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- by Marcelo Hirschler
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- Materials Engineering, Fire retardants

Woven hemp fabric was treated with sodium hydroxide, commercial flame retardant chemical, and combination of both to increase its fire-retardant properties. Treatments of fire-retardant changed the properties of woven hemp fabric such as increased its fabric shrinkage and density of fibres which ranges from 0.67 to 5% and 1.43 to 1.53 g/cm 3 respectively. After the treatment, the fire retardancy of the fabric increased tremendously which was observed by the burning, thermogravimetry and limiting oxygen index tests. Some of the samples were not burnt when exposed to flame source and the burning rate needed to be measured under exaggeration of flame at longer time. The limiting oxygen index value increased from 18.6 to 51 after the treatments which explained the scenario happened in the burning tests. Nevertheless, its mechanical properties decreased slightly that ranges from 18 to 32% and 23 to 39% for warp and weft respectively compared to untreated fibre.

Цель: Цель работы состоит в определении особенностей флегматизирования стехиометрической гептановоздушной среды бинарной смесью аэрозоля с азотом, а также в определении концентраций и времени сгорания горючей смеси при разных соотношениях компонентов указанных смесей. Методы: Для определения особенностей флегматизирования н-гептана, бинарными смесями аэрозоля с азотом была использована установка в виде толстостенного цилиндрического стеклянного сосуда объемом 0,5 литра с мощным электрическим источником зажигания, расположенным внутри цилиндра, в котором Purpose: The purpose of the work is to determine the characteristics of phlegmatization of stoichiometric air-heptan mixture with aerosol-nitrogen binary mixture, as well as to determine the concentration and combustion time of the combustible mixture in different ratios of the components of these mixtures. Methods: To determine the characteristics of n-heptan phlegmatization using aerosol-nitrogen binary mixtures, an installation was used of a thick-walled cylindrical glass vessel of 0.5 liter capacity with a powerful electric ignition source placed inside it. An aerosol-nitrogen mixtured was combined with an air-heptane mixture. Time-lapse shots of the explosion process were captured by Nikon 1 j4 camera which can capture 1200 frames per second. Results: The results of the experiments showed that the value of phlegmatization concentration of aerosol obtained on the basis of the mixture for aerosol formulation based on iditol for the stoichiometric mixture is 66 g/m3. Also obtained was the dependence between the concentration of the mixture of the phlegmatizer and the proportion of the content of its ingredients, taking into account the condition that a single concentration of the phlegmatizer (the aerosol-nitrogen mixture) is 44%. It was also discovered that the optimum ratio of the components of the mixture are as follows: aerosol – 20-35 g/m3, N2 – 15%-8%. Significant fire resistant efficacy of the binary mixture has been shown, which is meant to reduce the spread of the flame front over the whole volume of the combustible mixture, when the fireball dies before touching the walls of the cylinder. As a result of the conducted experiments, the synergistic interaction between components of the binary aerosol-nitrogen mixture was also confirmed, which is manifested by a sudden decrease in concentration of its components due to their combined action. The components of the mixture act both as heat phlegmatizers and chemical inhibitors. Shots were obtained of combustion processes resulting from explosion while adding aerosol-nitrogen binary mixtures to a stoichiometric binary mixture. The shots confirmed the phenomenon that fire reduced by a phlegmatizer while the concentration of aerosol and nitrogen is decreased three times, which ensures maintaining the oxygen concentration at a level suitable to maintain human life processes.
Conclusions: The paper presents the effect of reducing the spread of flames over the entire volume of the fuel mixture of heptane and air
when the aerosol-nitrogen binary mixture was added. The effect is interesting from a practical point of view: in order to ensure fire safety and
explosion protection of buildings (sites) where there are flammable gases, liquids and mixtures thereof. Practical application of the binary
mixture for extinguishing and phlegmatization will result in reducing the scale of destruction due to limiting the spread of flames over the entire volume of the homogeneous fuel-air mixture.

- by Safety & Fire Technology SFT
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- Fire Behaviour, Safety, Fire safety, Fire retardants
- by Deniz Aydemir
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- Fire retardants

Aim: The aim of this article is to discuss the physicochemical reactions which occur during a fire and to present the mechanism of action of fire inhibitors used in fire-extinguishing aerosols. The article also presents the results of research into the impact of fire-extinguishing aerosols on museum items.
Most of all, however, it does not adversely affect the environment by ozone depletion or enhance the greenhouse effect due to there being no release of halogen-based fire retardants (in the latest type of aerosols).
Methodology: The first part of the article includes a review of the literature on fire mechanisms, with the involvement of water in these processes. The second part focuses on the presentation of the mechanism of action of fire-extinguishing aerosols. This presentation is supported by an analysis of the preliminary research results concerning the use of aerosols type AGS 11/1 for the purposes of museum exhibits protection, i.e. wooden figures and old prints.
Conclusions: The literature analysis in the field of combustion reactions mechanisms and action of fire-extinguishing aerosols, as well as the preliminary results of the research, allowed us to draw the following conclusions:
– water is an effective inhibitor of combustion at the initial stage of the fire, but at later stages, active radicals generated by its decomposition can maintain the flame combustion reaction;
– fire-extinguishing aerosols do not affect the colour of wooden figures, nor change the properties of old prints, which is why they can be successfully used in museums and historical buildings.

The growing environmental awareness and natural resources scarcity various fully biodegradable polymer systems development and utilization initiates poly lactic acid (PLA) and copolymers biodegradable polymer, extensive attention as they biodegradability, numerous renewable sources, and excellent mechanical and thermal properties like advantages other polyester resins like PLA inherent chemical composition and molecular structures due to very poor fire resistance the aviation and electrical industry PLAs widespread use low thermal resistance, combustion and drip hampered flame retardant modification essential Combustion-type flame retardants polymer by physical means incorporated materials production convenient industry widely in used. Flame retardants certain chemical compounds polymers paralytic reactions slow or inhibit or combustion oxidative reactions They mainly halogen, phosphorus and
metal hydroxides containing compounds Halogen flame retardant drawbacks metal components highlight ability combustion during hydrogen formed toxicity and some governments or organizations halogen controlled flame retardants use restrict proposed halogen-free flame-retardant additives indomethacin flame retardant (IFR) considerable attention and polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE) such as polymers used their low smoke, no toxicity, and halogen absence benefits. and corrosive gas production In general an IFR system three basic components char-forming agent carbonization catalyst, and a blowing agent combustion during IFR multi-cellular structure combustible layer a physical that acts barrier gas and compressed between heat and mass transfer reducing reducing the burning melt in thermoplastic
flame-retardant conversion is a particular problem. Drops melting burning surface area increase fire intensity increase faster fire spread viscosity Melting coal formation strong impact PLA, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and poly butylenes succinct (PBS) like Linear polymers branched or thermo set polymers compared low melt viscosity burning test during serious melt dripping layered silicates thermal stability improve reduce filler concentration flammability low investigations found.

- by Sathiyaraj Chinnasamy and +2
- •
- Fire retardants, Polymeric composites

Fire Trol 934® is a long-term fire retardant commonly used in fire prevention and extinction. Our objective was to determine the effect of this chemical on seed germination of nine plant species from Mediterranean-type shrublands, where these chemicals are potentially used. Seeds were exposed to five different Fire Trol concentrations, (0 (control) to 10%, on a log scale) and monitored in a germination chamber for nine weeks. Seeds from four Cistus species were subjected to an additional heat treatment that simulated thermal scarification caused by fire. Retardant exposure caused a significant decrease in total germination in all species, and exposure to the highest Fire Trol concentration (10%) resulted in complete inhibition of germination. However, the sensitivity to Fire Trol varied across species and this differential species sensitivity may potentially lead to different impacts in the soil seed banks depending on whether sites are burned or unburned. Exposure to Fire Trol 934 may affect recruitment of shrubland species particularly during dry autumns, due to limited leaching of these chemicals from the soil surface. Consequently, its use should be avoided in sites where particularly sensitive plant species are present. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 20: 543–548, 2005.

- by Belén Luna
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- Fire Ecology, Mediterranean, Seed germination, Seed ecology

Fire retardants are very important class of materials which has importance in saving the persons lives and the properties via reducing the possibility of polymer fires. In this work, High density Polyethylene (HDPE)/titanium dioxide (TiO2) nano-composite was prepared by melt extrusion to assess the efficiency of nano Titanium dioxide as fire retardant and to detect its effect on melting point of composite. Different weight percentages of nano TiO2 (0, 2%, 4%, 6%) were used. The Fire retardancy of prepared samples were tested according to standard methods [ASTM D 635, ASTM D4804].The results showed that addition of this kind of nano particles contributed in improving the fire retardancy of high density polyethylene composite for all samples which contained nano TiO2. The rate of burning and height of flame were varied according to different additions ratios. The maximum decreases in rate of burning and minimum height of flame was recorded for sample S2 (4%wt. addition) while the addition effect was very limited on melting point. The result clarified the synergic effect of nano titanium dioxide as co-fire retardant of High density polyethylene composites.

- by Watheq salih
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- Nanomaterials, Tio2 Nanostructure, Fire retardants, High Density Polyethylene
- by Mohd Najib Abdul Ghani
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- Hybrid, Fire retardants
- by Rolf André Bohne
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- LCM, Fire retardants
- by José Moreno
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- Ecotoxicology, Crustacea, Wildland Fire, Fire Protection
- by Tomohiko Isobe
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- Engineering, Analytical Chemistry, Environmental Monitoring, Electrospray
- by Tim Osswald
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- Materials Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Public Domain, Construction Industry
- by Shovon Bhattacharjee
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- Statistical Analysis, Mechanical properties, Fire retardants, Flammability

The aim of this work was to evaluate the environmental performance of fire retardant treated exterior wooden claddings using LCA as a tool. The study takes into account the wood, paint and fire retardant chemicals production, wood treatment processes, use phase and disposal life cycle stages. The assessment was done using a functional unit of 1 m3 treated exterior wooden cladding with a reference life span of 50 years. The results show that the highest impact from raw material production stage which is mainly contributed from fire retardant chemicals.

- by Rolf André Bohne
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- Materials Science, LCM, Fire retardants
- by mohd hafizuddin
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- Hybrid, Fire retardants
- by Geir Gabrielsen
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- Zoology, Persistent Organic Pollutants, Toxicity, Pollutants
- by GIOVANNI POLACCO
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- Materials Science, Heat Flow, Fire retardants, Fire Resistance
- by Salim Alam
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- Environmental Engineering, Atmospheric sciences, Industrial Chemicals, Fire retardants
- by José Moreno
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- Environmental Toxicology, Fire Ecology, Mediterranean, Seed germination