Energy Planning Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Mayors Adapt - the Covenant of Mayors Initiative on Climate Change Adaptation set up by the European Commission for engaging cities and local authorities in taking action to adapt to climate change. As cities were signing up the initiative commit for Covenant of Mayors as a contribution to the aim of the EU for increasing energy efficiency and use of renewable energy sources on their territories, so the signing up for the Mayors Adapt Initiative is big step towards EU Adaptation to Climate Change.

- by and +1
- •
- Climate Change, Climate Change Adaptation, Climate change policy, Energy Planning

The Government of Bangladesh (GOB) has set a goal to produce 6000 MW of electricity solely from solar Photovoltaic (PV) to ensure energy usage and sustainable development for every region by the year 2041. To meet this target, we have proposed a recently innovated floating PV (FPV) fed 1.4 MW capacity mini-grid system for the remote western coastal region of the country. Considering various practical load profiles, the paper contains an elaborate simulation of electrical characteristics for the modeled supply system. The simulation results show an excellent agreement with different levels of desired voltage, current, and power. Then, in-depth techno-economic and environmental analyses are presented to address the feasibility and benefit of the mini-grid. The optimum Cost of Energy (COE) from the generation facility is evaluated as 18.29 US cents which is consistent with the current tariff. We have estimated that 2500 households and 120 Electric-Vehicle (EV) scooters can save an emission of 228 and 466.56 metric tons, respectively, of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) per year. Finally, an experimental PV generation-based case study is demonstrated to emphasize the techno-economic impacts of the proposed mini-grid. For the electrical characteristics and techno-economic simulation, we have adopted MATLAB/Simulink and HOMER Pro software, respectively.

Cities need to become independent from finite resources, among which fossil fuels. There is great potential to save energy is many cities, however the generation of power is insufficient due to the limited space as a result of urban densities. An energy source less commonly explored is reuse of waste heat from various urban functions. In that matter, central heat grids, powered by industrial waste heat at high temperatures, are well-known, but the lower-caloric heat from buildings as offices, supermarkets, swimming pools and also dwellings is abundant and seldom utilised. This has a two-sided negative effect: energy is lost and the city is heated up, which in summer can aggravate the urban heat island effect, which statistically leads to higher mortality rates. The Rotterdam Energy Approach & Planning (REAP) was developed to support energy-neutral urban planning in a structured, incremental way. The approach was used in several studies and has received worldwide acclaim. Especially the second step of the REAP method, regarding tuning, exchanging, cascading of energy at various scales, is relatively new, offering new opportunities for cities. Nevertheless, REAP needed to be elaborated further, for practical application in actual urban redevelopment. This was done for the transformation of the Rotterdam city harbours, in a study called REAP2. The research project, culminated in the proposition of five principles for a heat system in the urban district, including the introduction of novel techniques for the exchange of different temperature levels of heat and involving the spatial plan based on the energy system chosen. The paper will discuss REAP, the REAP2 research project, the methodology involved, proposition of energy system principles, novel concepts for heat exchange, and spatial consequences.

- by Nico Tillie and +1
- •
- Renewable Energy, Sustainable Development, Urban Planning, Sustainable Urban Environments

Renewable energy offers a range of options with which to meet the growing demand for energy, particularly in the context of the pursuit (especially in developing countries) of economic development which takes into account social and environmental issues. Brazil has abundant natural sources of renewable energy, such as wind and solar power, hydraulic energy, small hydroelectric plants, ethanol and bio-diesel. These sources form part of the Brazilian strategy aimed at satisfying the demand for 6300 MW of fresh capacity per year arising out of projected economic growth of 5.1% per year over the next 10 years. Renewable energy sources currently provide 47.2% of the internal supply of primary energy in Brazil. Brazil has been pursuing a strategy of maintaining its renewable energy matrix and developing and providing incentives for further low carbon initiatives. In this study we set out an overview of the renewable energy options available in Brazil, their current status, the main positive results obtained to date and future potential. We describe the market for renewable energy in Brazil and examine specific public policies aimed at overcoming barriers to this market, thereby promoting its consolidation and expansion.

- by Márcio Pereira and +1
- •
- Renewable Energy, Brazil, Energy Planning, Energy Markets

Preference power allocations are allowances of electricity produced at government-owned power generating facilities that are designated for sale to specific users at below market rates. The Niagara Preference Power Program (NPPP) provides power to 51 municipally and/or cooperatively-owned rural electric providers in New York State. In this research we use the analytical framework of the Three E’s of Sustainability—Ecology, Economy and Social Equity—to explore the how the NPPP influences municipal efforts to conserve energy, integrate energy planning into community development, and advance social equity among community members. Our survey of municipal officials in NPPP communities and follow-up semi-structured interviews indicate that the NPPP offers significant benefits to participating communities. Benefits include low electric rates and high levels of energy literacy among municipal leaders. Simultaneously, preference power may complicate economic development and energy conservation initiatives. Several communities involved in this study have developed techniques for overcoming these obstacles, such as creative rate structures and approaches to the promotion and implementation of energy conservation efforts. Consequently, these municipalities challenge deeply held assumptions about the motivations that underlie energy conservation efforts and effective communication about the value of conservation behaviors in situations with weak, indirect and invisible financial incentives.

- by Curt Gervich
- •
- Energy Policy, Energy and Environment, Environmental Sustainability, Energy Planning

This paper presents a survey of the strategic prospective planning methods used nowadays in energy planning.
First, the theoretical concepts behind each strategic prospective planning method will be reviewed by
summarizing the steps involved in applying each method as well as their advantages and disadvantages. Then, the
application of some of these methods to energy planning will be demonstrated by means of case studies of three
countries. Finally, a classification of the strategic prospective planning method better suited for energy planning,
based on our findings, will be presented.

- by Guadalupe González and +2
- •
- Energy Planning

The City of Amsterdam has ambitious goals as to become climate neutral. This will only be possible through a structured approach to both new and existing neighbourhoods. Following steps from the New Stepped Strategy-as used in the Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning (REAP)-and using the methodology of Energy Potential Mapping (EPM), the Amsterdam Guide to Energetic Urban Planning (in Dutch: Leidraad Energetische Stedenbouw, LES) must become the manual that will support urban area (re)development towards energy neutrality. The Guide clarifies local Amsterdam energy potentials, both natural and anthropogenic, and gives an extensive overview of measures and data to be used for the sustainable provision of electricity, heat and cold. This is presented in a very tangible manner, practical to urban planners, architects, housing corporations, developers, public institutions and politician. The Amsterdam Guide has been tested on two sites, one to be newly constructed and another to be redeveloped, and the incremental approach proved worthwhile, enabling energy neutrality in both cases. The Guide has incited discussions on both short-term actions and long-term visions needed to facilitate real climate neutrality in the city of Amsterdam.

The fact that algae biofuels introduce huge possibilities and a variety of options in dealing with the world‘s energy and climate problems is well documented in literature. With significant amounts of financial investments and effort being allocated to research, the race is now on to develop the first commercial-scale algal biofuel production infrastructure that is sustainable and commercially viable.
Most researchers readily concede that the commercial viability of algal biofuel economics are extremely challenging, highly variable, and subject to dynamic, speculative, and volatile commodity markets. The infrastructure required to develop a profitable, algae-based fuel generation is still in various stages of development and the final configuration is yet to be determined and demonstrated on an industrial scale.
A grounded theory and techno-economic framework for data analysis was adopted for the study. The comparative approach incorporated the use of case studies and addressed the research issue from various perspectives in chapters 3 and 4. An extensive review of current and relevant literature was carried out in Chapter 2. This was to provide the reader with a firm background of the opportunities and limitations peculiar to algae – biofuel production.
The analyses presented here will provide a deeper understanding of algae biofuel economic drivers and will help address the specific challenges of algae growth strains, harvesting and conversion technologies. More importantly, it sets the tone for a correct appraisal of algae biomass not only for fuel purposes but as part of a wider production chain that will add value to the other parts of the algae.
A remarkable change in fossil fuel production and consumption has been predicted based on the overall shift by key energy providers and governments towards clean fuel technologies. Microalgae production via the routes recommended in this dissertation will open up new ways for environment friendly manufacturing and nature preservation. It is possible to expect that in the near future the model recommendations will be better perceived, thus leading to global reorientation of priorities for algae biofuel development and deployment.

- by Ovo Adagha
- •
- Energy Economics, Renewable Energy, Marine Renewable Energy, Bioremediation

One oftheproblemsfacingresearchersintheapplicationofrenewableenergysystemsisthatthe evaluationofthesustainabilityisextremelyperplex.Decisionmakinginenergyprojectsrequirescon- sideration... more

One oftheproblemsfacingresearchersintheapplicationofrenewableenergysystemsisthatthe
evaluationofthesustainabilityisextremelyperplex.Decisionmakinginenergyprojectsrequirescon-
sideration oftechnical,economic,environmentalandsocialimpactsandisoftencomplicated.Thispaper
presents areviewofthecurrentstateoftheartindecisionsupportmethodsappliedtorenewableand
sustainable energythroughouttheliteratureinthe field ofenergyplanning.Theselectedpaperswere
classified bytheiryearofpublication,decisionmakingtechnique,energytype,thecriteriaused,geo-
graphic distributionandtheapplicationareas.

BPPT secara berkala menerbitkan Buku Outlook Energi Indonesia (BPPT-OEI) dengan mengangkat tema khusus sesuai permasalahan energi saat itu. Buku BPPT-OEI 2019 yang diluncurkan tahun ini merupakan penerbitan yang kesebelas dengan tema “Dampak Peningkatan Pemanfaatan Energi Baru Terbarukan Terhadap Perekonomian Nasional”. Pengembangan energi baru terbarukan (EBT) dan penggunaan energi yang efisien merupakan opsi yang potensial untuk mengurangi emisi gas rumah kaca (GRK). Pemerintah sudah sejak tahun 2017 mengawali program ke arah transisi energi menuju ke pembangunan rendah karbon. Transformasi digital dalam kegiatan masyarakat sehari-hari dapat mendukung pelaksanaan program tersebut.

- by Agus Sugiyono
- •
- Energy Planning

Although Multi-Criteria Decision Making methods have been extensively used in energy planning, their descriptive use has been rarely considered. In this paper, we add an evolutionary description phase as an extension to the AHP method that helps policy makers to gain insights into their decision problems. The proposed extension has been implemented in an open-source software that allows the users to visualise the difference of opinions within a decision process, and also the evolution of preferences over time. The method was tested in a two-phase experiment to understand the evolution of opinions on energy sources. Participants were asked to provide their preferences for different energy sources for the next twenty years for the United Kingdom. They were first asked to compare the options intuitively without using any structured approach, and then were given three months to compare the same set of options after collecting detailed information. The proposed visualization method allows us to quickly discover the preference directions, and also the changes in their preferences from first to second phase. The proposed tool can help policy makers in better understanding of the energy planning problems that will lead us towards better planning and decisions in the energy sector.

- by Sajid Siraj and +1
- •
- Multi Criteria Decision Making, Energy Planning, Promethee, Group Decision Making

The decision-making process regarding the choice of alternative energy technologies is multidimensional, made up of a number of aspects at different levels, economic, technical, environmental and social. This paper uses a multicriteria decision making model, PROMETHEE II, to determine the best fuel mix for electricity generation in an isolated Greek island, Lesvos. Having analyzed the energy profile of the island, a set of 7 energy policy scenarios are determined and assessed against economic, technical, environmental and social criteria. The energy policy scenarios include the use of conventional fuels, wind energy and natural gas, in its liquid form, liquefied natural gas (LNG). Weighting of criteria is carried out according to three different perspectives, each one focusing on sustainability, economic and environmental/social benefits. Two sensitivity analyses are performed taking into account the fluctuations of the electricity demand and the fluctuations of the fuel prices.

- by Konstantin Aravossis ΑΡΑΒΩΣΗΣ
- •
- Renewable Energy, Energy Policy, Energy Planning, Promethee
- by Alejandro Gallego Schmid
- •
- Climate Change, Renewable Energy, Energy Planning

Outlook Energi Indonesia (OEI) 2016 memberikan gambaran kondisi dan proyeksi energi nasional selama kurun waktu 2016-2050. Gambaran kondisi dan proyeksi energi nasional dalam OEI 2016 mencakup realisasi, proyeksi kebutuhan dan penyediaan energi berdasarkan asumsi sosial, ekonomi dan perkembangan teknologi kedepan. OEI 2016 menggunakan data tahun 2015 sebagai tahun dasar

- by prima agung
- •
- Energy Planning

In the contest of European and National choices regarding energy and mobility policies, the goal of this
paper is to introduce reasonable guidelines for the local promotion of electric mobility in an area of
central Italy and possibly to extend the methodology to other regions/countries. In fact, the path towards
car electrification is started worldwide, but the rate of increase of electrically powered cars will depend
primarily on charging stations availability. In this respect, utilities that manage/own local grids may be
key actors by investing on infrastructures and thus locally creating the conditions for the spreading of
electric cars. A techno-economic analysis of the investment of a local utility has been performed taking
into account medium- and long term-forecasts of electricity and fuel prices, as well as electric cars
market share and economic risk. The study proved that an investment in urban charging station infrastructure
in Italy can be profitable even without incentives, with a payback period of 4e5 years. The
results of the analysis have been exploited by an Italian utility which owns/manages the local electric
grid in two municipalities. The first steps of the plan implementation, which started in 2014, are reported
in the paper.

- by Gabriele Comodi
- •
- Energy, Energy Policy, European Energy Policy, Electric Vehicles

Rencana umum energi daerah, disingkat RUED, adalah kebijakan pemerintah daerah tentang rencana pengelolaan energi jangka panjang, yang bertujuan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan energi di wilayahnya. Pemenuhan kebutuhan energi tersebut haruslah berprinsip adil, berkelanjutan dan berwawasan lingkungan, mendukung pencapaian target Kebijakan Energi Nasional (KEN) serta mendukung upaya terciptanya kemandirian energi nasional dan ketahanan energi nasional. Penyusunan RUED harus mengacu kepada Rencana Umum Energi Nasional (RUEN), karena RUED merupakan komitmen daerah untuk berkontribusi dalam pelaksanaan RUEN sesuai dengan kemampuan dan kondisi khas daerah. Walaupun mengacu pada RUEN, namun di dalam RUED dapat memuat kegiatan daerah, terutama berkaitan dengan permasalahan energi yang spesifik di daerah tersebut, sehingga RUED tetap selaras dengan rencana pembangunan jangka panjang (RPJP) dan rencana tata ruang wilayah (RTRW) daerah. RUED harus ditetapkan dengan peraturan daerah sebagaimana yang diamanatkan dalam UU RI nomor 30 tahun 2007 tentang Energi. Substansi RUED adalah proyeksi kebutuhan dan pasokan energi daerah, dimana analisisnya dibantu menggunakan pemodelan sistem supply-demand energi dan simulasi. Hasil simulasi, kebijakan RUED Banten dapat memenuhi beberapa target KEN kecuali bauran EBT yang tidak bisa mencapai target karena keterbatasan potensi EBT yang dimiliki Banten.

- by Dody Iskandar
- •
- Energy, Energy and Environment, Energy Planning

Decarbonisation in the generation of electricity is necessary to reduce fossil fuel consumption, the pollution emitted and to meet the Energy Technology Perspectives 2 • C Scenario (2DS) targets. Small islands are not exempt from this target, so this study's emphasis is placed on a 50-50 target: to reduce the fossil fuel consumption through electricity generation from Renewable Energy Sources (RES) to cover 50% of all electric demand by 2050 on small islands. Using Cozumel Island, Mexico, as a case study, this analysis will be based on three factors: economical, technical, and land-use possibilities of integrating Renewable Energy Technologies (RETs) into the existing electrical grid. This analysis is made through long-term statistical models. A deterministic methodology is used to perform time-series simulations. The selection of the best system was made on the basis of a Dimensional Statistical Variable (DSV) through primary and secondary category rankings. The presented methodology determines the best systems for capturing the initial capital cost and competitiveness of this new proposal compared with the current system of electricity generation on the Island, and can be applied to small islands as well. According to the results, all systems proposed are able to completely satisfy the renewable electricity needed by 2050 in all scenarios. From the 12 system proposals that were compared, two systems, System 2 and System 7, were chosen as eligible systems to be installed. The Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) result for System 2 was 0.2518 US$/kWh and for System 7 was 0.2265 US$/kWh by 2018 in the Base Scenario. Meanwhile, the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) value fluctuated from 17.2% for System 2 to 31% for System 7.

- by Javier Mendoza-Vizcaino
- •
- Renewable Energy, Wind Energy, Energy, Energy Storage (in Engineering)

Buku Outlook Energi Indonesia 2013 (OEI 2013) ini bertemakan “Pengembangan Energi dalam Mendukung Sektor Transportasi dan Industri Pengolahan” bertujuan untuk memberikan gambaran permasalahan dan tantangan energi dalam mendukung kebijakan pengembangan Energi Baru Terbarukan (Bahan Bakar Nabati dan CNG) di sektor transportasi dan kebijakan percepatan nilai tambah industri mineral. Hal ini sejalan dengan upaya pemerintah dalam mengurangi subsidi BBM dan meningkatkan manfaat ekonomi dari tambang mineral dengan menerbitkan kebijakan percepatan nilai tambah mineral. Kebijakan percepatan nilai tambah mineral sesuai dengan amanat UU No. 4 Tahun 2009 untuk pengolahan mineral dalam negeri sebelum di ekspor dan direncanakan mulai berlaku Januari 2014.

- by Agus Sugiyono and +1
- •
- Energy Planning

The industrial sector is the largest user of energy in Malaysia. Industrial motors account for a major segment of total industrial energy use. Since motors are the principle energy users, different energy savings strategies have been applied to reduce their energy consumption and associated emissions released into the atmosphere. These strategies include using highly efficient motors, variable speed drive (VSD), and capacitor banks to improve the power factor. It has been estimated that there can be a total energy savings of 1765, 2703 and 3605 MWh by utilizing energy-efficient motors for 50%, 75% and 100% loads, respectively. It was also found that for different motor loads, an estimated US$115,936 US$173,019 and US$230,693 can be saved in anticipated energy costs. Similarly, it is hypothesized that a significant amount of energy can be saved using VSD and capacitor banks to reduce speed and improve the power factor, thus cutting energy costs. Moreover, a substantial reduction in the amount of emissions can be effected together with the associated energy savings for different energy savings strategies. In addition, the payback period for different energy savings strategies has been found to be reasonable in some cases.

- by Prof. Dr. Saad Mekhilef
- •
- Eurasian Nomads, Southeast Asia, Malaysia, Energy Conservation

The integration of planning into the energy system of a country is a matter of vital importance to achieve sustainable development.
This chapter introduces the importance of energy planning in modern societies, highlighting the fundamental role of the State
within the mentioned process. In this context, Section I.2 informs us about the background, elements justifying the need for energy
planning in order to guarantee a reliable and sustainable energy supply, and the goal of this handbook. In Section I.3, conceptual
considerations about sustainable and energy development, which are the framework for a modern and adequate planning in line
with environmental and social responsibilities of local and global order, are listed. In section I.4, the elements of an Energy Plan as
general framework for the contents proposed in this manual are briefly described. Finally, in section I.5, a review of the next chapters
included in this handbook are made.

- by Wilfredo C . Flores
- •
- Latin American Studies, Energy Policy, Energy Planning

Demand and supply forecast of electricity for the long-term has a serious attention at this time. Demand of electricity that is increased rapidly in average of 6.4% per annum for the period 2000-2010 should be anticipated with a comprehensive planning of electricity generation. It is associated with a long-term of energy supply sustainability and efforts to increase energy security. A variety of technologies and fuel options for power generation can be considered to meet the supply target. The current energy policy like draft National Energy Policy (KEN) that have been socialized by the National Energy Board (DEN) and Energy Vision 25/25 from the Directorate General of New and Renewable Energy and Energy Conversion (DG EBTKE) need to be considered for planning ahead. The role of renewable energy such as geothermal and nuclear power plants will be an important option because it can be developed with a large capacity. The option will affect on the national energy mix that needs to be optimized to support the long-term national energy security.

- by Agus Sugiyono
- •
- Energy Planning

La planificación integrada del sistema energético de un país es una tarea crucial para alcanzar un desarrollo sustentable. Este capítulo introductorio resalta, desde diversos aspectos, la importancia de la Planificación Energética en las sociedades modernas, remarcando el rol fundamental del Estado en ese proceso. Así, en la Sección I.2 se presentan los antecedentes y los elementos que justifican la necesidad de la planificación energética para garantizar un suministro confiable y sustentable de energía. Enseguida, en la Sección I.3 se consignan consideraciones conceptuales sobre el desarrollo sustentable y el desarrollo energético, como marco de referencia
de una planificación moderna y adecuada a las responsabilidades ambientales y sociales de orden local y global. En la Sección I.4 se describen, muy brevemente, los elementos de un Plan Energético como marco general de los contenidos que se proponen en este manual. Finalmente, en la última sección de este capítulo es presentada una reseña del contenido de los capítulos posteriores incluidos en este manual.

- by Wilfredo C . Flores
- •
- Energy, Energy Policy, Energy Planning

È assolutamente positivo il parlare molto di soluzioni per combattere i cambiamenti climatici. Questo sta avvenendo in particolare nell’ultimo periodo. Finalmente, aggiungo subito. Per discutere di ciò, un “Libro Bianco” focalizzato sulle Isole Minori italiane mi sembra, tuttavia,
un inedito che merita massima attenzione ed un convinto plauso.
Già, perché le isole minori rappresentano un osservatorio privilegiato per analizzare gli effetti del progredire del surriscaldamento globale ed una trincea ideale per contenere i disastrosi effetti che ne conseguono e, ci credo davvero, invertire la rotta, recuperando spazio ad un futuro ecosostenibile: recuperare spazio alla natura!
In questo poi, le meravigliose Isole Minori italiane, la loro bellezza ed unicità – riconosciute a livello mondiale – hanno un ruolo fondamentale perché qualunque best practices verrà introdotta, sarà in pochi giorni conosciuta e, spero, emulata in ogni latitudine e longitudine del pianeta.
Questo “Libro Bianco” dell’Associazione Nazionale Comuni Isole Minori parte dalla conoscenza diretta dei problemi e della criticità osservati nel vissuto quotidiano, li analizza nel merito e, in una declinazione assolutamente positiva, ipotizza soluzioni lanciando vere e proprie sfide per il cambiamento.

- by Guglielmina Mutani
- •
- Renewable Energy, Wind Energy, Waste-to-Energy, Energy and Environment

An increase of energy demand should be supported by the reliable of energy supply to fulfill the demand. Taken into consideration depletion of energy resources and limitation of financial ability for energy sector, an integrated energy planning is needed. MARKAL model is one of representative tools to make the integrated energy plannning. This model is a dynamic model to optimize the energy supply. Conceptually, optimization in MARKAL model uses linear programming (LP) technique to allocate energy supply. Objective function of the model is minimizing total energy cost with technological and resource constraint to fulfill the demand. General Algebraic of Modelling System (GAMS) software used in the model to solve LP problem. In recent application, the MARKAL model is an integrated software using user interfaces called ANSWER. By using Windows based personal computer (PC), therefore the optimization process and result analysis becomes more interactive and relatively easy to performed.

- by Agus Sugiyono
- •
- Energy Planning

The aim of this study is to improve energy performance at a battery factory in Colombia by introducing the energy management approach defined in ISO 50001. In the study, the main energy consumptions were identified in the battery formation, the compressed air system and the large electric motors. An energy review was performed in the factory using measurement equipment and statistical techniques. Different actions were proposed to improve energy performance. As a result, a 3.48% reduction in electricity consumption was achieved during the implementation of the proposed measures.

La maîtrise industrielle de l’électricité et l’ordre électrique qui en est directement issu ont façonné nos sociétés depuis plus d’un siècle. Ils ont permis une démultiplication de la croissance et de la consommation, tout en menant à l’appropriation des milieux de vie. Aujourd’hui, un mouvement de profonde reconfiguration des territoires-ressources est a l’œuvre, remettant en question nos modes de vie ainsi que la nature et l’échelle des infrastructures et des territoires qui nous permettent de subsister, alors même qu’un grand nombre de ces derniers sont fortement dégradés. La quête d’un sol et de l’autosuffisance n’a cesse de bousculer l’ordre électrique. Cet ouvrage propose une histoire critique de ses infrastructures, depuis leur avènement à la fin du 19e siècle, suivi par leur rapide développement à grande échelle – les monuments du capitalisme électrique –, jusqu’aux crises récentes et aux transformations qui ont conduit àl’émergence d’une diversitéinfrastructurelle et d’une gouvernance plus locale. Les territoires à énergie positive, les micro-réseaux électriques de Londres, de Berlin ou de New York, les mini-centrales urbaines, rurales ou domestiques, qui redessinent des trajectoires productives de plus petite échelle, promeuvent des dynamiques de réappropriation et des nouveaux systèmes d’interconnexion. Ces réalisations bouleversent les hiérarchies sociotechniques héritées et redéploient nos devenirs énergétiques urbains et territoriaux.

- by Fanny Lopez
- •
- Environmental Engineering, Landscape Ecology, Architecture, Landscape Architecture

In the Province of Ontario, Canada, aggressive policy promoting wind energy development has led to both rapid development and intense stakeholder conflicts. Focusing on developers, key stakeholders largely hidden in the extant research literature and the perspectives of other stakeholders drawn from secondary sources, this paper presents original primary research to help fill this knowledge gap. Based on semi-structured interviews with established and active developers in the Province, we find that feed-in tariffs have arguably been the strongest driver of developers successfully getting turbines up and running. Yet, legislative and policy attempts to reduce delays and smooth the development process have often complicated the development process. Developers recognise and often agree with community viewpoints that the process as framed by Ontario's policy environment forestalls cooperative development, particularly with respect to community engagement. While developers are supportive of better community engagement, they feel constrained by policy-related barriers. Findings from the study show that communities will only be engaged in projects to the full extent possible if developers take the initiative to transcend regulatory requirements for public engagement. The study concludes with useful lessons for jurisdictions transitioning to low or zero emissions energy technologies. Specifically, it supports recommendations for alternative policy approaches including consideration of policy specificity around economic benefit destitution, and community engagement and ownership of projects.

- by Emmanuel Songsore
- •
- Renewable Energy, Wind Energy, Energy Policy, Energy Planning

Worldwide, cities are responsible for approximately 75 per cent of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions. With few systematic urban planning models to reduce carbon emissions in existence, it is difficult to take effective steps. The Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning (REAP) tool was developed to support low carbon urban planning in a structured, incremental way. The approach has been used in several studies and applied in new developments. The second step of REAP, regarding tuning, exchanging and cascading of energy at various scales, is relatively new, offering cities additional opportunities. In an urban redevelopment for Rotterdam city ports, novel techniques for the exchange of different temperature levels of heat were designed. These involved a spatial plan based on the energy system chosen. Linking spatial planning to the exchange of waste heat within buildings, between buildings (such as supermarkets, greenhouses and apartments), between neighbourhoods and at city level with district heating provides urban planners with a new perspective on planning: a smart grid for heating and cooling! To build reduction scenario pathways, changing the energy mixes of existing cities into low carbon energy mixes is crucial. Carbon dioxide (CO2) mapping, energy potential mapping and the REAP principles will help people to choose effective solutions. They were used to build detailed stakeholder-based CO2 reduction pathways with the GRIP (Greenhouse gas Resinal Inventory Protocol) scenario tool. This chapter discusses REAP, CO2 mapping, energy potential mapping and a method to build structured reduction pathways.

- by Nico Tillie
- •
- Urban Planning, Low Carbone Cities, Energy Planning, Urban Transformation

This work tries to determine whether it is possible to stabilize CO 2 emissions under a rapid increase of Gross Domestic Product in a medium term. The paper is an effort to study in detail how changes in the driving forces of the economy affect CO 2 emissions. We study the case of Venezuela for the period 1980-2025, using the methodology proposed by Robalino-López et al. , which is based on an extension of the Kaya identity and on a GDP formation approach that includes the effect of renewable energies. We test the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) [3] hypothesis in a coming future under different economic scenarios considering, therefore, not only past data but also projections for the coming years. We use cointegration techniques [4] and the Jaunky [5] specification to test the fulfillment of the EKC hypothesis in Venezuela. Our predictions show that Venezuela does not fulfill the EKC hypothesis, but however, the country could be on the way to achieve environmental stabilization in the medium term. This stabilization could be accomplished combining economic growth with increasing use of renewable energy, appropriated changes in the energy matrix, and in the productive sectoral structure.

- by Angel Mena
- •
- Engineering, Energy Planning

Cet article vise à analyser : 1) la crise actuelle de l'eau au Brésil avec ses causes et ses conséquences ; 2) la crise de l'eau, le risque de panne électrique au Brésil et ses conséquences ; et 3) comment éviter de futures pannes électriques au Brésil et leurs conséquences. Comme conclusion principale de cet article, il a été constaté que la crise de l'eau et le risque de panne électrique qui en résulte sont dus à des défaillances dans la planification du secteur électrique brésilien, dont les solutions pour éviter de futures pannes électriques et leurs conséquences ont également été proposées.

This study investigates the potential of energy efficiency, renewables, and micro-cogeneration to reduce household consumption in a medium Italian town and analyses the scope for municipal local policies. The study also investigates the effects of tourist flows on town's energy consumption by modelling energy scenarios for permanent and summer homes. Two long-term energy scenarios (to 2030) were modelled using the MarkAL-TIMES generator model: BAU (business as usual), which is the reference scenario, and EHS (exemplary household sector), which involves targets of penetration for renewables and micro-cogeneration. The analysis demonstrated the critical role of end-use energy efficiency in curbing residential consumption. Cogeneration and renewables (PV (photovoltaic) and solar thermal panels) were proven to be valuable solutions to reduce the energetic and environmental burden of the household sector (-20% in 2030). Because most of household energy demand is ascribable to space-heating or hot water production, this study finds that micro-CHP technologies with lower power-to-heat ratios (mainly, Stirling engines and microturbines) show a higher diffusion, as do solar thermal devices. The spread of micro-cogeneration implies a global reduction of primary energy but involves the internalisation of the primary energy, and consequently CO2 emissions, previously consumed in a centralised power plant within the municipality boundaries.

- by Gabriele Comodi and +1
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- Renewable Energy, Energy Policy, European Energy Policy, Scenario planning

The calamity of the energy sector in Brazil is not restricted to corruption found in Petrobras and Eletrobras as a result of “Lava Jato” Operation of Federal Police. This calamity happens also in the management of the energy sector that affects the planning and operation of electrical and oil and natural gas systems in Brazil. While the electricity sector is faced with the problem of "blackouts" that multiply every year and with the dizzying increase in electricity tariffs, the oil and gas industry faces the possibility of shortages of fuel and an increase in prices all that as a result of managerial incompetence and lack of effective planning of the federal government that is characterized for years by improvisation.

- by Fernando A G Alcoforado
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- Economics, Development Economics, Energy, Energy Policy

Aprovechando la experiencia obtenida en el proyecto europeo INTENSSS-PA, esta publicación plantea una base conceptual que permita concebir y pre-diseñar una Estrategia para la Transición Energética en las ciudades de Castilla y León, afrontando por lo tanto de una manera más amplia las relaciones entre energía y ciudad en la región. De este modo, se analizará la situación de las ciudades de Castilla y León y el actual panorama regional en materia de energía y clima, exponiendo políticas, instrumentos de planificación y una selección de proyectos relevantes. A partir de ello, se propondrán unas directrices que complementen las que resultaron del proyecto INTENSSS-PA, refiriéndose a otros aspectos urbanísticos clave para avanzar en la sostenibilidad energética y la lucha contra el cambio climático en las ciudades de la región (rehabilitación y regeneración urbana, movilidad sostenible, infraestructura verde, etc.). / Taking advantage of the experience obtained in the European INTENSSS-PA Project, this publication puts forward a conceptual foundation permitting the conception and pre-design of a Strategy for Energy Transition in the cities of Castile and Leon, thus addressing in a more extensive way the relationships between energy and cities in the region. Hence, it will analyse the situation of cities in Castile and Leon and the current regional panorama in matters of energy and climate, describing policies, planning tools and a selection of projects of relevance. On this basis, a proposal will be made for further guidelines to round out those which emerged from the INTENSSS-PA Project, referring to other aspects of town planning that are crucial in moving forward towards energy sustainability and in the combat against climate change in the region’s cities (urban refurbishment and regeneration, sustainable mobility, green infrastructures, and the like).

- by IUU - Instituto Universitario de Urbanística University of Valladolid and +1
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- Climate Change, Urban Planning, Energy, Energy Planning

Predominance of fossil-fuel technologies and lack of enough incentives to expand sustainable technologies has intensified energy issues and the global warming problem. Combining mathematical programming and decision-making techniques, this paper proposes a novel comprehensive multistage method to insert sustainability costs in determining the optimum strategy of energy system expansion for an energy-rich developing country. Since the sustainability attributes have the same value respecting all conversion technologies, a nonlinear equal-weight data envelopment analysis is used to evaluate the technologies based on environmental, social and economic sustainability dimensions, the weightings associated with which are calculated. Sustainability costs, including pollutant emission costs, water and land utilization, etc. are then calibrated by the weightings and a mixed integer programming model is used to determine the optimum share of each technology in electricity generation for Iran, during the period of 2013e2040. The results suggest a late shift from fossil-fuel consumption by increasing the share of renewable energies. The model demonstrates that in countries with excessive fossil-fuel resources and high contribution of fossil-fuel technologies, including sustainability costs/benefits cannot lead to commercialization of renewable energy technologies, unless governments design effective incentive/tax policies, or fuel prices ascend enough again. The recent fuel price drop even deteriorates the situation.

- by Hamed Shakouri G.
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- Energy Planning

The process of energy planning involves the estimation of future energy demand and the identification of a mix of appropriate sources to meet this demand. This mix must emerge from a rational procedure in which various energy generation and/or saving options are evaluated. A powerful, simple and transparent approach to energy planning-the development-focused end-use-oriented service-directed (DEFENDUS) approach-is discussed here. Demand for a source of energy is based on the services for which it is required-the extent to which such services are spread among the population and the efficiency with which they can be delivered. The energy requirement so estimated is then matched with energy-supply and/or energy-saving options, so as to minimize costs. Starting with the reference energy system (RES)-the energy system as it obtains in the present (or the most recent past for which data is available)-the DEFENDUS approach constructs scenarios of future energy demand, paying deliberate attention to the equity and energy-efficiency considerations of alternative scenarios. The costs per unit of energy supplied/saved are then estimated , including both investment and operating expenses as well as the costs of delivery to the consumer and the losses in distribution. Environmental impacts-and the cost of mitigating them-can be taken into consideration in the methodology. The economic impacts of a chosen scenario can also be included. By ranking the energy supply/saving technologies in increasing order of costs, the least-cost mix is obtained. Whereas with most pre-programmed packages, the planner must accept the format already provided, the DEFENDUS approach suggested here enables one to validate every step of the computation procedure and modify assumptions according to the actual case being considered. The first part of the paper deals with the methodology proper. It refers to the reasons for developing such an energy-planning method, sketches a conceptual framework and then discusses the actual procedure in detail, including the usage and advantages of spreadsheets for computation. Part II (to be published in the following issue) will elaborate on examples of DEFENDUS scenarios.

- by Balachandra Patil and +1
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- Energy and Environment, Energy Planning, Energy efficiency

Several measures to boost the energy system towards a low-carbon future can be planned and implemented by local authorities, such as energy saving initiatives in public buildings and lighting, information campaigns, and renewable energy pilot projects. This work analyzes the public administration’s role in energy and climate policies by assessing carbon-lowering measures for properties and services managed directly by local governments in central Italy. Both short-and long-term schemes were considered in the analysis of local authority energy strategies.TheMARKAL-TIMES energy model was applied to long-term energy planning to assess the
effectoflow-carboninitiativesonpublic sector energy consumption up to 2030. Two energy scenarios were built, i.e. a Business As Usual (BAU) scenario based on current or soon-to-be-adopted national policies, and an Exemplary Public Scenario (EPS) including some further virtuous local policies suggested by local authorities. Our results show that a 20% primary energy reduction can be achieved with respect to the baseline year by means of short-term energy policies (5-year time span), while a primary energy saving of about 30% can be reached with longer-term energy policies (25-year time span),even after taking the increase in energy demand into account. This work goes to show the part that local governments can play in energy policy and their contribution to the achievement of climate goals.

- by Gabriele Comodi
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- Energy Policy, European Energy Policy, Distributed Generation, Energy Planning

Decentralised electric energy generation using available renewable energy resources can meet the regional demand by reducing the transmission losses and stress on central grid. The current communication explores village wise availability of renewable energy resources in Uttara Kannada district in the central Western Ghats region. All the taluks of the district receive solar insolation >5 kWh/m2/day annually and coastal and hilly terrain experiences wind speed >3 m/s are most suited for decentralised energy harvesting. Integrated energy system would ensure elevate the livelihood with reliable electricity supply throughout the year. A fraction of (2-10%) available rooftop is adequate to mount solar panels to supply domestic electricity. Sufficient land is available as the estimate indicates less than 5% of current wasteland is sufficient to deploy decentralised electricity generation for meeting the current domestic and irrigation energy demand. Most of the villages in the district are blessed with abundant bioenergy of more than 10000 million kWh/annum which can suffice the heating and electric energy requirement. Similarly, 0.1 to 0.5 million kWh of biogas energy available in most of the villages which can be used for cooking and electricity generation. The annual energy requirement of the villages in the district can efficiently supplied from locally available resources in decentralised way.

- by Ganesh Hegde
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- Renewable Energy, Energy Planning, Solar Energy

The issue of integration among city, mobility and energy plays a central role in the current EU policies, aimed at achieving energy saving targets, independence from fossil fuels and enhance of the urban systems resilience, but the strategies of the single states are, however, still far from its implementation. This paper proposes a reading of the current policies and of the recent initiatives aimed at improving the energy efficiency of settlements, implemented at both Community and national level, aimed at laying the groundwork for the definition of an integrated approach between city and mobility to resolve energy problem. Therefore, the paper is divided into six parts. The first part describes the transition from the concept of sustainability to the concept of resilience and illustrates the central role played by this one in the current urban and territorial research; the second part briefly analyzes the main and more recent European directives related to city, mobility and energy, while the third part describes how the energy problem is afforded in the current programming and planning tools. The fourth and fifth parts, are intended to describe the innovative practices promoted in some European and Italian
cities concerning energy efficiency aimed at the integration between urban and transport systems. The last part of the paper, finally, deals with the definition of a new systemic approach for achieving objectives of energy sustainability. This approach aims at integrating strategies and actions for strategies of mobility governance, based on the certain assumption that the core for the most part of energy problems is mainly represented in medium and large cities.

- by Floriana Zucaro
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- Energy Planning, Sustainable Mobility

Cities are gaining prominence committing to respond to the threat of climate change, e.g., by developing local climate plans or strategies. However, little is known regarding the approaches and processes of plan development and implementation, or the success and effectiveness of proposed measures. Mainstreaming is regarded as one approach associated with (implementation) success, but the extent of integration of local climate policies and plans in ongoing sectoral and/or development planning is unclear. This paper analyses 885 cities across the 28 European countries to create a first reference baseline on the degree of climate mainstreaming in local climate plans. This will help to compare the benefits of mainstreaming versus dedicated climate plans, looking at policy effectiveness and ultimately delivery of much needed climate change efforts at the city level. All core cities of the European Urban Audit sample were analyzed, and their local climate plans classified as dedicated or mainstreamed in other local policy initiatives. It was found that the degree of mainstreaming is low for mitigation (9% of reviewed cities; 12% of the identified plans) and somewhat higher for adaptation (10% of cities; 29% of plans). In particular horizontal mainstreaming is a major effort for local authorities; an effort that does not

- by Byron Ioannou and +1
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- Engineering, Climate Change Adaptation, Climate change policy, Sustainable Development

Expansion planning of power systems under environmental constraints Energy curtailment a b s t r a c t The key policy analyzed in this paper, is the achievement of a significant decarbonization of the Greek Energy System by the year 2050 through the decarbonization of the two sectors presently responsible for the highest levels of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) emissions, namely power and transport. The objective is to reduce GHG emissions by 2050, through the maximization of renewable energy sources (RES) penetration in electricity, with a simultaneous intensive electrification of the transport sector and the electrical interconnection of non-connected islands. An important parameter considered in the present work is that expansion planning of power systems under environmental constraints leads to a rather complex techno-economic analysis involving large scale penetration of Renewable Energy Sources. The penetration level of variable renewable electricity is subject to a number of restrictions implied by the need for (a) storage capacity to decrease the energy curtailment which can occur when the customer load is low and RES electricity generation is high (b) fast reserve capacity to deal with variations of variable RES or combined heat and power (CHP) electricity generation (c) transmission system expansion related to the penetration of areas with high RES potential. New methodologies are developed and a number of novel scenarios are formulated in conformity with the European energy strategy towards 2050.

- by kostas tigas
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- Control Systems Engineering, Renewable Energy, Energy Planning, Control Systems

This interview study with UK electricity distribution and transmission network operators (DNO and TNO) and the regulator Ofgem, examines how key industry actors conceptualise "publics," "stakeholders" and "customers" and how these conceptualisations subsequently inform their engagement practices with these heterogeneous groups. The results show that regulatory changes to the structure of distribution networks have encouraged greater levels of "stakeholder" involvement. However, DNO regional monopoly powers and the regulatory environment serve to conflate network actors' representations of "the public" with "customers," and also "hides" DNO roles in a manner that precludes direct citizen engagement. TNO respondents employ public exhibitions in transmission line siting, although at a stage "downstream" in the decision-making process whereby citizens have little decisional influence. We conclude that network operators adopt the rhetoric of deliberative engagement whilst lacking a clear rationale and effective means to incorporate citizen perspectives in long-term network development or specific infrastructure siting proposals.

- by Matthew Cotton
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- Infrastructure Planning, Energy Policy, Energy Planning, NIMBY Syndrome

Nowadays, the use of Renewable Energy (RE) has been proposed because the concerns with the price fluctuation of oil due to its high demand and its environmental benefits. In the field of RE, at present there is a continuously increasing interest concerning bioenergy from palm oil. Nevertheless, several studies point out the environmental impacts of bioenergy when compared to conventional energy and therefore question, if bioenergy in general is more environmentally friendly than conventional energy use, is still exist. Though researches have been carried out on different forms of bioenergy from palm oil waste, little is known about which part of palm oil waste and implementation are the most beneficial for the environment. There are few ways for that: pelletization, gasification, liquefaction and the latest been found, torrefaction, a low temperature at 200-300 o C under an inert atmosphere which effective for improving the energy density and the shelf life of biomass. In this paper, it is aimed to analyze the implementation A to Z of waste utilization from palm oil cultivation through the torrefaction process towards its environmental impacts. This article uses palm oil real data from Indonesia as a potential country for biomass energy production given its equatorial climate. The result will be of use in modeling commercial production of bio-coal from palm oil waste regarding its impact to environment.

- by Rizky Fauzianto
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- Chemical Engineering, Renewable Energy, Biomass, Bioenergy

PhD (Urban and Regional Planning), North-West University, Potchefstroom CampusSince the mid-1990s there has been growing consensus around the world that greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions derived from burning fossil fuels for energy generation purposes (among others) are contributing to climate change, resulting in what has become known as global warming. This recognition has resulted in the adoption of several international treaties and agreements aimed at committing countries to reduce their GHG emissions through policy intervention. South Africa has ratified the Paris Agreement and through its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) vowed to reduce GHG emissions, particularly in the energy sector, as this is where the largest gains can be made. South Africa has subsequently prioritized renewable energy to generate electrical energy in many of its policies. In addition to the need to diversify the energy mix, South Africa is also in dire need to increase electrical energy capacity to support economic growth and development. To support economic growth, the South African National Treasury prepared an economic policy document in 2018 wherein it is highlighted that South Africa needs to improve the current electricity planning process to achieve economic growth and development. Regional spatial planning as a professional discipline can be described as a future-orientated process concerned with fixing social and/or economic problems with the broad aim of achieving regional economic development and directing an ideal or ambition for a territory by making use of instruments such as planning regions for which development plans can be formulated. Development plans contain spatial directives that influence the future distribution of activities in space as well as a practical implementation framework. Theories of industrial location and regional development can be drawn on to make sound spatial planning decisions as such decisions will have a long-term impact. The ‘new growth theory’ postulates that regional development is a result of exploiting endogenous factors of production through spatially targeted policies, institutional arrangements and technology. Internationally, renewable energy is facilitated through policy frameworks wherein energy sector and spatial planning is integrated at a regional level. Furthermore, it has been suggested by an international statutory planning council that spatial planning professionals and departments need to be directly involved in the energy planning process. However, the current electricity planning system in South Africa is detached from spatial planning necessitating the need for intervention in this regard. It was found that increasing renewable energy in South Africa can achieve both economic development as well as lower GHG emissions. Internationally, successful renewable energy implementation is done via a holistic approach wherein energy sector and spatial planning is integrated. This study makes proposals for how the energy sector and spatial planning can be combined to form an integrated policy framework to facilitate renewable energy deployment in South Africa to achieve regional economic development.Doctora

- by Wessel Kruger
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- Technology, Renewable Energy, Infrastructure Planning, Policy