism and with negative indicators of well-being and adjustment than Others’ High Standards scores. The findings indicate that Campbell and Di Paula’s differentiation provides for a more detailed and informative assessment of multidimensional perfectionism and its different aspects. Moreover, it provides for new insights into self-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism and their relationships and associations.

A multidimensional questionnaire (Meta-C, Meta Cognition) was constructed to measure self-perceived performance in the 3 content classes figural, numerical and verbal intelligence of the Berlin Intelligence Structure model. The scale... more

A multidimensional questionnaire (Meta-C, Meta Cognition) was constructed to measure self-perceived performance in the 3 content classes figural, numerical and verbal intelligence of the Berlin Intelligence Structure model. The scale showed a high internal consistency and broadly confirmed the considered factor structure. Significant positive correlations were found with the subscale 'Low vs. High Intelligence' of the 16 PF (Schnewind, Schröder & Cattell, 1986). Gender and intelligence content-specific differences in performance assessment were found (cf. Broadbent et al., 1982; Pollina et al., 1992 or Hüppe & Schmidt-Atzert, 1996).

The 2 × 2 model of perfectionism (Gaudreau & Thompson, 2010) is an important, timely, and welcome addition to the debate on the adaptiveness versus maladaptiveness of perfectionism. Research has long differentiated two dimensions of... more

The 2 × 2 model of perfectionism (Gaudreau & Thompson, 2010) is an important, timely, and welcome addition to the debate on the adaptiveness versus maladaptiveness of perfectionism. Research has long differentiated two dimensions of perfectionism―evaluative concerns perfectionism (ECP) and personal standards perfectionism (PSP)―but the 2 x 2 model opens new perspectives hypothesizing that pure ECP (the combination of high ECP and low PSP) is more maladaptive than mixed perfectionism (high ECP, high PSP). With this, the model challenges the tripartite model of perfectionism (e.g., Rice & Ashby, 2007) which does not differentiate between pure ECP and non-perfectionism (low ECP, low PSP). However, the 2 × 2 model has some aspects I regard as problematic. First, it is not parsimonious comprising unnecessary and contradictory hypotheses. Second, it encourages the interpretation of statistically nonsignificant results. Third, it makes suggestions about “distinct subtypes” of perfectionism that are confusing because all the model’s hypotheses can be tested with moderated regression analysis (Gaudreau, 2012). This comment makes some suggestions on how to address these aspects so future research can make the best use of the 2 x 2 model’s hypotheses to further advance our understanding of the adaptiveness and maladaptiveness of perfectionism.

The paper examines the relationship between three dimensions of mood and temperament traits according to the Regulative Theory of Temperament (RTT). The theory emphasises the role of temperament in meeting environmental requirements and... more

The paper examines the relationship between three dimensions of mood and temperament traits according to the Regulative Theory of Temperament (RTT). The theory emphasises the role of temperament in meeting environmental requirements and implies that temperamental traits influence mood. The results showed that subjective level of energy was linked most strongly to activity (undertaking behaviours providing intense stimuli). It is questioned whether energy should be considered as a result or a cause of high activity. The best predictor of tense arousal and hedonic tone proved to be emotional reactivity. The former mood dimension was positively related to emotional reactivity, whereas the latter was negatively linked to this trait. The results are consistent with previous investigations on neuroticism and extraversion and widen the knowledge on temperamental predictors of mood by showing associations between briskness and all three mood dimensions. Moreover, the results showed that advantageous mood profile was associated with advantageous temperamental structure which corroborates the relevance of RTT.