Pollutants Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are major and recalcitrant pollutants of the environment and their removal presents a significant problem. Phytoremediation has shown much promise in PAH removal from contaminated soil, but may be... more

Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are major and recalcitrant pollutants of the environment and their removal presents a significant problem. Phytoremediation has shown much promise in PAH removal from contaminated soil, but may be inhibited because the plant experiences phytotoxic effects from low-molecular-weight PAHs such as naphthalene. This paper describes the construction of a naphthalene-degrading endophytic strain designated Pseudomonas putida VM1441(pNAH7). This strain was found to be an efficient colonizer of plants, colonizing both the rhizosphere and interior root tissues. The inoculation of plants with P. putida VM1441(pNAH7) resulted in the protection of the host plant from the phytotoxic effects of naphthalene. When inoculated plants were exposed to naphthalene, both seed germination and plant transpiration rates were higher than those of the uninoculated controls. The inoculation of plants with this strain also facilitated higher (40%) naphthalene degradation rates compared with uninoculated plants in artificially contaminated soil.

Impact of pesticides use in agriculture: their benefits and hazards

As the waste industry continues to move from a disposal-based system to one based on a combination of recovery options, the need for information on the composition of waste increases and this is reflected by the amount of information on... more

As the waste industry continues to move from a disposal-based system to one based on a combination of recovery options, the need for information on the composition of waste increases and this is reflected by the amount of information on the physical composition of municipal solid wastes that is now available. However, there is far less information on the chemical composition of municipal solid waste. The results from a number of chemical surveys from Europe are compared and show a reasonable degree of agreement, but several problems were identified with the data. Chemical and physical compositional data are combined in a case study example to investigate the flow of key potential pollutants in an integrated solid waste management system that uses materials recycling, composting, incineration and landfilling. This case study has shown that an integrated waste management strategy diverts lead and cadmium away from composting and recycling to incineration, which effectively isolates these elements from the environment through efficient capture of the pollutants followed by secure landfilling or recycling of the residues. However, further work is needed to determine the distribution of mercury in incineration residues and its fate when the residues are landfilled.

Non-point source (NPS) pollution, unlike point source pollution from domestic and industrial wastewater treatment plants, comes from many diffuse sources. It is caused by the movement of rainfall or snowmelt that picks up and carries... more

Non-point source (NPS) pollution, unlike point source pollution from domestic and industrial wastewater treatment plants, comes from many diffuse sources. It is caused by the movement of rainfall or snowmelt that picks up and carries pollutants to receiving waters. NPS pollution represents the main cause of contamination of many rivers, streams and other water bodies of many developed countries. Best management practices (BMPs) are intended to reduce NPS pollutants, particularly those from highway runoff, e.g., oil and grit separators, grassed swales, vegetated filter strips, retention ponds, and catch basin inserts. A catch basin insert (CBIs) is a device that reduces stormwater pollution from runoff, without requiring any land use because it is typically mounted within a catch basin. In this study, six commercially-available CBIs were installed and monitored at sites along highways in Westchester County that are under the jurisdiction of the New York State Department of Transporta...

In the context depletion of fossil fuels, ever increases of fuel prices in International market causing economic burden on government of India and ever increases of pollution levels with fossil fuels, the search for alternative fuels has... more

In the context depletion of fossil fuels, ever increases of fuel prices in International market causing economic burden on government of India and ever increases of pollution levels with fossil fuels, the search for alternative fuels has become pertinent. Alcohols and vegetables oils are important substitutes for diesel fuel as they renewable in nature. However, the drawbacks of vegetables oils (high viscosity and low volatility) and alcohols (low energy content and cetane number) call for semi-adiabatic diesel engine (SADE). The high energy content of plastic oil and high volatility of butanol can be taken together in order to have minimum pollution levels. Investigations were carried out to control pollutants of particulate matter measured by AVL Smoke meter, nitrogen oxide (NOx) levels determined with Gas Analyzer at various values of brake mean effective pressure of the engine with single cylinder, four-stroke, water cooled, 3.68 kW, Kirlosker diesel engine with ceramic coated cylinder head with varied injection timing. Carbon monoxide (CO) and un-burnt hydro carbon (UBHC) were determined by gas analyzer at full load operation of the engine. Butanol was carbureted into the engine through variable jet carburetor installed at the inlet manifold of the engine at different percentages of crude plastic oil at full load on mass basis. Crude plastic oil was injected through injector in conventional manner. The semi adiabatic diesel engine with carbureted butanol reduced exhaust emissions in comparison with diesel operation on conventional engine.

Recently, there is growing incidences of malaria, dengue and yellow fever which enforces human to use of various insecticides and repellents; such as the coil, spray, lotion, etc. Among all the insecticides and repellents, mosquito coil... more

Recently, there is growing incidences of malaria, dengue and yellow fever which enforces human to use of various insecticides and repellents; such as the coil, spray, lotion, etc. Among all the insecticides and repellents, mosquito coil is the most commonly used insect repellents in Nigeria. This paper assesses the recent use of mosquito coil in Northern Nigeria through critically investigating peoples' opinions as well as believes. Based on the mixed nature of the data required by the present paper, the study utilizes secondary data which were supplemented with primary data collected with the aid of purposive sampling technique. The primary data retrieved are qualitative in nature which was collected using scheduled interviewed with opened-end questions that stimulate discussions. The paper revealed that the current use of mosquito coil is a mere preventive approach against malaria and dengue and will potentially remain high in the Northern region of Nigeria, since it is the most undoubtedly cheapest and widely available of all the insecticides and repellents.

Tin has a larger number of its organometallic derivatives in commercial use than any other element. This has given rise to an increase of the worldwide production of organotin compounds during the last 50 years. Due to the wide industrial... more

Tin has a larger number of its organometallic derivatives in commercial use than any other element. This has given rise to an increase of the worldwide production of organotin compounds during the last 50 years. Due to the wide industrial applications considerable amounts of the organotins have entered various ecosystems. While Sn in its inorganic form is considered to be non-toxic, the toxicological pattern of the organotin compounds is complex. Depending on the nature and the number of the organic groups bound to the Sn cation, some organotins show specific toxic effects to different organsims even at very low concentrations. Therefore, specific determination of the individual organotin compounds is required. In recent years new sensitve analytical techniques have been developed for the detection of organotin compounds in various environmental samples. High amounts of the toxic tributyltin and some other organotin derivatives can be found not only in water and sediments, but also various aquatic organisms and tissues of mammals and birds are contaminated by these compounds. First investigations of human blood and livers show enhanced concentrations for some organotin derivatives. In spite of legislative regulations of usage for organotins in numerous countries, these pollutants represent a risk for aquatic and terrestric ecosystems.

A large number of studies have documented the risks and dangers posed by stormwater runoff from urban areas for health, aquatic habitat and water quality. The impervious surface does not allow the infiltration, creating an increase in the... more

A large number of studies have documented the risks and dangers posed by stormwater runoff
from urban areas for health, aquatic habitat and water quality. The impervious surface does not
allow the infiltration, creating an increase in the peak flow and volume of stormwater runoff, reduce
soil humidity, and increase the risk of flooding. The land use, the increased impervious surfaces
and the climate change affect the urban, peri-urban and rural areas in Romania. Because of the
diffuse nature of pollutants in the urban areas, the quality parameters of urban stormwater runoff are considered variable, both spatially and temporally distributed, but some researchers claim that the spatial distribution has a major impact. This study was conducted to assess the pollutants from stormwater runoff in four areas - different in terms of land use - from Cluj-Napoca city (commercial, industrial, low density residential and high density residential). We evaluated the spatial distribution of pollutants in the stormwater runoff in relation with the land use in Cluj-Napoca, Romania. The water samples were taken from the collection points established across each of the four sites, during six
rain events sufficiently intense to generate surface runoff.
The experiment consisted in the investigation of the distribution
of these parameters in relation with the land use, focusing on the variability. The results show that variations of the concentrations according to the collecting area are considerable; the distribution of
pollutants depends on the land use. The pollutant loading of the stormwater runoff in the industrial and high density residential area are the most problematic. The determination of the pollution of
the stormwater runoff in urban areas of Cluj-Napoca, depending on land use provides a clear picture of concentrations and, subsequently, of pollutant loads, information required by the design of the stormwater control structures, with special interest for the bioretention cells (SUDS). Through the correct application of the data about this condition of implementation of the bioretention cells, can be achieved the objectives related to the environmental protection and reuse of the water from stormwater runoff in urban areas.

Biotic and Abiotic factors affecting ecotoxicity include particulate matter and affect the bioavailability and metabolism of organisms, the bioaccumulation of chemicals play a large part in environmental persistence in the environment as... more

Biotic and Abiotic factors affecting ecotoxicity include particulate matter and affect the bioavailability and metabolism of organisms, the bioaccumulation of chemicals play a large part in environmental persistence in the environment as well as the recovery of toxic environments as they are influential in the food web.

Actualmente, existe una gran preocupación por los contaminantes atmosféricos y, dentro del ámbito de la Conservación-Restauración, son los contaminantes presentes en el interior de museos una de las principales causas de degradación de... more

Actualmente, existe una gran preocupación por los contaminantes atmosféricos y, dentro del ámbito de la Conservación-Restauración, son los contaminantes presentes en el interior de museos una de las principales causas de degradación de los objetos y, en particular, del patrimonio metálico. A pesar de ello, los estudios realizados sobre los contaminantes atmosféricos se han centrado principalmente en ambientes exteriores, dejando el caso de los interiores en un segundo plano.
Los principales contaminantes que influyen en la degradación del patrimonio metálico en los museos son los ácidos orgánicos –ácido acético y fórmico–, O3, compuestos de azufre reducido (SH, COS), compuestos orgánicos volátiles (COV), además de la humedad relativa (HR) y la temperatura.
Existen casos documentados de la degradación causada por el efecto de estos ácidos en museos de Estados Unidos y el norte de Europa, existiendo una laguna sobre este tema en otros países. Según se ha comprobado en este estudio, estos problemas también se dan en los museos españoles.
En este trabajo se presenta el estado del arte sobre la investigación de las causas y efectos de los ácidos orgánicos en museos y exposiciones, así como los análisis cualitativos y semi-cuantitativos realizados in situ para su detección y evaluación de la corrosividad del ambiente.
Como ejemplo se expone el caso del Museo de América de Madrid, en donde se ha realizado el estudio de dos vitrinas para determinar la concentración de ácidos orgánicos, así como el efecto que han producido en la degradación de una de sus piezas.

Disposing used lubricating oil (ULO) through local means has been found to lead to air, land and water pollution. This pollution lowers the lifespan of inhabitants due to spread of diseases. Treatment of used oil is one of the easiest way... more

Disposing used lubricating oil (ULO) through local means has been found to lead
to air, land and water pollution. This pollution lowers the lifespan of inhabitants due
to spread of diseases. Treatment of used oil is one of the easiest way to avoid pollution
as observed in literatures. Aside preventing pollution, another advantage is majorly
turning waste to wealth. In this paper, an indebt review was done on the various
methods for treating used lubricating oil. The advantages and shortcomings of each
method were highlighted for further study.

Traditional plant use is of tremendous importance in many societies, including most rural African communities. This knowledge is however, rapidly dwindling due to changes towards a more Western lifestyle, and the influence of modern... more

Traditional plant use is of tremendous importance in many societies, including most rural African communities. This knowledge is however, rapidly dwindling due to changes towards a more Western lifestyle, and the influence of modern tourism. In case of the Sekenani Maasai, the recent change from a nomadic to a more sedentary lifestyle has not, thus far lead to a dramatic loss of traditional plant knowledge, when compared to other Maasai communities. However, in Sekenani, plants are used much less frequently for manufacturing tools, and for veterinary purposes, than in more remote areas. While the knowledge is still present, overgrazing and over-exploitation of plant resources have already led to a decline of the plant material available. This paper examines the plant use of the Maasai in the Sekenani Valley, North of the Masaai Mara National Reserve. The Maasai pastoralists of Kenya and Tanzania use a large part of the plants in their environment for many uses in daily life. The plant use and knowledge of the Sekenani Maasai is of particular interest, as their clan, the "Il-Purko", was moved from Central Kenya to this region by the British Colonial Administration in 1904. The results of this study indicate that despite their relocation 100 years ago, the local population has an extensive knowledge of the plants in their surroundings, and they ascribe uses to a large percentage of the plants found. One-hundred-fifty-five plant species were collected, identified and their Maa names and traditional uses recorded. Although fifty-one species were reported as of "no use", only eighteen of these had no Maasai name. Thirty-three were recognized by a distinctive Maa name. Thirty-nine species had a medicinal use, and 30 species served as fodder for livestock. Six species could not be identified. Of these plants five were addressed by the Maasai with distinct names. This exemplifies the Sekenani Maasai's in-depth knowledge of the plant resources. Traditionally, the Maasai attribute most illnesses to the effect of pollutants that block or inhibit digestion. These pollutants can include "polluted" food, contact with sick people and witchcraft. In most cases the treatment of illness involves herbal purgatives to cleanse the patient. There are alsofrequent indications of plant use for common problems like wounds, parasites, body aches and burns.

Adsorption of methylene blue from aqueous solutionsonto unexpanded and expanded perlite samples activatedby H2SO4 and NaCl solutions has beeninvestigated, to assess the possibility of usingperlite for removing cationic dyes from... more

Adsorption of methylene blue from aqueous solutionsonto unexpanded and expanded perlite samples activatedby H2SO4 and NaCl solutions has beeninvestigated, to assess the possibility of usingperlite for removing cationic dyes from aqueoussolutions. The effects of pH and temperature of dyesolution on the adsorption capacities have beenevaluated. The experimental data were correlatedreasonably well by the Langmuir adsorption isothermand the isotherm parameters (Q m and K) have beencalculated. The removal efficiency (P) anddimensionless separation factor (R) have shown thatperlite can be used for removal of methylene blue fromaqueous solutions, but unexpanded perlite is more effective.

Emerging Pollutants bagian dari agen Pencemaran serta proses Bioremediasi

Good indoor air quality in eateries is essential for ensuring healthy and comfortable workplace environment and enhancing visiting customer comfort and eatery personnel output and productivity. This study assessed the indoor air quality... more

Good indoor air quality in eateries is essential for ensuring healthy and comfortable workplace environment and enhancing visiting customer comfort and eatery personnel output and productivity. This study assessed the indoor air quality (IAQ) of selected Eateries in Zaria metropolis with a view to identifying the sources of pollutants and verifying their acceptability in relation with existing guidelines. The study relates to the concentration levels of specific indoor air quality indicators; temperature, relative humidity, carbon mono oxide, carbon dioxide, total volatile organic compounds, formaldehyde, particulate matter 2.5 and particulate matter 10. It was carried out by means of field survey, involving measurements and use of a well-structured checklist for relevant data collection on 13 eateries in Zaria metropolis. Two indoor locations (Dinning and Kitchen) were selected per eatery and four air samples collected at each, over a space of 15minutes during the harmattan season. Findings showed that the highest mean level of Temp (30.9°C), RH (49.2%), CO (21ppm), CO 2 (890ppm), TVOC (0.237 mg/m 3), HCHO (0.170mg/m 3), PM2.5 (60µg/m 3) and PM10 (62.9µg/m 3) were found in the eateries F and M. Results from the inferential statistics showed significant differences (p<0.05) in dinning and kitchen for CO and PM2 respectively. Also, significant differences were seen in the four sampling sessions for all pollutants at different Eateries. In addition, Eateries should provide functioning exhaust, ventilation, and air conditioning facilities and air cleaning systems must be maintained and its parts must be inspected and cleaned based on the specifications approved by ASHRAE standard 62.

Emissions from the transport sector represent the fastest growing source of greenhouse gas emissions. There is little prospect that this situation will be resolved with a single technological fix. As developing nations quickly move to... more

Emissions from the transport sector represent the fastest growing source of greenhouse gas emissions. There is little prospect that this situation will be resolved with a single technological fix. As developing nations quickly move to catch up with the motorization levels of developed nations, the sheer number of private vehicles may overwhelm any advances made by cleaner fuels. By 2030, there is projected to be more vehicles in the developing world than in developed nations. Despite the growth in developing‐nation transport emissions, the sector has produced relatively few mitigation projects within the mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol. However, a few developing cities, such as Bogota, Colombia, have demonstrated innovation in low‐cost solutions to reducing emissions. This research employs scenario analysis to examine the size and cost of potential emission reduction options from the urban transport sector of developing nations. In particular, the analysis compares the cost of greenhouse gas emission reductions from fuel technology options to reductions from measures promoting mode shifting. This comparative analysis indicates that a diversified package of measures with an emphasis on mode shifting is likely to be the most cost‐effective means to greenhouse gas emission reductions.

Microplastics are discharged into the environment through human activities and are persistent in the environment. With the prevalent use of plastic-based personal protective equipment in the prevention of the spread of the COVID-19 virus,... more

Microplastics are discharged into the environment through human activities and are persistent in the environment. With the prevalent use of plastic-based personal protective equipment in the prevention of the spread of the COVID-19 virus, the concentration of microplastics in the environment is envisaged to increase. Potential ecological and health risks emanate from their potential to adsorb and transport toxic chemicals, and ease of absorption into the cells of living organisms and interfering with physiological processes. This review (1) discusses sources and pathways through which microplastics enter the environment, (2) evaluates the fate and behavior of microplastics, (3) discusses microplastics in African aquatic systems, and (4) identifies research gaps and recommends remediation strategies. Importantly, while there is significant microplastics pollution in the aquatic environment, pollution in terrestrial systems are not widely studied. Besides, there is a dearth of informa...

O presente trabalho tem como tema os acometimentos do sistema respiratório relacionados à poluição atmosférica. Para um aprofundamento correto no tema é necessário aprender as generalidades desse sistema em sua homeostase para,... more

O presente trabalho tem como tema os acometimentos do sistema respiratório relacionados à poluição atmosférica. Para um aprofundamento correto no tema é necessário aprender as generalidades desse sistema em sua homeostase para, posteriormente, compreender as alterações decorrentes de patologias. Primeiramente, é abordada a Anatomia das estruturas envolvidas no processo respiratório. Em seguida, a Histologia, demonstrando os tipos celulares, que se arranjam para formar os tecidos formadores das complexas estruturas anatômicas envolvidas na condução aerífera e trocas gasosas. Finalizando os tópicos de homeostase do organismo, a ventilação pulmonar é elucidada com seus princípios básicos de execução, evidenciando como a maquinaria respiratória se agrupa para um funcionamento eficiente. Apreendido todos esses aspectos, adentramos nas patologias relacionadas ao objetivo deste trabalho. São aqui citados os principais poluentes causadores de doenças respiratórias, além de retratar suas finalidades antagônicas ao bom funcionamento do organismo, conhecendo os mecanismos dessas alterações, são explicados, quando existem, métodos de prevenção e tratamento.

A New Type of Effect of Potentially Hazardous Substances: Uncouplers of Pelagial–Benthal Couplingж Tags: Water Pollution ×RemovePollutants ×RemoveChemical Pollution ×RemoveAquatic Toxicology ×RemoveEcotoxicology ×RemoveAquatic... more

A New Type of Effect of Potentially Hazardous Substances:
Uncouplers of Pelagial–Benthal Couplingж
Tags: Water Pollution ×RemovePollutants ×RemoveChemical Pollution ×RemoveAquatic Toxicology ×RemoveEcotoxicology ×RemoveAquatic Ecology ×RemoveAquatic Ecosystems ×RemoveHydrobiology ×RemoveEnvironmental Toxicology ×RemoveDetergents ×RemoveSurfactants ×RemoveBibliography ×RemoveMoscow State University ×RemoveОстроумов Сергей Андреевич ;
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https://www.academia.edu/56980847/ ;