Individuality Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

The current study was designed to investigate children's memory and suggestibility for events differing in valence (positive or negative) and veracity (true or false). A total of 82 3-and 5-year-olds were asked repeated questions about... more

The current study was designed to investigate children's memory and suggestibility for events differing in valence (positive or negative) and veracity (true or false). A total of 82 3-and 5-year-olds were asked repeated questions about true and false events, either in a grouped order (i.e., all questions about a certain event asked consecutively) or in a nongrouped order (i.e., questions about a certain event were interspersed with questions about other events). Interviewer gender was also varied. Individual differences, including attachment style, inhibition, and behavioral adjustment, were examined as potential predictors of memory and suggestibility. Results revealed significant age, valence, and veracity effects on children's memory reports. Path analysis demonstrated that individual differences in behavioral problems and inhibitory ability predicted children's provision of inaccurate information. Implications for psychological theory and legal application are discussed.

While online, some people self-disclose or act out more frequently or intensely than they would in person. This article explores six factors that interact with each other in creating this online disinhibition effect: dissociative... more

While online, some people self-disclose or act out more frequently or intensely than they would in person. This article explores six factors that interact with each other in creating this online disinhibition effect: dissociative anonymity, invisibility, asynchronicity, solipsistic introjection, dissociative imagination, and minimization of authority. Personality variables also will influence the extent of this disinhibition. Rather than thinking of disinhibition as the revealing of an underlying "true self," we can conceptualize it as a shift to a constellation within self-structure, involving clusters of affect and cognition that differ from the in-person constellation.

A case of a duplicated inferior vena cava (IVC) along with other anatomical vessel variations in a 72-yearold male cadaver is presented. The anomalous vessels involved, besides the IVC, were the left testicular vein and artery, the left... more

A case of a duplicated inferior vena cava (IVC) along with other anatomical vessel variations in a 72-yearold male cadaver is presented. The anomalous vessels involved, besides the IVC, were the left testicular vein and artery, the left suprarenal artery and a superior accessory left renal artery. Based on the gross appearance of the preaortic anastomotic trunk between the left and right IVC as well as on the underlying embryological features, a classification is proposed: incomplete bilateral duplication of the IVC and complete bilateral duplication of the IVC. The latter can be further divided into three types: major, minor and asymmetric.

Animal studies have shown that stress is associated with damage to the hippocampus, inhibition of neurogenesis, and deficits in hippocampal-based memory dysfunction. Studies in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) found... more

Animal studies have shown that stress is associated with damage to the hippocampus, inhibition of neurogenesis, and deficits in hippocampal-based memory dysfunction. Studies in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) found deficits in hippocampal-based declarative verbal memory and smaller hippocampal volume, as measured with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Recent preclinical evidence has shown that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors promote neurogenesis and reverse the effects of stress on hippocampal atrophy. This study assessed the effects of long-term treatment with paroxetine on hippocampal volume and declarative memory performance in PTSD. Declarative memory was assessed with the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised and Selective Reminding Test before and after 9-12 months of treatment with paroxetine in PTSD. Hippocampal volume was measured with MRI. Of the 28 patients who started the protocol, 23 completed the full course of treatment and neuropsychological testin...

This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly... more

This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae, and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand, or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.

Philosophically, the most interesting objection to the reliance on advance directives to guide treatment decisions for formerly competent patients is the argument from the loss of personal identity. Starting with a psychological... more

Philosophically, the most interesting objection to the reliance on advance directives to guide treatment decisions for formerly competent patients is the argument from the loss of personal identity. Starting with a psychological continuity theory of personal identity, the argument concludes that the very conditions that bring an advance directive into play may destroy the conditions necessary for personal identity, and so undercut the authority of the directive. In this article, I concede that if the purpose of a theory of personal identity is to provide an answer to the question What is it for a person to persist over time?, then reflection on personal identity poses a potentially serious threat to the moral authority of advance directives. However, as Marya Schechtman observes, questions about how a single person persists through change are not what most of us are interested in when we think about who a person is. Rather, we are interested in what it means to say that a particular...

This article discusses how large lottery winnings are experienced and used by the winners. The study draws on a survey of 420 Swedish winners, which is analysed against the background of previous research from the USA and Europe. The... more

This article discusses how large lottery winnings are experienced and used by the winners. The study draws on a survey of 420 Swedish winners, which is analysed against the background of previous research from the USA and Europe. The analyses show that winners are cautious about realizing any dreams of becoming someone else somewhere else. This result contradicts theories suggesting that identities are being liquefied by the commercially driven consumer culture in affluent Western societies. In contrast, the article concludes that winners generally try to stay much the same, but on a somewhat higher level of consumption.

This study examined whether individuals with substance dependence (ISDs) show impairments in working memory and whether there is a relationship between their impairments in decision making as measured by the gambling task (GT) paradigm... more

This study examined whether individuals with substance dependence (ISDs) show impairments in working memory and whether there is a relationship between their impairments in decision making as measured by the gambling task (GT) paradigm and working memory as measured by a delayed nonmatching to sample (DNMS) task. Using the GT, 11% of healthy control participants and 61% of ISDs opted for choices with high immediate gains in spite of higher future losses. For the ISDs and controls with equal GT impairments, the ISDs performed significantly lower than controls on the DNMS task. The nonimpaired ISDs on the GT also performed significantly worse than matched controls on the DNMS task. The DNMS task deficit in ISDs was across all delay times, suggesting the deficit may lie in the "executive" process of working memory, which supports earlier findings (E. M. Martin et al., 2003). The authors suggest that the prefrontal cortex hosts multiple distinct mechanisms of decision making and inhibitory control and that ISDs may be affected in any one or combination of them.

Accuracy and bias in self-perceptions of performance were studied in a managerial group-discussion task. Ss ranked their own performance and were ranked by the 5 other group members and by 11 assessment staff members. Although the... more

Accuracy and bias in self-perceptions of performance were studied in a managerial group-discussion task. Ss ranked their own performance and were ranked by the 5 other group members and by 11 assessment staff members. Although the self-perceptions showed convergent validity with the staff criterion, Ss were less accurate when judging themselves than when judging their peers. On average, Ss evaluated their performance slightly more positively than their performance was evaluated by either the peers or the staff; however, this general self-enhancement effect was dwarfed by substantial individual differences, which ranged from self-enhancement to self-diminishment bias and were strongly related to four measures of narcissism. Discussion focuses on issues in assessing the accuracy of self-perceptions and the implications of the findings for individual differences in self-perception bias and the role of narcissism. Self-insight, or the accuracy of self-perception, has been an issue of long-standing concern to philosophers and social scientists. Among contemporary psychologists, two different points of view predominate. According to one view, perceptions of self are based on a socially shared reality, ensue from the same processes as the perceptions of others, and are best thought of as accurate reflections of behavior and experience. According to the other view, self-perceptions are fundamentally distorted, self-serving, and consistently more positive than is justified by the perceptions of others. In this article, we argue that each of these views is incomplete. In particular, we demonstrate that self-evaluations in a specific situation contain both valid and This article is based in part on an honors thesis submitted by Richard W. Robins to

Subjective well-being is known to be related to personality traits. However, to date, nobody has examined whether personality and subjective well-being share a common genetic structure. We used a representative sample of 973 twin pairs to... more

Subjective well-being is known to be related to personality traits. However, to date, nobody has examined whether personality and subjective well-being share a common genetic structure. We used a representative sample of 973 twin pairs to test the hypothesis that heritable differences in subjective well-being are entirely accounted for by the genetic architecture of the Five-Factor Model's personality domains. Results supported this model. Subjective well-being was accounted for by unique genetic influences from Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Conscientiousness, and by a common genetic factor that influenced all five personality domains in the directions of low Neuroticism and high Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. These findings indicate that subjective well-being is linked to personality by common genes and that personality may form an ''affective reserve'' relevant to set-point maintenance and changes in set point over time.

Emotional intelligence (EI) and morningness-eveningness (M-E) preference have been shown to influence mood states. The present article investigates the way in which these two constructs may interact, influencing morning and evening mood... more

Emotional intelligence (EI) and morningness-eveningness (M-E) preference have been shown to influence mood states. The present article investigates the way in which these two constructs may interact, influencing morning and evening mood levels. A sample of 172 participants completed a multidimensional mood scale measuring energetic arousal (EA), tense arousal (TA), and hedonic tone at 7:00 and at 22:00. As expected, morning and evening types experienced higher EA at their preferred time of day; effects of M-E on other mood dimensions were weaker. EI was found to correlate with lower TA, but the association was stronger at 22:00, perhaps reflecting the role of EI in managing the social events characteristic for the evening hours. An interactive effect of EI and M-E was found for both diurnal changes and morning levels of EA. Namely, in individuals higher in EI, there appeared a more marked synchrony effect between chronotype and EA, which was absent in those low in EI; individuals higher in EI showed more pronounced diurnal changes in EA characteristic for their chronotype (i.e., higher EA at morning hours in morning chronotypes; higher EA at evening hours in evening chronotypes), while in participants low in EI, diurnal changes in EA were smaller. Moreover, the characteristic positive association between morningness and EA during morning hours was apparent only in those high in EI. These findings suggest that individual differences in circadian variation in mood reflect several factors, including an endogenous rhythm in energy, the distribution of social activities throughout the day, and the person's awareness of their own energy level.

A commonly used method of estimating population sensitivity is the so-called averaged d 0 method. In this method, the arithmetic mean of a set of individual d 0 is usually taken as a population sensitivity estimator. This practice ignores... more

A commonly used method of estimating population sensitivity is the so-called averaged d 0 method. In this method, the arithmetic mean of a set of individual d 0 is usually taken as a population sensitivity estimator. This practice ignores the fact that the individual d 0 itself is an estimator with an inherent variance. For observations with different levels of precision, the arithmetic mean is not the best estimator of a population parameter. It may lead to an estimate with a large variation. Another fact, which is often ignored, is that the variance of individual d 0 involves both between-and within-subject variations in a random effects model when population sensitivity and its level of precision are estimated. Failing to account for both components of variance leads to an underestimate of variation and an overestimate of precision for the estimator. In this paper a lognormal distribution rather than a normal distribution is assumed for individual sensitivity. An iterative weighting procedure is proposed for estimating population sensitivity on the log scale on the basis of a random effects model. An ordinary weighting procedure is proposed for estimating group sensitivity on the log scale on the basis of a fixed effects model. The levels of precision of population and group sensitivity estimators are also given. Numerical examples illustrate the estimation procedures.

It can be difficult to judge the effectiveness of encoding techniques in a within-subject design. Consider the production effect-the finding that words read aloud are better remembered than words read silently. In the absence of a... more

It can be difficult to judge the effectiveness of encoding techniques in a within-subject design. Consider the production effect-the finding that words read aloud are better remembered than words read silently. In the absence of a baseline, a within-subject production effect in a mixed study list could reflect a benefit of reading aloud, a cost of reading silently, or both. To help interpret within-subject data, memory researchers have compared within-subject and between-subjects designs, with the between-subjects (i.e., pure list) conditions serving as baselines against which the within-subject (i.e., mixed-list) conditions are compared. In the present article, the authors highlight a shortcoming of using this comparison to assess costs and benefits in recognition. Unlike between-subjects experiments where separate false alarm rates are obtained for each condition, the typical within-subject experiment yields a collapsed false alarm rate, which, the authors argue, can potentially b...

Current available data show that about 4% to 30% of patients treated with conventional doses of clopidogrel do not display adequate antiplatelet response. Clopidogrel resistance is a widely used term that remains to be clearly defined. So... more

Current available data show that about 4% to 30% of patients treated with conventional doses of clopidogrel do not display adequate antiplatelet response. Clopidogrel resistance is a widely used term that remains to be clearly defined. So far, it has been used to reflect failure of clopidogrel to achieve its antiaggregatory effect. The interpatient variability in clopidogrel response is multifactorial. It can be due to extrinsic or intrinsic mechanisms. Among extrinsic mechanisms are the possibility of clopidogrel underdosing in patients undergoing stenting or with acute coronary syndrome, and drug-drug interactions involving CYP3A4. Intrinsic mechanisms include genetic polymorphisms of the P2Y 12 receptor and of the CYP3As, accrued release of adenosine diphosphate, or up-regulation of other platelet activation pathways. Presently, there is no definite demonstration of an association between low responsiveness to clopidogrel and thrombotic events. The optimal level of clopidogrelinduced platelet inhibition, which will correlate quantitatively with clopidogrel's ability to prevent atherothrombotic events is still lacking. Furthermore, because there is no single and validated platelet function assay to measure clopidogrel's antiplatelet effect, it is not justified to routinely look for clopidogrel resistance in the clinical setting. This review discusses currently available evidence surrounding the variability in the antiplatelet response to clopidogrel. (J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;45:1157-64)

A developmental model of subjective group dynamics suggests that social identity is sustained first by intergroup biases and later by intragroup biases. In this study 476 English children 5 to 11 years old evaluated the English and German... more

A developmental model of subjective group dynamics suggests that social identity is sustained first by intergroup biases and later by intragroup biases. In this study 476 English children 5 to 11 years old evaluated the English and German soccer teams, and judged in-group or out-group members whose attitudes toward the teams was normative versus antinormative. Children of all ages expressed intergroup bias. Differential evaluation against in-group deviants and in favor of out-group deviants strengthened with age. Understanding of targets' relative acceptability (differential inclusion) among in-group and out-group members mediated the effects of age and intergroup bias on intragroup bias. Identification with the in-group moderated the effects only among older children.

Development of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis was examined using salivary cortisol levels assessed at wake-up, midmorning, midafternoon, and bedtime in 77 children aged 12, 18, 24, 30, and 36 months, in a... more

Development of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis was examined using salivary cortisol levels assessed at wake-up, midmorning, midafternoon, and bedtime in 77 children aged 12, 18, 24, 30, and 36 months, in a cross-sectional design. Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) analyses were used to characterize cortisol production across the day and to examine age-related differences. Using area(s) under the curve (AUC), cortisol levels were higher among the 12-, 18-, and 24-month children than among the 30-and 36-month children. For all five age groups, cortisol levels were highest at wake-up and lowest at bedtime. Significant decreases were noted between wake-up and midmorning, and between midafternoon and bedtime. Unlike adults, midafternoon cortisol levels were not significantly lower than midmorning levels. Over this age period, children napped less and scored increasingly higher on parent reports of effortful control. Among the 30-and 36-month children, shorter naps were associated with more adultlike decreases in cortisol levels from midmorning to midafternoon. Considering all of the age groups together, effortful control correlated negatively with cortisol levels after controlling for age. These results suggest that circadian regulation of the HPA axis continues to mature into the third year in humans, and that its maturation corresponds to aspects of behavioral development. ß 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 45: 125-133, 2004.

Individualized drug dosage regimens cannot be developed without first setting an individualized, specific goal for each patient. Serum drug concentrations have commonly been described in terms of therapeutic ranges in which most patients... more

Individualized drug dosage regimens cannot be developed without first setting an individualized, specific goal for each patient. Serum drug concentrations have commonly been described in terms of therapeutic ranges in which most patients have a therapeutic effect and a low incidence of toxicity. It is generally held that the serum concentrations of patients should be within this therapeutic range. Clinicians look at serum concentrations to see if they are in the socalled therapeutic range, and often adjust the dose if they are not. However, they often do this without looking carefully to see if the patient is tolerating that concentration or not, or if a higher or a lower level might actually be more desirable. Often, if the level is "therapeutic", that is the end of the analysis, and no further thought is given as to whether or not a different serum level might be better. In addition, there is definitely a greater effect of the drug at the top of the therapeutic range than at the bottom, and it increases steadily throughout the range. This is often not considered clinically. 20 10 0 0 50 100 THERAP EFFECTS TOXIC EFFECTS

This study examined the interactive effects of job demands, control, and individual characteristics on upper respiratory illnesses and immune function. Having high job control appeared to lessen the linkage between job demands and poor... more

This study examined the interactive effects of job demands, control, and individual characteristics on upper respiratory illnesses and immune function. Having high job control appeared to lessen the linkage between job demands and poor health among individuals with high self-efficacy and those who perceived that they were not often responsible for negative job outcomes. Conversely, having high job control exacerbated the association between job demands and poor health among inefficacious individuals. Implications for promoting more healthful work environments and facilitating employee coping are discussed.

We present a new approach for online handwritten signature classification and verification based on descriptors stemming from Information Theory. The proposal uses the Shannon Entropy, the Statistical Complexity, and the Fisher... more

We present a new approach for online handwritten signature classification and verification based on descriptors stemming from Information Theory. The proposal uses the Shannon Entropy, the Statistical Complexity, and the Fisher Information evaluated over the Bandt and Pompe symbolization of the horizontal and vertical coordinates of signatures. These six features are easy and fast to compute, and they are the input to an One-Class Support Vector Machine classifier. The results produced surpass state-of-the-art techniques that employ higher-dimensional feature spaces which often require specialized software and hardware. We assess the consistency of our proposal with respect to the size of the training sample, and we also use it to classify the signatures into meaningful groups.

We współczesnej literaturze fi lozofi cznej sformułowano wiele interesujących analiz pojęcia osoby. Odgrywa ono zasadnicza rolę w rozważaniach antropologicznych czy etycznych. Wskazuje się na takie cechy osoby jak: bycie celem samym w... more

We współczesnej literaturze fi lozofi cznej sformułowano wiele interesujących analiz pojęcia osoby. Odgrywa ono zasadnicza rolę w rozważaniach antropologicznych czy etycznych. Wskazuje się na takie cechy osoby jak: bycie celem samym w sobie (w konsekwencji wszelkie działania traktujące osobę tylko jako środek byłyby niemoralne), nieredukowalność do bycia częścią większej całości (czego konsekwencją byłaby cecha przekraczania przez osobę każdej wspólnoty czy nieredukowalność podmiotu osobowego do funkcji społecznej), niepowtarzalność i niezastępowalność osoby oraz jej szczególną wartość, dzięki której każda osoba jest wartościowa niezależnie od uposażenia treściowego, jakim dysponuje, czy wreszcie swoiste należenie do siebie, dzięki któremu osoba jest podmiotem wobec prawa 1. Poza etyką, antropologią czy fi lozofi ą społeczną problematyka związana z pojęciem osoby jest dziś dyskutowana w fi lozofi i religii w kontekście problemu, czy Bóg jest osobą lub na terenie ontologii zwłaszcza w tradycji fi lozofi i analitycznej poruszającej zagadnienie identyczności osobowej. Przedmiotem analiz mego artykułu będą fragmenty trzech głównych dzieł Jana Dunsa Szkota-Lectura, Ordinatio i Reportatio, które dotyczą pojęcia "osoby" oraz jego związków z pojęciem "indywiduum" i pojęciem "nieudzielalności", w kontekście rozważań Boecjusza i Ryszarda ze św. Wiktora. Boecjusz Kształtowanie się pojęcia osoby w kulturze europejskiej związane było z dyskusjami o charakterze teologicznym-chrystologicznym i trynitarnym. Spory okresu

Σκοπός της έρευνας ήταν να εξεταστεί ο αθλητικός προσανατολισµός αθλητών καλαθοσφαίρισης σε καρότσι από την άποψη της προδιάθεσης για επίτευξη προσωπικών στόχων, της προδιάθεσης για νίκη και της ανταγωνιστικότητας. Στην έρευνα συµµετείχαν... more

Σκοπός της έρευνας ήταν να εξεταστεί ο αθλητικός προσανατολισµός αθλητών καλαθοσφαίρισης σε καρότσι από την άποψη της προδιάθεσης για επίτευξη προσωπικών στόχων, της προδιάθεσης για νίκη και της ανταγωνιστικότητας. Στην έρευνα συµµετείχαν 45 αθλητές καλαθοσφαίρισης σε αναπηρικό καρότσι από διαφορετικές οµάδες του ελληνικού εθνικού πρωταθλήµατος. Συµπλήρωσαν το ερωτηµατολόγιο αθλητικού προσανατολισµού , το οποίο αξιολογεί τα αποτελέσµατα για τρεις παράγοντες: την ανταγωνιστικότητα, την προδιάθεση κατάκτησης προσωπικών στόχων και την προδιάθεση για νίκη. Τα αποτελέσµατα της έρευνας έδειξαν χαµηλά επίπεδα της ανταγωνιστικότητας και της επίτευξης προσωπικών στόχων και µέτρια επίπεδα προσανατολισµού στη νίκη. Με βάση τα αποτελέσµατα σχετικά µε τον αθλητικό προσανατολισµό των καλαθοσφαιριστών σε καρότσι, έγιναν περαιτέρω προτάσεις για τη διαµόρφωση αποτελεσµατικότερων προγραµµάτων άσκησης.

Within a sample of 584 twins aged 12 to 25 months (292 pairs) studied longitudinally, positive affect measured through two laboratory pleasure episodes and maternal report at 12 and 22 months significantly predicted empathy-related... more

Within a sample of 584 twins aged 12 to 25 months (292 pairs) studied longitudinally, positive affect measured through two laboratory pleasure episodes and maternal report at 12 and 22 months significantly predicted empathy-related helping and hypothesis testing assessed between 19 and 25 months. Girls showed significantly more concern than did boys, whereas boys engaged in hypothesis testing significantly more

The self is defined and judged differently by people from face and dignity cultures (in this case, Hong Kong and the United States, respectively). Across 3 experiments, people from a face culture absorbed the judgments of other people... more

The self is defined and judged differently by people from face and dignity cultures (in this case, Hong Kong and the United States, respectively). Across 3 experiments, people from a face culture absorbed the judgments of other people into their private self-definitions. Particularly important for people from a face culture are public representations-knowledge that is shared and known to be shared about someone. In contrast, people from a dignity culture try to preserve the sovereign self by not letting others define them. In the 3 experiments, dignity culture participants showed a studied indifference to the judgments of their peers, ignoring peers' assessments-whether those assessments were public or private, were positive or negative, or were made by qualified peers or unqualified peers. Ways that the self is "knotted" up with social judgments and cultural imperatives are discussed.

The pattern of milk transfer during breast-feeding was ascertained for individual mother-infant pairs using a ‘fractional’ weighing technique. This method employs a single, fixed intermediate weighing on each breast, and a flexible, final... more

The pattern of milk transfer during breast-feeding was ascertained for individual mother-infant pairs using a ‘fractional’ weighing technique. This method employs a single, fixed intermediate weighing on each breast, and a flexible, final weighing point at the ‘natural’ termination of feeding on each breast.The data demonstrate considerable variability between individuals both in feed length and in the rate of milk transfer from mother to baby. They show that the rate of intake tends to be consistent between the first and second breast, and that each mother-infant pair has a characteristic rate of milk transfer. Significant milk intake occurred from four minutes to the end of the feed on each breast. These results imply that breast-feeding ‘rules’ about the length of a feed can only be offered as helpful guidelines, rather than principles to be strictly followed.The results of a reciprocal nursing experiment suggest that the typical rate of milk transfer is a product of both milk release by the mother and milk demand by the baby.

Nonlinear effects in fMRI BOLD data may substantially influence estimates of task-related activations, particularly in rapid eventrelated designs. If the BOLD response to each stimulus is assumed to be independent of the stimulation... more

Nonlinear effects in fMRI BOLD data may substantially influence estimates of task-related activations, particularly in rapid eventrelated designs. If the BOLD response to each stimulus is assumed to be independent of the stimulation history, nonlinear interactions create a prediction error that may reduce sensitivity. When stimulus density differs among conditions, nonlinear effects can cause artifactual differences in activation. This situation can occur in rapid event-related designs or when comparing blocks of unequal lengths. We present data showing substantial nonlinear history effects for stimuli 1 s apart and use estimates of nonlinearities in response magnitude, onset time, and time to peak to form a low-dimensional parameterization of these nonlinear effects. Our estimates of nonlinearity appear relatively consistent throughout the brain, and these estimates can be used to form adjusted linear predictors for future rapid event-related fMRI studies. Adjusting the linear model for these known nonlinear effects results in a substantially better model fit. The biggest advantages to using predictors adjusted for known nonlinear effects are (1) higher sensitivity at the individual subject level of analysis, (2) better control of confounds related to nonlinear effects, and (3) more accurate estimates of design efficiency in experimental fMRI design. D

1. Thought. 1982 Dec;57(227):449-64. Ethical issues of life and death: a review article. Rowntree S. PMID: 11649634 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]. Publication Types: Review. MeSH Terms: Abortion, Induced; Altruism; Animal ...

■ Cognitive strategies typically involved in regulating negative emotions have recently been shown to also be effective with positive emotions associated with monetary rewards. However, it is less clear how these strategies influence... more

■ Cognitive strategies typically involved in regulating negative emotions have recently been shown to also be effective with positive emotions associated with monetary rewards. However, it is less clear how these strategies influence behavior, such as preferences expressed during decision-making under risk, and the underlying neural circuitry. That is, can the effective use of emotion regulation strategies during presentation of a reward-conditioned stimulus influence decision-making under risk and neural structures involved in reward processing such as the striatum? To investigate this question, we asked participants to engage in imagery-focused regulation strategies during the presentation of a cue that preceded a financial decision-making phase. During the decision phase, participants then made a choice between a risky and a safe monetary lottery. Participants who successfully used cognitive regulation, as assessed by subjective ratings about perceived success and facility in implementation of strategies, made fewer risky choices in comparison with trials where decisions were made in the absence of cognitive regulation. Additionally, BOLD responses in the striatum were attenuated during decisionmaking as a function of successful emotion regulation. These findings suggest that exerting cognitive control over emotional responses can modulate neural responses associated with reward processing (e.g., striatum) and promote more goal-directed decisionmaking (e.g., less risky choices), illustrating the potential importance of cognitive strategies in curbing risk-seeking behaviors before they become maladaptive (e.g., substance abuse). ■

Misperceiving a woman's platonic interest as sexual interest has been implicated in a sexual bargaining process that leads to sexual coercion. This paper provides a comprehensive review of sexual misperception, including gender... more

Misperceiving a woman's platonic interest as sexual interest has been implicated in a sexual bargaining process that leads to sexual coercion. This paper provides a comprehensive review of sexual misperception, including gender differences in perception of women's sexual intent, the relationship between sexual coercion and misperception, and situational factors that increase the risk that sexual misperception will occur. Compared to women, men consistently perceive a greater degree of sexual intent in women's behavior. However, there is evidence to suggest that this gender effect may be driven largely by a sub-group of men who are particularly prone to perceive sexual intent in women's behavior, such as sexually coercive men and men who endorse sex-role stereotypes. Situational factors, such as alcohol use by the man or woman, provocative clothing, and dating behaviors (e.g., initiating the date or making eye contact), are all associated with increased estimates of women's sexual interest. We also critique the current measurement strategies and introduce a model of perception that more closely maps on to important theoretical questions in this area. A clearer understanding of sexual perception errors and the etiology of these errors may serve to guide sexual-assault prevention programs toward more effective strategies.

Patient advocacy has been a topic of much discussion in the nursing literature for a number of decades. Ambiguities remain, however, concerning definitions of advocacy in nursing. This qualitative grounded theory-type study aimed to... more

Patient advocacy has been a topic of much discussion in the nursing literature for a number of decades. Ambiguities remain, however, concerning definitions of advocacy in nursing. This qualitative grounded theory-type study aimed to inquire into the meaning of patient advocacy from Iranian nurses' perspective. A purposive sample of 24 nurses (staff nurses, head nurses and supervisors) working in a large university hospital in Tehran was used. Data were collected using in-depth semistructured interviews and reflective diaries kept by the participants. The data were analyzed using elements of Strauss and Corbin's' approach. Advocacy was defined by the participants as: informing and educating; valuing and respecting; supporting; protecting; and promoting continuity of care for patients. The participants also believed that advocacy could take place only if there was respect for patients' individuality and their inherent human dignity. Many of the descriptions given by the participants are consistent with previous research in this area and represent a comprehensive account of their perceptions of patient advocacy.

Purpose: To present the Interaction Model of Client Health Behavior (IMCHB) as a model to guide nurse practitioners (NPs) in their practice. Data sources: Selected research-based articles on Cox's IMCHB and selected text and writings on... more

Purpose: To present the Interaction Model of Client Health Behavior (IMCHB) as a model to guide nurse practitioners (NPs) in their practice. Data sources: Selected research-based articles on Cox's IMCHB and selected text and writings on the NP movement and nursing practice models. Conclusions: Many NPs practice in a medical setting where the boundaries between medicine and nursing are blurred. The IMCHB offers a nursing model to guide NPs in their practice. Implications for practice: A nursing model that examines the elements of client uniqueness and assesses the interaction between NP and client can achieve positive health outcomes.

SYSTEMS 1 is a screen of general cognitive functioning, for school age children that entails cognitive manipulation and information skills. Our aim was to extend the test for four and five year old children at pre-school, to estimate... more

SYSTEMS 1 is a screen of general cognitive functioning, for school age children that entails cognitive manipulation and information skills. Our aim was to extend the test for four and five year old children at pre-school, to estimate theoretical starting points in typical cognitive profiles, that are critical in the early years. Participants (N = 1164, girls/boys, 50%) were four to 11 years old (mean 7.9, sd 2.2) at pre-schools and schools in diverse socio-economic areas of Sydney. Children's responses created the normative database, and the parameters were derived from curve estimation and regression procedures. Results suggest that cognitive screening is reliable and valid for younger and older children, and show a non-linear relation of children's test scores with age, that is characteristic of rapid change for younger children. The characteristic curve with the best fit to the data had a theoretical starting point before school age, at around 3 years of age. Findings are discussed in light of alternative models, and the clinical and educational applications.

Being aware of the problematic aspects of such account of the medieval period, Simmel preferred to 'leave undecided whether the Middle Ages actually lacked in such a degree the features of individuality' and rather stress the latter's... more

Being aware of the problematic aspects of such account of the medieval period, Simmel preferred to 'leave undecided whether the Middle Ages actually lacked in such a degree the features of individuality' and rather stress the latter's 'fundamental accentuation' from the Renaissance onwards (Simmel 2004 [1918], 249). 2 Simmel's writings are referenced in this text according to their English translations, whenever these are available. All quotations were compared with the German originals (as published in the Georg Simmel Gesamtausgabe) and often modified for the sake of precision. Where an English version was not available, the translation is mine. Note: Previous versions of this paper were discussed at the conference Religious Individualisation in Historical Perspective (Eisenach, June 2017) and at the Max-Weber-Kolleg, Erfurt. I would like to thank everyone who offered comments and criticisms on these occasions.

Gamers play massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs) for a variety of reasons. For example, some gamers play primarily as a form of socialization, whereas others play to gain a sense of achievement. Past studies have... more

Gamers play massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs) for a variety of reasons. For example, some gamers play primarily as a form of socialization, whereas others play to gain a sense of achievement. Past studies have shown that these motives are associated with individual differences such as gender and number of years spent playing online games. What other individual differences might affect why people play MMORPGs? Personality is known to be associated with in-game behaviors, raising the possibility of link between personality and gaming motives. The present study examines the relationship between gamers' Big Five personality traits and their motivations for playing World of Warcraft. Results reveal several links between a player's personality and gaming motivations. For instance, individuals playing to socialize tend to be high on extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism, and openness, whereas individuals playing to gain a sense of achievement tend to be high on extraversion and neuroticism, but low on agreeableness and conscientiousness. Findings are discussed with respect to previous research on links between personality and motives in other MMORPGs and in terms of how and why the connections between personality and motives may differ across online and offline contexts.

In a historical revision of the achievement goal construct, Elliot (2005) recognized that there is little consensus on whether the term “goal” in “achievement goal orientations” (GO) is best represented as an “aim”, as an overarching... more

In a historical revision of the achievement goal construct, Elliot (2005) recognized that there is little consensus on whether the term “goal” in “achievement goal orientations” (GO) is best represented as an “aim”, as an overarching orientation encompassing several “aims”, or as a combination of aims and other processes -self-regulation, etc.-. Elliot pointed also that goal theory research provides evidence for different models of GO. As there were no consensus on these issues, we decided to get evidence about the nature and structure of GO, about the role of gender differences in the configuration of such structure, and about relations between GO, expectancies, volitional processes and achievement. A total of 382 university students from different faculties of two public universities of Madrid (Spain) that voluntarily accepted to fill in a questionnaire that assessed different goals, expectancies and self-regulatory processes participated in the study. Scales reliability, confirma...

People often find it more difficult to distinguish ethnic out-group members compared with ethnic in-group members. A functional approach to social cognition suggests that this bias may be eliminated when out-group members display... more

People often find it more difficult to distinguish ethnic out-group members compared with ethnic in-group members. A functional approach to social cognition suggests that this bias may be eliminated when out-group members display threatening facial expressions. In the present study, 192 White participants viewed Black and White faces displaying either neutral or angry expressions and later attempted to identify previously seen faces. Recognition accuracy for neutral faces showed the outgroup homogeneity bias, but this bias was entirely eliminated for angry Black faces. Indeed, when participants' cognitive processing capacity was constrained, recognition accuracy was greater for angry Black faces than for angry White faces, demonstrating an out-group heterogeneity bias.

The brain plays a central role in sexual motivation. To identify cerebral areas whose activation was correlated with sexual desire, eight healthy male volunteers were studied with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Visual... more

The brain plays a central role in sexual motivation. To identify cerebral areas whose activation was correlated with sexual desire, eight healthy male volunteers were studied with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Visual stimuli were sexually stimulating photographs (S condition) and emotionally neutral photographs (N condition). Subjective responses pertaining to sexual desire were recorded after each condition. To image the entire brain, separate runs focused on the upper and the lower parts of the brain. Statistical Parametric Mapping was used for data analysis. Subjective ratings confirmed that sexual pictures effectively induced sexual arousal. In the S condition compared to the N condition, a group analysis conducted on the upper part of the brain demonstrated an increased signal in the parietal lobes (superior parietal lobules, left intraparietal sulcus, left inferior parietal lobule, and right postcentral gyrus), the right parietooccipital sulcus, the left superior occipital gyrus, and the precentral gyri. In addition, a decreased signal was recorded in the right posterior cingulate gyrus and the left precuneus. In individual analyses conducted on the lower part of the brain, an increased signal was found in the right and/or left middle occipital gyrus in seven subjects, and in the right and/or left fusiform gyrus in six subjects. In conclusion, fMRI allows to identify brain responses to visual sexual stimuli. Among activated regions in the S condition, parietal areas are known to be involved in attentional processes directed toward motivationally relevant stimuli, while frontal premotor areas have been implicated in motor preparation and motor imagery. Further work is needed to identify those specific features of the neural responses that distinguish sexual desire from other emotional and motivational states.

Analyzing the data of individuals has several advantages over analyzing the data combined across the individuals (the latter we term group analysis): Grouping can distort the form of data, and different individuals might perform the task... more

Analyzing the data of individuals has several advantages over analyzing the data combined across the individuals (the latter we term group analysis): Grouping can distort the form of data, and different individuals might perform the task using different processes and parameters. These factors notwithstanding, we demonstrate conditions in which group analysis outperforms individual analysis. Such conditions include those in which there are relatively few trials per subject per condition, a situation that sometimes introduces distortions and biases when models are fit and parameters are estimated. We employed a simulation technique in which data were generated from each of two known models, each with parameter variation across simulated individuals. We examined how well the generating model and its competitor each fared in fitting (both sets of) the data, using both individual and group analysis. We examined the accuracy of model selection (the probability that the correct model would be selected by the analysis method). Trials per condition and individuals per experiment were varied systematically. Three pairs of cognitive models were compared: exponential versus power models of forgetting, generalized context versus prototype models of categorization, and the fuzzy logical model of perception versus the linear integration model of information integration. We show that there are situations in which small numbers of trials per condition cause group analysis to outperform individual analysis. Additional tables and figures may be downloaded from the Psychonomic Society Archive of Norms, Stimuli, and Data, www.psychonomic.org/archive.