Fusarium solani Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Purpose To study the incidence, clinical presentation, and the response of anti-fungals in cases of fungal endophthalmitis following open globe injury. Methods This is a prospective study of eight cases of post-traumatic fungal endophthalmitis among 110 patients who presented to us with open globe injury between August 2003 and January 2005. Patients with panophthalmitis were eviscerated and rest received intravitreal amphotericin B. Pars plana vitrectomy along with intravitreal miconazole was given in patients with inadequate response to intravitreal amphotericin. Results Two patients had panophthalmitis at the time of presentation and were eviscerated. Six different organisms were isolated from the culture of intraocular specimen of eight patients. The yield of vitreous aspirate was 87.5% and that of aqueous aspirate was 66.6%. Aspergillus sp. and Fusarium sp. were isolated in 62.5% of cases. Minimum inhibitory concentration of amphotericin B and miconazole was less than 3 lg/ml for all organisms except for Paecilomyces lilacinus and Fusarium solani, respectively. In total, 37.5% of patient had final visual acuity of 20/400 or better. Conclusions Fungal endophthalmitis is a relatively rare complication of open globe injury. The final visual outcome after fungal endophthalmitis is dismal. Aspergillus fumigatus was found to be the most virulent organism. All organisms were found to be sensitive to amphotericin B, except P. lilacinus, which was sensitive to miconazole. Repeated intravitreal injection may be required to control the infection. The virulence of the organism and the site of injury are the main determinants of final visual outcome.

- by
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- Immunology, Adolescent, Endophthalmitis, Visual acuity

The present article reveals the biodegradation of low density polyethylene by two fungal strains isolated from municipal landfill area. The degrading ability of the two fungal strains was evaluated by performing colonization studies, SEM and Sturm test analysis. Colonization studies on LDPE film was performed over a period of one month by measuring the fresh weight of the fungus. LDPE films colonized by fungus were analysed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) for any structural changes caused in the LDPE films. LDPE degradation by the fungal strains was further evaluated by measuring the CO 2 evolved which was calculated gravimetrically and volumetrically by Sturm test. The isolated fungi showed a promising degradation pattern as analyzed by the above mentioned three methods. Fungi were identified as Mucor circinilloides and Aspergillus flavus.

- by Oscar Dominguiano
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- Environmental Engineering, Electron Microscopy, Biofilms, Carbon
- by Youwei Wang
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- Organic Chemistry, Nutrition and Dietetics, Natural Products Chemistry, Kinetics

Abstract: Wilt is an important disease of brinjal crop causing significant reduction in yield. In present study, the pathogenic fungus was isolated from infected plant parts and identified based on morphological and cultural characters as... more

- by DR. MUZAFAR A H M A D DAR
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- Biological Control, Cost effectiveness, Fusarium solani, Plant Disease

The antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of various solvent extracts from Mirabilis jalapa tubers (MJT) were investigated using various in vitro assays. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents varied from 21.45 to 364.6 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g dried extract and 5.2 to 71.6 mg quercetin/g dried extract, respectively. Water extract of MJT was the most potent antioxidant in all assays used, followed by methanol extract. The five solvent extracts were screened for antibacterial and antifungal activities. Water extract was the most effective with minimum inhibitory concentration <200 g/ml against Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus cereus and Enterococcus faecalis. Only water extract showed antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger, Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporium and Fusarium granularium. GC/MS analysis of MJT dichloromethane and methanol extracts showed that oleic acid and ␤-sitosterol were, respectively, the major compounds. LC/MS analysis of the aqueous extract showed a high content of flavanol and flavonol compounds. Phenolic acids such as ferulic and caffeic acid were also detected.

- by Raoudha Jarraya
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- Process, Solvent Extraction, Antimicrobial activity, Staphylococcus aureus

Seeds of Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis (Link.) C.E. Schneider, collected from its plantation raised by Jojoba Research Station, Bahawalpur, Pakistan, were germinated in garden loamy soil and some of the seed and seedling characteristics were studied. The seeds of Jojoba are chocolate (mahogeny) brown in colour, ovate in shape and non-endospermic provided with a dorsal longitudinal raphe. Testa is thin but hard. A dense creamy-white mat of unicellular trichomes is present over the surface of the seed. The weight of seed averaged to 895.32 ± 11.62 mg varying from 551 to 1155 mg (CV: 12.98%). The seed weight tended to follow normal distribution. Jojoba seedlings appear to resemble the Chisocheton subtype of Vogel (1980). According to the Garwood (1996) scheme Jojoba seedling may be classed as “Crypto-cotylar hypogeal Reserve type”. The embryo is straight. Cotyledons are massive, shortly petiolate succulent, food-laden, creamy white in colour and semi-ellipsoidal in shape. The outer surface of cotyledons is provided with longitudinally running grooves. In one-month old seedlings, shoot was 10.75 ± 1.05 cm and root 12.8 ± 1.8cm long and there were 9.75 ± 1.18 leaves per seedling. There existed variation with respect to leaf shape. The leaves of basal nodes were obtuse apexed, emarginate or round. The leaves of upper nodes were ovate or oblong or elliptic to lanceolate or oblanceolate in shape with acute apex. Venation appeared to be of brachidodromous type as evident by the grooves on the lamina. Stem and leaves densely pubescent. The trichomes of shoot were of two types – a) multicellular uniseriate trichomes of 2-9 (-11) and b) glandular multicellular uniseriate trichomes with apical cell globose. Some trichomes showed meander like cell wall. The shoot of seedling was thickly encrusted with cuticle and wax. The stomata of anomocytic type were the common one. The inner surface of cotyledons had tetracytic stomata. Some stomata with common subsidiary or no subsidiary also existed on stem and leaf. Leaves of Jojoba are amphistomatic. The occurrence of pericytic stoma besides anomocytic one was extremely rare feature on dorsal foliar surface. The average number of stomata was higher on the lower surface (81.91 ± 1.387 per mm2) than on the dorsal surface (55.98 ± 1.452 per mm2). The stomata were sunken. The size of the stomatal complex (stoma + epicuticular dome) was comparable on the two foliar surfaces. In all, seven fungal species (4 genera) were found to associate with Jojoba seeds and seedlings - Rhizopus stolonifer, Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, A. terreus, A. fumigatus, Fusarium solani and Absidia sp. Absidia sp. only associated with seeds in internalized state.

- by abdul rauf and +1
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- Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium solani, Seedlings

This monograph covers history and nomenclature of the Genus Fusarium, Fusarium nomenclature, classification of the genus Fusarium (the Wollenbecher and Reinking classification of Fusarium genus (1935), the Snyder and Hansen classification, 1940, the A. Raillo classification, 1950, the W. Gerlach & H.I. Nierenberg classification, 1982m the C. Booth classification, 1971, the John F. Leslie, Brett A. Summerell classification, the toxigenic Fusarium species ), distribution and diversity of Fusarium species, the Fusarium morphology, Fusarium genomics, Fusarium diseases in plants, man and animals, isolation and identification of Fusarium species , with special emphasis on description of Fusarium species, Fusarium books and some research projects

- by Mohamed Refai and +1
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- Fusarium, Fusarium Graminearum, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani

- by Damak Mohamed and +1
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- Process, Solvent Extraction, Antimicrobial activity, Staphylococcus aureus

Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (neem), native to India, is well known worldwide for its insecticidal and ethanopharmacological properties. Although endophytic microbes are known from this plant as only leaves and stems were the subjects of past reports. Now, a variety of procedures and a number of different media were used to isolate the maximum number of endophytic fungi from unripe fruits and roots. A total of 272 isolates of 29 filamentous fungal taxa were isolated at rate of 68.0% from 400 samples of three different individual trees (at locations-Az1, Az2, Az3). Mycological agar (MCA) medium yielded the highest number of isolates (95, with a 14.50% isolation rate) with the greatest species richness. Mycelia Sterilia (1, 2, 3) accounted for 11.06%, Coelomycetes 7.25%, while Hyphomycetes showed the maximum number of representative isolates (81.69%). Mycelia-Sterilia (1, 2, 3), based on their 5.8S ITS 1, ITS2 and partial 18S and 28S rDNA sequences were identified as Fusarium solani (99%), Chaetomium globosum (93%) and Chaetomium globosum (93%) respectively. Humicola, Drechslera, Colletotrichum, and Scytalidium sp. were some of the peculiar fungal endophytes recovered from this plant.

- by Surendra Gond
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- Microbiology, Medical Microbiology, Indian, Species Richness

Fusarium solani is the causative organism of Fusarium wilt of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill). Four Bacillus spp identified as B. amyloliquefaciens, B. cereus, B. pumilus and B. subtilis were tested for biocontrol activities in vitro as zone of inhibition and in vivo as percent disease control and disease incidence. The result from in vitro analysis showed that B. amyloliquefaciens inhibited the growth of F. solani the most by 95.2% while B. cereus had the highest growth of F. solani and inhibition of 55.7%. B pumilus and B. subtilis showed inhibition of 70.46% and 82.1% respectively and were significantly lower (p=0.05) than the control with 100% F. solani growth. In vivo, B. cereus had the least disease incidence and highest percent disease control (18.75% and 81.2%). This was significantly different from the control (100% and 0%), B. amyloliquefaciens (25% and 75%), B. pumilus (37.5% and 62.5%) and B. subtilis (37.5% and 62.5%). Also, growth parameters like shoot and root l...

- by Olubukola Oluranti Babalola
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- Disease Control, Tomato, Fusarium solani, Fusarium wilt

Essential oil composition ␤-Caryophyllene ␣-Humulene ␤-Elemene 1-Octen-3-ol Caryophyllene oxide MIC Anti-fungal activity a b s t r a c t The hydrodistilled essential leaves and stems oils of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth were analysed by GC-MS/MS. Sixty nine compounds representing 97.6 and 97.4% of the total leaves and stems oils, respectively were identified, of which ␤-caryophyllene (24.0 and 35.1%), ␣-humulene (14.2 and 18.4%), ␤-elemene (11.1 and 8.5%), 1-octen-3-ol (8.2 and 7.0%), ␤bourbonene (3.4 and 3.0%), ␤-pinene (2.1 and 1.7%), caryophyllene oxide (1.6 and 2.2%), camphene (1.6 and 1.3%) and limonene (1.2 and 1.1%) were the major compounds. Thus, the monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes were the predominant portions of the oils. Essential oils and methanol extract of O. stamineus and the derived fractions of hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate were tested for anti-fungal activity, which was determined by disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination methods. The oils, methanol extract and derived fractions of methanol extract displayed great potential of anti-fungal activity as a mycelial growth inhibitor against the tested phytopathogenic fungi such as Botrytis cinerea, Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium solani, Colletotricum capsici and Phytophthora capsici, in the range of 49.3-70.3% and minimum inhibitory concentration ranging from 500 to 1000 g/ml.

- by Atiqur Rahman
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- Essential Oil, GC-MS, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani

Isolation from nautrally infected tomato roots and rhizosphere revealed that Fusarium solani and Rhizoctonia solani, the causal organism of damping off and/or root rot diseases, were the most common pathogenic fungi in the tomato plants. F. solani was commonly isolated from all surveyed Governorates, than R. solani. Results of pathogencity revealed that the Ace, Bromodro, Castle-Rock and Super-Marmande tomato cultivars showed the different percentages of damping off and root rot diseases incidence. The cultivar of Ace was susceptible to F. solani and R. solani infection, Super-Marmande was highly tolerant, while Boromodro and Castle-Rock were moderate tolerant cultivars. The tested fungal isolates were different in their production of polygolaturonase (PG) and pectin methylestrase (PME), while no clear differences in their cellulolytic (C x ) enzymes production. Bacillus subtilis and Pesudomonas fluorescens were sensitive to culture filtrates of F. solani isolates, while no reaction with R. solani metabolites was recorded. In vitro, the highest antagonistic effect against the mycelial growth of F. solani and R. solani was found with Trichoderma harizianum, followed by Trichoderma viride, B. subtilis and P.fluorescens, respectively. Results also revealed that the highest reduction of mycelial growth of two pathogens was found with fungicide of Tachigaren 30%, followed by Monceren 25%, Aracur 72.2%, Topsin M 70%, Hymexate 30% and Moncut 25% at tested concentrations. [Karima, H.E. Haggag and Nadia, G. El-Gamal. In vitro Study on Fusarium solani and Rhizoctonia solani Isolates Causing the Damping Off and Root Rot Diseases in Tomatoes. Nat Sci 2012;10(11):16-25]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 4

- by Gullabax Hawlery
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- Biological Control, Enzymes, Fungicides, Tomato

Eggplants showing stunting and wilting appearance and seeds were collected from Hyderabad and Mirpurkhas districts. Nine fungi including four
predominant pathogenic fungi Fusarium solani, Rhizoctonia solani Macrophomina phaseolina and Fusarium oxysporum, were found associated
with these samples. Eight fungicides viz., Thiophanate-methyl, Fosetyl-aluminium, Propineb, Carbendazim, Copper oxychloride,
Mendipropomide, Difenoconazole and Metriam were evaluated with five different concentrations viz., 1, 10, 100, 1000 and 10000 ppm by food
poisoning method. Variation in growth reduction observed with changing concentrations of fungicides. Higher concentrations of tested fungicides
were more effective than medium and lower ones. Difenoconazole at its all doses (1-10,000 ppm) caused more than 50% inhibition of F. solani.
Among 40 different treatments only Thiophanate-methyl at 10,000 ppm and Carbendazim 10,000 ppm and 1000 ppm causes more than 50%
growth reduction of R. solani as compared to control. Thiophanate-methyl, Carbendazim and Difenoconazole 1-10,000 ppm dose cause more
than 50% growth reduction of M. phaseolina. Mendipropomide at its highest used dose (10000 ppm) cause only 43% inhibition of Fusarium
oxysporum. Carbendazim and Thiophanate-methyl found equally effective against above mentioned pathogens.

- by IJBB pakistan
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- Fungicides, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Macrophomina Phaseolina

In-vitro antifungal activity of acetone, methanol and chloroform extracts of Parmotrema tinctorum (Despr.ex.Nyl.) Hale. was investigated against ten plant pathogenic fungi viz. Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Alternaria alternata, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Fusarium roseum, Ustilago spp., Albugo candida and Penicillium citrinum , with reference to commercially available synthetic antifungal drug Ketoconazole (positive control) using disk diffusion assay. Methanol extract was most effective against all investigated fungi followed by acetone and chloroform extract. Principal component analysis (PCA) concluded that though Ketoconazole was effective against five of the investigated fungi, the extracts of Parmotrema tinctorum were more effective against rest of the five broad spectrum plant pathogenic fungi (Aspergillus fumigatus,Fusarium solani, Fusarium roseum, Penicillium citrinum and Ustilago spp.).

- by Suman Trivedi
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- Psychology, Principal Component Analysis, Parmotrema tinctorum, Antifungal Activity

Application of beneficial microorganisms on the control of ginger diseases. The suppressing action of Tricoderma viride 2C-PR, Bacillus subtilis 002R, and Streptomyces griseus 001 against Fusarium solani, Rhizoctonia solani, Pseudomonas sp., and Erwinia carotovora affecting ginger was tested, in comparison with the fungicides and bactericides used by farmers. At Peñas Blancas, San Ramón, Alajuela, the application of the biological and chemical products were carried out every 15 days for 9 months, and weekly when there was any focus of infection. The experiment was conducted during 11 months (February-December), survival of pathogens and biocontrol agents were evaluated by microbiological analyses when the crop was 4 and 9 months old; production was also evaluated. In general, pathogens lowest number was observed at the biological treatment in comparison with the chemical one in both sampling dates, with the exception of F. solani during the first sampling. At the end of the experime...

- by Andrea Bolaños
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- Microbiology, Chemical and Biological Engineering, Biocontrol, Fusarium solani

- by Preeti Shukla
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- Psychology, Principal Component Analysis, Parmotrema tinctorum, Antifungal Activity
- by Rafael Fighera
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- Respiratory Disease, Rio Grande do Sul, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani

Fusarium solani strain FsK (FsK), isolated from a plant pathogen-suppressive compost, grows endophytically in tomato roots and controls infestations by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis-lycopersici (FORL). The effect of root colonization by the two fungi on the diversity of rhizosphere microbial community was studied. Tomato plants were inoculated with FsK and/or FORL and rhizosphere soil was collected 8, 15 and 30 days post inoculation (dpi) and analyzed by denaturating gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of PCR-amplified internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of fungi and 16S rRNA gene sequences of common rhizosphere bacterial guilds like alpha-proteobacteria and pseudomonads. Cluster analysis of DGGE fingerprints showed that FsK had a transient impact on the fungal and alpha-proteobacterial community only during its endophytic stage (15 dpi), while FORL had a readily distinguished and persistent effect on the fungal community. The changes observed in the rhizosphere fungal and bacterial communities may depict the interactions of the two fungal inocula with the plant. Cloning of selected DGGE bands stimulated by FsK showed that the responsive bacteria were closely related to species known to include biological control agents (BCA). Overall, the inoculation of FsK in tomato rhizosphere did not appear to have a significant impact on the diversity of non-target microbial groups inhabiting plant rhizosphere.

- by Michalis Omirou
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- Biological Control, Biological Sciences, Environmental Sciences, Cluster Analysis

Intertrigo interorteil ; Fusarium solani ; Terbinafine ; Diabète Résumé Fusarium sp. est un champignon saprophyte du sol qui peut entraîner des mycoses superficielles, voire profondes surtout chez le sujet immunodéprimé. Les atteintes superficielles sont dominées par les onychomycoses et par les kératites. L'intertrigo à Fusarium sp. est une atteinte rare. Dans cette étude, nous rapportons un cas d'intertrigo à F. solani du quatrième espace interorteil gauche chez une femme âgée de 77 ans. Le diagnostic d'intertrigo à F. solani a été retenu devant la positivité de l'examen direct et une culture pure à trois reprises. L'évolution sous terbinafine a été marquée par la négativation mycologique mais sans guérison clinique. En conclusion, l'intertrigo à Fusarium sp. est une atteinte rare dont la recherche d'un facteur aggravant est nécessaire. Cette recherche nous a permis dans notre cas de révéler un diabète. # Summary Fusarium spp. is a soil saprophyte fungi which may cause local mycoses but also deep infections especially at immunocompromised patients. Local infections are mostly onychomycosis and keratitis. Intertrigo with Fusarium spp. is rare. We report a case of intertrigo due to F. solani of the fourth interdigital spaces of the left foot in a 77-year-old female with inaugural diabetes. A diagnosis of F. solani infection was made on the basis of positive direct examination and three successive samples produced pure growing of this mould. Systematic therapy with terbinafine led to disappearance of F. solani, but no clinical recovery. In front of any intertrigo with Fusarium spp., the search for an aggravating factor is necessary which enabled us to reveal diabetes. #

- by E. Chaker
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- Fusarium solani

The Lascaux Cave contains a remarkable set of paintings from the Upper Palaeolithic. Shortly after discovery in 1940, the cave was modified for public viewing and, in 2001, was invaded by a Fusarium solani species complex. Benzalkonium chloride was used from 2001 to 2004 to eliminate the fungal outbreak. In this study, we carried out a sampling in most of the cave halls and galleries. Sequence analysis and isolation methods detected that the most abundant genera of bacteria were Ralstonia and Pseudomonas. We suggest that, as a result of years of benzalkonium chloride treatments, the indigenous microbial community has been replaced by microbial populations selected by biocide application.

- by Valme Jurado
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- Fungi, France, Multidisciplinary, Sequence Analysis

This review covers the biosynthesis of glyceollin and its biological activities including antiproliferative/ antitumor action (toward B16 melanoma cells, LNCaP prostate cancer cells, and BG-1 ovarian cancer cells), anti-estrogenic action... more

- by Sang Chan
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- Prostate Cancer, Applied microbiology, Ovarian Cancer, Multidisciplinary

Date palm orchards suffer from serious diseases, including sudden decline syndrome (SDS). External symptoms were characterized by whitening on one side of the rachis, progressing from the base to the apex of the leaf until the whole leaf dies; while the internal disease symptoms included reddish roots and highly colored vascular bundles causing wilting and death of the tree. Although three Fusarium spp. (F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum and F. solani) were isolated from diseased
root samples, the fungal pathogen F. solani was associated with SDS on date palm in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Fusarium spp. were identified based on their cultural and morphological characteristics. The internal transcribed spacer regions and large subunit of the ribosomal RNA (ITS/LSU rRNA) gene complex of the pathogens was further sequenced. Pathogenicity assays and disease severity indices confirm the main causal agent of SDS on date palm in the UAE is F. solani. Application of Cidely® Top (difenoconazole and cyflufenamid) significantly inhibited the fungal mycelial growth in vitro and reduced SDS development on date palm seedlings pre-inoculated with F. solani under greenhouse conditions. This is the first report confirming that the chemical fungicide Cidely® Top is strongly effective against SDS on date palm.

- by Synan AbuQamar
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- Uae, Date Palm, Fusarium solani, Disease Management

The development of natural crop protective products as alternatives to synthetic fungicides is currently in the spotlight. In vitro experiments are valuable precursors to more costly in vivo trials, allowing the identification of effective essential oils and establishing the concentrations required for inhibition of a specific, or spectrum of decay pathogens. In this study, the antifungal properties of eighteen essential oils were evaluated in vitro by addition to the fungal growth medium of five pathogens (Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Alternaria citrii, Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium digitatum) isolated from mango, avocado, citrus, grapes and cactus pear. The inhibitory properties of some of the major compounds of the oils, identified and quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy and gas chromatography-flame ionization detection were also determined. Most of the oils were selected on the basis of commercial availability and for containing a predominant compound. Visual inspection of fungal growth was done and the lowest concentration where fungal growth was completely inhibited on all replicates was recorded. Thyme oil proved to be the most effective inhibitor, totally inhibiting all of the pathogens tested at concentrations of 1000 l/l and lower, with the exception of a resistant Penicillium strain. Cinnamon oil, rich in eugenol (81.2%), demonstrated good fungicide potential, while the carvone-rich oils displayed promising activity against the citrus pathogens. Oils characterized by high concentrations of S-carvone were less effective than those containing the R-enantiomer. Essential oil of Lippia citriodora was active against all of the pathogens, excluding L. theobromae from avocado. These essential oils, applied alone or in combination, are good candidates for further in vivo testing and for investigations concerning their modes of action.

- by Thierry Regnier and +1
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- Organic Chemistry, Nutrition and Dietetics, Natural Products Chemistry, Kinetics

Efficacy of Pseudomonas aeruginosa alone or in combination with Paecilomyces lilacinus was evaluated in the control of root-knot nematode and root-infecting fungi under laboratory and field conditions. Ethyl acetate extract (1 mg/ml) of P. lilacinus and P. aeruginosa,respectively, caused 100 and 64% mortality of Meloidogyne javanica larvae after 24 h. Ethyl acetate fractions of biocontrol agents were more effective than hexane extracts in the suppression of M. javanica larvae, indicating that active nematicidal compounds are intermediary in polarity. In field experiments, biocontrol fungus and bacterium significantly suppressed soilborne root-infecting fungi including Macrophomina phaseolina, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne javanica, the root-knot nematode. P. lilacinus parasitized eggs and female of M. javanica and this parasitism was not significantly influenced in the presence of P. aeruginosa. P. aeruginosa was reisolated from the inner root tissues of tomato, whereas P. lilacinusdid not colonize tomato roots.

- by Syed Ehteshamul-Haque and +1
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- Biological Control, Biological Sciences, Environmental Sciences, Field Experiment

Antifungal activity of Bacillus coagulans creates the possibility to use this microorganism in biological control of fungal plant pathogens. Activity of Bacillus coagulans (No 6), isolated from lupine compost, against seven pathogenic species of indicator fungi: Bipolaris sorokiniana, Trichothecium roseum, Rhizoc- tonia solani, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Fusatium oxysporum, Fusarium solani and Fusarium culmorum were examined in this work. Ergosterol assessment and counting colony forming units (CFU) carried out determi- nation of fungal growth. The addition of Bacillus coagulans to culture of fungi resulted in inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis in mycelium. The strongest inhibition in all tested fungal plant pathogens was ob- served when Bacillus coagulans was co-inoculated at the beginning of culture. The decrease of ergosterol level did not always correlate with the decrease of CFU.

- by Barbara Stachowiak
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- Antifungal Activity, Fusarium solani, Plant Pathogen, Bacillus Sp
- by N. Boughalleb
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- Plant Biology, Watermelon, Fusarium solani, Fusarium wilt

From 40 soil samples collected in the Rio Grande do Sul, Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Bahia, Goiás and Tocantins states, Brazil, a collection of 230 monosporic isolates of Trichoderma spp. was established using TSM selective media. In order to select efficient isolates for biological control, dual culture tests were carried out on PDA media at 20 ºC for Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and at 25 ºC for Fusarium solani f.sp. phaseoli. From the whole collection, 50 isolates presented antagonism against F. solani and 111 isolates to S. sclerotiorum. The antagonism against both pathogens was found in only 10% of the isolates. Scanning electron microscopy assessments with seven in vitro selected isolates showed that not all promoted hyperparasitism on the pathogens, suggesting the existence of other mechanisms of antagonism, as antibiosis or competition.

- by Leonardo Brauna and +1
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- Fusarium solani, Biota, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

A strain of Fusarium solani degrades metal-complexed cyanides under neutral and acidic pH conditions. Cyanide undergoes hydrolysis to formamide by cyanide hydratase (formamide hydrolyase, EC 4.2.1.66) which is in turn hydrolyzed to ammonia and formic acid by an amidase. The ammonia is then utilized for growth. Formic acid does not accumulate in the medium presumably due to its conversion to CO 2 by formate dehydrogenase. Cyanide hydratase activity is induced by cyanide or metallocyanides under both acidic and neutral pH conditions, but not by ammonia or formamide; however, the fungus can utilize formamide as the source of nitrogen for growth. F. solani biotransforms K 2 Ni(CN) 4 and K 4 Fe(CN) 6 to ammonia under neutral and acidic pH conditions, respectively. The semipurified enzyme has optimal activity for KCN at pH 7.5 and has a K m of 4.7 mM and a V max of 1.7 mol min Ϫ1 mg Ϫ1 protein. Enzyme purification revealed that the native molecular weight of the enzyme is greater than 300 kDa due to its elution in the void volume during gel filtration, and comprises subunits with a molecular mass of approximately 45 kDa. The N-terminal sequence of the purified cyanide hydratase has a strong homology to previously purified cyanide hydratases, nitrilases, and a cyanidase enzyme.

- by michelle vanessa
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- Biochemistry, Metabolism, Environmental Biotechnology, Biodegradation

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) strains CHA0 (Pseudomonas fluorescens), IE-6 S+ (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and 569Smr (Bradyrhizobium japonicum) were tested singly and in combinations for biological control against multiple tomato pathogens (root-infecting fungi and root-knot nematodes). Strains CHA0 and IE-6S+ inhibited in vitro growth of 569Smr while IE-6S+ suppressed CHA0. The bacterial species not only inhibited the radial growth of three root-infecting

In vitro antifungal activity of the acetone, methanol and chloroform extracts of four lichen species viz, Bulbothirx setschwanensis, Everniastrum nepalense, Heterodermia diademata, Parmelaria thomsonii were investigated against seven plant pathogenic fungi (Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, Alternaria alternata, Fusarium oxysporum, F. solani, F. roseum and Penicillium citrinum) with reference to commercially available synthetic antifungal drug Ketoconazole (positive control). Lichen secondary metabolites were extracted using Soxhlet extractor and were further recovered through gentle evaporation of solvents in rotary evaporator. Antifungal activity was analysed employing Bauer-Kirby disc diffusion assay. Acetone and methanol extracts of lichenized fungi were found more effective against tested plant pathogenic fungi. Principal component analysis concluded that though, Ketoconazole was effective against four of the tested plant pathogenic fungi, acetone and methanol extracts of lichens were comparatively more effective against some broad spectrum plant pathogenic fungi (Fusarium oxysporum, F. solani, F. roseum). exhibited 20 mm zone of inhibition against Penicillium citrinum. The chloroform extract exhibited no activity against Fusarium solani, Fusarium roseum and Alternaria alternata.

- by Suman Trivedi
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- Plant Biology, Soxhlet extractor, Rotary Evaporator, Aspergillus flavus

A lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus and cutinases from Thermobifida fusca and Fusarium solani hydrolysed poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fabrics and films and bis(benzoyloxyethyl) terephthalate (3PET) endo-wise as shown by MALDI-Tof-MS, LC-UVD/MS, cationic dyeing and XPS analysis. Due to interfacial activation of the lipase in the presence of Triton X-100, a seven-fold increase of hydrolysis products released from 3PET was measured. In the presence of the plasticizer N,N-diethyl-2-phenylacetamide (DEPA), increased hydrolysis rates of semi-crystalline PET films and fabrics were measured both for lipase and cutinase. The formation of novel polar groups resulted in enhanced dye ability with additional increase in colour depth by 130% and 300% for cutinase and lipase, respectively, in the presence of plasticizer.

- by Artur Cavaco-Paulo
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- Engineering, Technology, Biotechnology, Biological Sciences
- by W. Sponsel
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- Endophthalmitis, Fusarium, Fusarium solani, Clinical Sciences

Chitinase gene expression enhances resistance against the fungal pathogens. The present study was conducted for the evaluation of transgenic potato plants harboring rice chitinase (RCG3) gene for resistance to two important fungal pathogens Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium solani. These pathogens cause black scurf and Fusarium wilt in potato respectively which results in more than 50 % loss of yield. Transgenic-plants, harboring rice chitinase (RCG3) gene, were multiplied by tissue culture. Pathogen isolated and multiplied before evolution against the fungal pathogens. All the transgenic plants harboring chitinase gene were highly resistant to fungal pathogen F. solani and R. solani compared to non-transgenic plants. The disease susceptibility was also observed more in non-transformed plants compared to transformed potato plants. It was concluded that rice chitinase gene expression in potato confers enhanced resistance against two major fungal diseases of potato in Pakistan.

- by Muhammad Qasim
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- Gene expression, Resistance, Fusarium solani, Rhizictonia solani

Zinc (Zn) nutrition and plant genotype are two factors that may affect the tolerance of wheat to root-rot diseases. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of Zn on shoot yield, root permeability and infection by Fusarium solani in six wheat genotypes with different Zn efficiency. A greenhouse (solution culture) experiment was carried out in which five bread wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L. cvs Rushan, Kavir, Cross, Pishtaz and Falat) and one durum wheat genotype (Triticum durum L. cv. Yav79), which are common in Zn-deficient soils of Iran and were exposed to two levels of Zn (0 and 1 lmol L -1 Zn kg )1 , as ZnSO 4 .7H 2 O) and two F. solani infection levels (0 and 10 6 spore mL )1 ). Zinc deficiency significantly decreased shoot dry matter in five of the genotypes (Yav79, Kavir, Rushan, Cross and Falat), but had no effect on shoot growth in Pishtaz. Infection with F. solani significantly decreased the shoot dry matter in Yav79, but did not affect the shoot dry weight of the other wheat genotypes. Root membrane permeability was lower in the Zn treatments than in the Zn-free treatments. Zinc deficiency caused a decrease in root reactive sulfhydryl (SH) groups, particularly in the Cross genotype. Root sulfhydryl groups decreased with Fusarium infection. Zinc application sharply increased the Zn content and decreased the Mn content of the shoots. Application of Zn had a positive effect on the tolerance of wheat to F. solani root rot. The relationship between Zn nutrition and disease tolerance suggests that Zn deficiency should be treated before evaluating the cost-effectiveness of fungicides. No correlation was found between the Zn efficiency of the wheat genotypes and Fusarium root-rot disease severity in this solution culture experiment.

- by Hossein Shariatmadari
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- Plant Biology, Disease Severity, Zinc, Cost effectiveness

The seeds of Mucuna pruriens (L.) D.C. (Leguminosae) were extracted first with hexane, then with ethyl acetate, and finally with methanol. The solvents were removed to get the respective extractives. These were assessed for the mycelial growth inhibition of three phytopathogenic fungi—Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Colletotrichum capsici, and Fusarium solani—by the poisoned-food technique. Methanol extractive showed highest activity against all the three test organisms. L-dopa [3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-L-alanine], which was qualitatively detected in the ethyl acetate and methanol extractives and quantitatively assessed in the seeds, showed antifungal activity against all the three test organisms, showing that it is one of the active principles in these extractives.

- by Eugene Nidiry
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- Antifungal Activity, Fusarium solani, Ethyl Acetate, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

Solid-state cultivation of Fusarium solani was carried out for enhanced production of glucoamylase (GA) using different substrates like wheat bran, rice bran, green gram bran, black gram bran and maize bran. The SSF medium containing wheat bran as a substrate yielded the highest enzyme activity. The physical and chemical parameters were optimized. Maximum enzyme activity (61.35±3.69) U/g of dry wheat bran was achieved under optimum growth conditions. The optimum conditions were fructose as carbon and energy additive 1 % (by mass), urea as nitrogen additive 1 % (by mass), initial moisture content of solid substrate 70 % (by mass per volume), incubation period 96 h, inoculum size 15 % (by mass per volume) having 10 6 -10 7 spores/mL, incubation temperature (35±1)°C and pH=5.0. It was further observed that the addition of surfactants caused a decrease in enzyme biosynthesis by F. solani in SSF of wheat bran under optimum process conditions.

- by Muhammad Asgher
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- Food Technology, Solid State Fermentation, Maize, Nitrogen

Oligomers and polymers (film, fabrics) of the linear aromatic polyester poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT) were treated with polyesterases from Thermomyces lanuginosus, Penicillium citrinum, Thermobifida fusca and Fusarium solani pisi. The cutinase from T. fusca was found to release the highest amounts of hydrolysis products from PTT materials and was able to open and hydrolyse a cyclic PTT dimer according to RP-HPLC-UV detection. In contrast, the lipase from T. lanuginosus also showed activity on the PTT fibres and on bis(3-hydroxypropyl) terephthalate (BHPT) but was not able to hydrolyse the polymer film, mono(3-hydroxypropyl) terephthalate (MHPT) nor the cyclic dimer of PTT. As control enzymes inhibited with mercury chloride were used. Surface hydrophilicity changes were investigated with contact angle measurements and the degree of crystallinity changes were determined with DSC.

- by Artur Cavaco-Paulo
- •
- Engineering, Technology, Biotechnology, Polymers

An investigation was undertaken on the biodegradation of two kinds of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), anthracene (ANT) and benz[a]anthracene (BAA), by fungi isolated from PAH-contaminated mangrove sediments environment in Ma Wan, Hong Kong. ANT (50 mg l À1 ) and BAA (20 mg l À1 ), respectively, were added to mineral salt medium initially for screening of PAH-degrading fungi, and finally two fungal species capable of using ANT or BAA as the sole carbon source were isolated and identified as Fusarium solani species. Removal of ANT and BAA reached 40% and 60% of the added amount, respectively, after 40 days of incubation. A total of six metabolites were isolated and characterized by solid phase microextraction (SPME) combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS), which indicate that F. solani degraded both ANT and BAA via their respective quinone molecules to generate phthalic acid. Free extracellular laccase was detected during the degradation process without detectable lignin peroxidase (LiP) and manganese-dependent peroxidase (MnP), suggesting that laccase might play an important role in the transformation of PAHs compounds.

- by Lilian Vrijmoed
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- Multidisciplinary, Phylogeny, Peroxidase, Fusarium

The capacity of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices in reducing the presence of Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli in bean plants and the surrounding mycorrhizosphere soil was evaluated in a compartmentalized experimental system. Quantification of the pathogen and the symbiont in plant tissues, the soil regions of the mycorrhizosphere (rhizosphere and mycosphere), and the bulk soil was accomplished using specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers in real-time PCR assays, culture-dependant methods, and microscopic determination techniques. Nonmycorrhizal bean plants infected with the pathogen had distinctive Fusarium root rot symptoms, while infected plants previously colonized by G. intraradices remained healthy. The amount of F. solani f. sp. phaseoli genomic DNA was significantly reduced in mycorrhizal bean plants and in each mycorrhizosphere soil compartment. The presence of G. intraradices in the mycorrhizosphere was not significantly modified, although the ...

- by Marc St-Arnaud
- •
- Microbiology, Phytopathology, Plant Biology, Fusarium solani

Chromosomal DNAs of 22 strains in seven formae speciales of Fusarium solani were compared by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and gene mapping on the chromosomes. Using PFGE, complete separation of full components of the genome was not attained due to the limited resolution of large chromosomes, but 5 to 12 chromosomes with their sizes between 0.6 and 5.7 Mbp were resolvable for every strain. Although each strain had a unique banding profile, similarity in the banding profile was noticed among strains of the same forma specialis (f. sp.). In gene mapping, ribosomal RNA gene (rDNA) and putative pathogenesis-related genes encoding kievitone hydratase (khs), pisatin demethylase (pda), and pectate degrading enzyme (pelA), were located on the chromosomes separated by PFGE. rDNA was always detected on the stacked large bands of 5.2-5.7 Mbp. The khs was detected on a chromosome of 2. 8-5.4

- by Masatoki Taga
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- Genetics, Microbiology, Gene Mapping, Fusarium

Chitosan (CS) was modified by reaction with benzoyl thiocyanate to give a thiourea derivative (TUCS). The antifungal behavior of chitosan and its thiourea derivative was investigated in vitro on the mycelial growth, sporulation and germination of conidia or sclerotia of the following sugar-beet: Beta vulgaris pathogens isolated in Egypt, Rhizoctonia solani Kühn (AG 2-2) Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. and Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. All the prepared thiourea derivatives had a significant inhibiting effect on the different stages of development on the germination of conidia or sclerotia of all the investigated fungi in the polymer concentration range of 5-1000 g ml −1. In the absence of chitosan and its derivative, R. solani exhibited the fastest growth of the fungi studied. However, growth tolerance of the modified chitosan was highest for F. solani and lowest for R. solani. The most sensitive to the modified chitosan stress with regard to their germination and number produced were the sclerotia of S. rolfsii. It has been found that the TUCS is a much better fungicidal agent (about 60 times more) than the pure CS against most of the fungal strains tested. The molecular weight and the degree of deacetylation were found to have an important effect on the growth activities of the pathogens.

- by Maher Elsabee
- •
- Chitosan, Egypt, Plant diseases, Fusarium

The steroidal glycoalkaloid α-tomatine of tomato plants has been reported to protect Lycopersicon species against fungal attack. Two isolates from Fusarium solani were found to produce an extracellular enzyme inducible by α-tomatine. TLC showed that the enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of the glycoalkaloid into β-lycotetraose and tomatidine. The enzymatic activity was concentrated against polyethylene glycol 35 000, and the enzyme was partially purified by preparative isoelectric focusing, preparative gel electrophoresis and ion-exchange chromatography. The enzyme was found to be a monomer of about 32 kDa by both SDS-PAGE and gel filtration. This molecular mass differs from that of the tomatinase of Fusarium oxysporum (50 kDa). Moreover, polyclonal antibody antitomatinase of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici did not recognize the tomatinase from F. solani, suggesting that this tomatinase may be a novel enzyme.

- by Khalid Lairini
- •
- Biochemistry, Microbiology, Plant Biology, Plant diseases

- by SONIA ANANE
- •
- Fusarium solani

Camptothecin and 10-hydroxycamptothecin are two important precursors for the synthesis of the clinically useful anticancer drugs, topotecan and irinotecan. In recent years, efforts have been made to identify novel plant and endophytic fungal sources of camptothecin and 10-hydroxycamptothecin. In this study we have isolated endophytic fungi strains from Apodytes dimidiata (Icacinaceae), a medium sized tree from the Western Ghats, India. The fungi were identified as Fusarium solani using both ITS rDNA sequencing and spore morphology. Two strains, MTCC 9667 and MTCC 9668 were isolated, both of which produced camptothecin and 9-methoxycamptothecin in their mycelia; one of the strains, MTCC 9668 also produced 10-hydroxycamptothecin, though in small amounts. The yields of camptothecin in MTCC 9667 and MTCC 9668 were 37 and 53 μg/100 g, respectively, after 4 days of incubation in broth culture. The yields of 10-hydroxycamptothecin and 9-methoxycamptothecin in MTCC 9668 were 8.2 and 44.9 μg/100 g, respectively. Further research in optimizing the culture conditions of these fungal strains might permit their application for the production of camptothecin and 10-hydroxycamptothecin.The present study reports for the first time the production of the known compound camptothecin and its derivatives by the plant Apodytes dimidiata. Further, two fungal endophytic strains isolated from the same plant, have also been demonstrated to produce camptothecin and its derivatives, 10-hydroxycamptothecin and 9-methoxycamptothecin under in vitro conditions.

- by Shweta Singh
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- Phytochemistry, Biological Sciences, Fusarium, Western Ghats
- by Alwyn Hart
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- Carbon Dioxide, Bioremediation, Environmental Biotechnology, Biodegradation

Although new, rapid detection and identification technologies are becoming available more and more for various plant pathogens, pathogen quantification remains one of the main challenges in the disease management of many crops. Currently, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the most straightforward technique to quantify pathogen presence. This manuscript describes the use of real-time PCR to quantitatively assess the presence of a number of economically important fungal and oomycete tomato pathogens in biological samples. We demonstrate that pathogen DNA can be accurately quantified over at least four orders of magnitude. Additionally, we demonstrate the feasibility of the technique to quantify pathogen biomass in complex biological samples. #

- by Pablo HernÃndez and +1
- •
- Chemical Engineering, Meat Science, Plant Biology, Plant Science

The effects of 10 strains of Fusarium solani on Meloidogyne javanica were tested in vitro and in controlled conditions. Culture filtrates of the strains varied with respect to parasitism on eggs and females of M. javanica and nematicidal activity in terms of juvenile mortality. Mortality in boiled culture filtrates was slightly lower than that caused by un-boiled filtrates, but substantial nematicidal activity was retained, pointing to the relative thermostability of the active principle(s) involved. Aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts of F. solani produced higher nematicidal activity than a hexane extract indicating that the active compound(s) were polar in nature. Conidial suspensions of F. solani strains Fs5, Fs9 and Fs10 used as soil drench significantly reduced nematode populations in soil and root-knot disease severity, resulting in enhanced growth of tomato plants. There was no significant difference among F. solani strains on shoot fresh weight. Strain Fs5 was frequently reisolated from surface sterilized tomato roots. When evaluated in a field test, strain Fs5, reduced M. javanica reproductive potential, promoting growth of tomato plants. However, root length and fresh root weights were slightly lower in Fs5-treated plants.

- by Muhammad Zaki
- •
- Biological Control, Plant, Disease Severity, Sterilization
- by SATPAL SINGH
- •
- Natural Products, Endophytes, Fusarium solani, Anticancer

Camptothecin and 10-hydroxycamptothecin are two important precursors for the synthesis of the clinically useful anticancer drugs, topotecan and irinotecan. In recent years, efforts have been made to identify novel plant and endophytic fungal sources of camptothecin and 10-hydroxycamptothecin. In this study we have isolated endophytic fungi strains from Apodytes dimidiata (Icacinaceae), a medium sized tree from the Western Ghats, India. The fungi were identified as Fusarium solani using both ITS rDNA sequencing and spore morphology. Two strains, MTCC 9667 and MTCC 9668 were isolated, both of which produced camptothecin and 9-methoxycamptothecin in their mycelia; one of the strains, MTCC 9668 also produced 10-hydroxycamptothecin, though in small amounts. The yields of camptothecin in MTCC 9667 and MTCC 9668 were 37 and 53 lg/100 g, respectively, after 4 days of incubation in broth culture. The yields of 10-hydroxycamptothecin and 9-methoxycamptothecin in MTCC 9668 were 8.2 and 44.9 lg/ 100 g, respectively. Further research in optimizing the culture conditions of these fungal strains might permit their application for the production of camptothecin and 10-hydroxycamptothecin.

- by Shweta Singh
- •
- Phytochemistry, Biological Sciences, Fusarium, Western Ghats