Giants Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

- by
- •
- Archaeology, Cannibalism, Hopi studies (Anthropology), Giants

Tartaria (originally pronounced “Tataria” without the first “r”) is the name of the pre Mongolian empire that originated in northern Asia before spanning the entire northern hemisphere. Great Tartaria was the largest empire during its time and would have still been the largest empire today. The Tartarian empire flourished due in part of the civilization being a leader in advanced technology, free energy, and grand architecture.
Tartaria is also where the Greek word “Tartarus” originated from.
The denotation of lost souls spending eternity in Tartarus the underworld is due to the Tartarian Empire having been buried and wiped out during the mud flood. The world of the Tartarians is literally the world under our world. The underworld. Tartarus wasn’t the underworld and will never be the underworld. Tartaria is the underworld. The religionists used the Mud Flood deluge and how it wiped out the Tartarian Empire to confuse the populous into thinking they would join those in the “underworld” if they challenged the religious authority.
Who were the Tartarians?
The Tartarians (or Tartars) were the indigenous people (quite possibly founded by Noah’s sons) making up the world renowned Tartarian empire. The Tartarians were a tall people, averaging some eight to twelve feet in height. They would have been considered giants to our current average height of only around six feet; however, back then the height of ten feet was the average. Like the civilizations before them whose heights averaged twelve feet, fifty feet, two+ miles, etc…each preceding civilization had an average taller height than the civilizations coming after them and each succeeding civilization had an average shorter height than the civilizations predating them. Statures are diminishing after each deluge and with each new astrological age we enter.
Civilizations in the current astrological age (the Age of Pisces) are shorter in height than civilizations that existed in the previous astrological age (the Age of Aries) and will be taller in height than civilizations that will exist in the next astrological age (the Age of Aquarius).
The Tartarians are thought to have been “Breatherians,” a being who does not rely on the digestion and burning of calories from food/water, but instead rather receives energy straight from the aether. The aether is thought to be the very fabric of the space time continuum that some would associate with electrons, the wind, the holy spirit, the atmosphere, and the gasses in the atmosphere such as oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen. Since the The Tartarians quite possibly had a completely altered digestion system than the one we now have, they had no need for toilets in their bathrooms. Which could hint at one of the reasons why bathrooms in the recent past have been used quite extensively as social gathering powder rooms to not only freshen oneself up but to hear and spread local gossip.
The Tartarians were masters of masonry, brickwork, steam punk style technology, universally free energy, and grand architecture. Their Roman/Gothic esque style architecture can still be found in the current guise as water ducts, city halls, banks, water stations, cathedrals, churches, hospitals and similar public and city works type buildings.

- by David Vanderper
- •
- History, Ancient History, Russian Studies, Architecture

Many Christians are afraid to attribute truth value to ancient books outside the canon of the Bible. They fear that somehow the authority of Scripture will be compromised or worse, other texts may be falsely considered as Scripture. The book of 1 Enoch is one of those controversial books that has a long history of squabbling over its veracity and influence on Bible interpretation. This paper will be an introduction to the ancient book of 1Enoch, its content, its history, its affirmation in the New Testament, and its acceptance and rejection by the Christian Church.

- by Brian Godawa
- •
- Enoch literature, Giants, Giants (Religion), Enoch Seminar
- by David Vanderper
- •
- Mythology And Folklore, History, Ancient History, Folklore

- by David Vanderper
- •
- Architectural Engineering, History, Ancient History, Russian Studies
- by Dragos Dinca
- •
- Business, Business Administration, Business Ethics, Finance

The relationship between humankind and technology is fundamental, but also a longstanding source of unease, particularly as that relationship has become ever more intimate and irreversible. In this paper, I connect this age-old anxiety with the age-old figure of the giant, a monster similarly intertwined with ancient questions on the boundaries of humanity. I focus on two examples: the Human-Reaper larva in Mass Effect 2 and Liberty Prime in Fallout 3 and 4. Although different in approach, these examples demonstrate a use of a phenomenon I call the 'techno-giant' to explore and reflect the powerful anxieties in our cultures to do with the future of the human-technology relationship. In particular, both examples expose the human-nonhuman boundary as being exceeding difficult to define and place, despite a constant desire to. The figure of the giant offers a powerful focal point for these representations.

- by Dom Ford
- •
- Game studies, Cyborg Theory, Video Games, Monsters and Monster Theory

In 1436, Leon Battista Alberti wrote a letter to Filippo Brunelleschi, which he attached to a manuscript of his recently completed treatise on painting, De pictura. In it, Alberti lauded some of the Florentine artists of his day, singling out Brunelleschi for particular praise on account of the unprecedented engineering feat of constructing the cupola of the Florentine cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore. This article undertakes a close reading of some parts of the letter, focusing especially on the link that Alberti draws between great intellects (ingegni) and giants. Exploring the cultural traditions that might have informed Alberti's thinking—in particular, canto XXXI of Dante's Inferno— -the article considers how the giants introduce an element of moral jeopardy, significantly complicating what might otherwise appear to be a purely celebratory text. This sense of ambivalence is further explored in relation to the 'long exile' from which Alberti says that his family (banished from Florence for nearly three decades, until 1428) had recently returned. Similar phrases appear in Virgil's Aeneid and Ovid's Metamorphoses, and consideration of these poems, it is argued, might further inflect our understanding of Alberti's words in the letter. In this way, the article investigates how Alberti employed sophisticated literary means in order to express his own feelings regarding Brunelleschian ingegno and technical mastery; feelings that were both highly nuanced and, ultimately, unsettled.

- by Caspar Pearson
- •
- Art History, Architecture, Renaissance Studies, Renaissance Humanism

Casimir III the Great (Polish: Kazimierz III Wielki; 30 April 1310 – 5 November 1370) reigned as the King of Poland from 1333 to 1370. He was the third son of King Władysław I ("the Elbow-high") and Duchess Jadwiga of Kalisz, and the last Polish king from the Piast dynasty.
Kazimierz inherited a kingdom weakened by war and made it prosperous and wealthy. He reformed the Polish army and doubled the size of the kingdom. He reformed the judicial system and introduced a legal code, gaining the title "the Polish Justinian". Kazimierz built extensively and founded the University of Kraków, the oldest Polish university. He also confirmed privileges and protections previously granted to Jews and encouraged them to settle in Poland in great numbers.
Kazimierz left no lawful male heir to his throne, producing only daughters. When Kazimierz died in 1370 from an injury received while hunting, his nephew, King Louis I of Hungary, succeeded him as king of Poland in personal union with Hungary.
When Kazimierz attained the throne in 1333, his position was in danger, as his neighbours did not recognise his title and instead called him "king of Kraków". The kingdom was depopulated and exhausted by war, and the economy was ruined. In 1335, in the Treaty of Trentschin, Casimir was forced to relinquish his claims to Silesia "in perpetuity".
Kazimierz rebuilt and his kingdom became prosperous and wealthy, with great prospects for the future. He waged many victorious wars and doubled the size of the kingdom, mostly through addition of lands in modern-day Ukraine (then called the Duchy of Halych). Kazimierz built extensively during his reign, ordering the construction of over 40 castles, including many castles along the Trail of the Eagle's Nests, and he reformed the Polish army.
At the Sejm in Wiślica, on 11 March 1347, Kazimierz introduced reforms to the Polish judicial system and sanctioned civil and criminal codes for Great and Lesser Poland, earning the title "the Polish Justinian". He founded the University of Kraków, the oldest Polish University, and he organized a meeting of kings in Kraków in 1364 at which he exhibited the wealth of the Polish kingdom.
Succession
In 1355, in Buda, Kazimierz designated his nephew Louis I of Hungary as his successor should he produce no male heir, as his father had with Charles I of Hungary to gain his help against Bohemia. In exchange Kazimierz gained a favourable Hungarian attitude, needed in disputes with the hostile Teutonic Order and Kingdom of Bohemia. Kazimierz at the time was still in his early years and having a son did not seem to be a problem (he already had a few children).
Kazimierz left no legal son, however, begetting five daughters instead. He tried to adopt his grandson, Casimir IV, Duke of Pomerania, in his last will. The child had been born to his second daughter, Elisabeth, Duchess of Pomerania, in 1351. This part of the testament was invalidated by Louis I of Hungary, however, who had traveled to Kraków quickly after Kazimierz died and bribed the nobles with future privileges. Kazimierz III had a son-in-law, Louis VI of Bavaria, Margrave and Prince-elector of Brandenburg, who was considered a possible successor, but he was deemed ineligible as his wife, Kazimierz's daughter Cunigunde, had died in 1357 without issue.
Thus King Louis I of Hungary became successor in Poland. Louis was proclaimed king upon Kazimierz's death in 1370, though Kazimierz's sister Elisabeth (Louis's mother) held much of the real power until her death in 1380.

- by David Vanderper
- •
- History, Ancient History, Polish History, Polish Studies
- by David Vanderper
- •
- Mythology And Folklore, History, Ancient History, Geology

This is an attempt to reconsider some issues that challenge the reconstruction of the Dead Sea Scrolls Aramaic fragments of "the Book of Giants", while drawing on codicological considerations to locate the main cluster of reconstructed... more

- by Loren T Stuckenbruck
- •
- Aramaic, Dead Sea Scrolls (Religion), Giants, Dead Sea Scrolls
- by Andrei Orlov
- •
- Religion, Early Christianity, Old Church Slavonic, Angelology

This study is conducted between two global giants Coca Cola & Pepsi-cola. This research paper is basically a comparative study of two well known competitors in beverage industry of Pakistan which are Pepsi Cola & Coca Cola. The primary purpose of this paper is to find out which company is leading the market. This research required us to conduct the consumer research on why they chose the drink. To find out the factors & reasons that influence to choose their preferred drink. Abstract-This study is conducted between two global giants Coca Cola & Pepsi-cola. This research paper is basically a comparative study of two well known competitors in beverage industry of Pakistan which are Pepsi Cola & Coca Cola. The primary purpose of this paper is to find out which company is leading the market. This research required us to conduct the consumer research on why they chose the drink. To find out the factors & reasons that influence to choose their preferred drink.

- by Pankaj Goswami
- •
- Marketing, Advertising, Reasons, Comparative
- by Nicoleta Barbuta-Misu
- •
- Business, Business Administration, Business Ethics, Finance
- by Andrei Orlov
- •
- Biblical Studies, Demonology, Biblical Interpretation, Satan
- by Ronny F. Schulz and +1
- •
- Medieval Literature, Chansons De Geste, Beowulf, Cultural Anthropology

The Drachenfels (Dragon's Rock) in the Siebengebirge uplands between Königswinter and Bad Honnef in Germany. The hill is located in the North Rhine-Westphalia area.
History
The ruined castle Burg Drachenfels, on the summit of the hill, was built between 1138 and 1167 by Archbishop Arnold I of Cologne and bears the same name. It was originally intended for the protection of the Cologne region from any assault from the south. Originally it consisted of a bergfried with court, chapel and living quarters for servants. The castle was slighted in 1634, during the Thirty Years' War, by the Protestant Swedes and never rebuilt. As a strategic asset it had outlived its usefulness.
The rock, like the rest of the Siebengebirge, has been the site of a trachyte quarry since Roman times, which, amongst others, delivered the building material for the Cologne Cathedral. Of all the hills in the Siebengebirge, it is closest to the river Rhine, which facilitates easy transport by barges, thus making it an excellent place for a quarry. Quarrying ended in 1836, when the Prussian government bought the quarry. In 1922 the first protection measures were put in place and in 1956 the site was declared a national park.
Legends
Several legends surround the Drachenfels, most famously that Siegfried – the hero of the Nibelungenlied – killed the dragon Fafnir, who lived in a cave in the hill, then bathed in its blood to become invulnerable. Hence, the hill is named the "Dragon's Rock", Drachenfels.
About a third of the way up is the Nibelungenhalle, built in 1913, a gallery of paintings by the symbolist painter Hermann Hendrich depicting scenes from Richard Wagner's operas.
Another legend tells of prisoners being sacrificed to a dragon. One of these was a Christian virgin, who, in her fear, held up a little cross. In fear of this holy symbol, the dragon jumped into the Rhine and was never heard from again.
A third, less pious, story has it the dragon one day attacked a boat laden with gunpowder, causing an explosion which destroyed the ship and killed the dragon.
Siegfried is a legendary hero of Germanic heroic legend, who killed a dragon and was later murdered. It is possible he was inspired by one or more figures from the Frankish Merovingian dynasty, with Sigebert I being the most popular contender. Older scholarship sometimes connected him with Arminius, victor of the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest.
Sigurd's story is first attested on a series of carvings, including runestones from Sweden and stone crosses from the British Isles, dating from the eleventh century.
In both the Norse and continental Germanic tradition, Sigurd is portrayed as dying as the result of a quarrel between his wife (Gudrun/Kriemhild) and another woman, Brunhild, whom he has tricked into marrying the Burgundian king Gunnar/Gunther. His slaying of a dragon and possession of the hoard of the Nibelungen is also common to both traditions. In other respects, however, the two traditions appear to diverge. The most important works to feature Sigurd are the Nibelungenlied, the Völsunga saga, and the Poetic Edda. He also appears in numerous other works from both Germany and Scandinavia, including a series of medieval and early modern Scandinavian ballads.

- by David Vanderper
- •
- Mythology And Folklore, German Literature, Mythology, German History
- by Ármann Jakobsson
- •
- Mythology And Folklore, Geography, Cultural Geography, Mythology
- by Robin O'Bryan
- •
- Giants, Dwarfs (dwarves) in history and art

Parmi les thèmes surnaturels bibliques marginalisés par la théologie académique figure celui des Nephilim, êtres hybrides issus de l'union narrée par le Livre de la Genèse entre les mystérieux « Fils de Dieu » et les femmes humaines. Selon certaines traditions ce sont des Géants, et leurs pères étaient des Anges déchus. L'ufologie et les réseaux sociaux, dans les milieux chrétiens, notamment aux États-Unis, confèrent à cette thématique un regain d'intérêt dans une optique apocalyptique. Cet ouvrage présente les thèses actuelles de ces chrétiens, ainsi que la manière dont ils projettent cette croyance dans leur lecture du monde contemporain, et en cherchent des preuves dans des domaines comme la possession psychique, la voyance, ou les énigmes archéologiques.

- by Christophe Colera
- •
- Christianity, Sociology of Religion, Theology, New Testament

The figure of the giant has a long history in literature, from the Bible to classical epic poetry to the chanson de geste tradition of the Middle Ages. This project looks at this manlike form of monster in two anonymous works of the medieval English Alliterative Revival. In my analysis of the Alliterative Morte Arthure, I analyze the rich physical description of the giant King Arthur encounters on Mont Saint-Michel, using the giant’s body to understand the poet’s ideas about monstrosity, and how the concept is employed to retell an existing Arthurian legend in a way that responds to the cultural and political anxieties of late-fourteenth-century England, events such as the Peasants’ Rebellion in 1381 and the deposition of King Richard II in 1399. In my analysis of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, I also analyze the Green Knight’s detailed physical description to explore the Gawain-Poet’s own conception of monstrosity, one that stands in compelling contrast to that of the Alliterative Morte Arthure poet. I explore how the Gawain-poet uses this alternate view of the monstrous to produce what I read as a possible critique of the political system of late-fourteenth-century England. I posit that in both these works, the monster serves as more than just an antagonist for the hero; both King Arthur and Sir Gawain are significantly transformed by their encounter with the monstrous, a transformation triggered by a confrontation not with the monstrous other but the monstrous self.

- by David Hennessy Gaule
- •
- English Literature, Medieval Literature, Late Middle Ages, Medieval Studies

The Centar za Racionalnu Teologiju/Center for Rational Theology has produced some information regarding “Giants in the Bible” including that “Everybody knows about Goliath…And the enigmatic Nephilim” and that, additionally, “there are quite a few more giants and giant races mentioned in the Bible.”
They also elucidate “The name Nephilim” etymologically.
This review considers the claims and notes some basic yet fundamental level issues.

- by Ken Ammi
- •
- Hebrew Bible, Ancient Near East, Giants, Giants (Religion)

Making a case from Historical Records that Giant Humans survived the Last Great Cataclysm - 7,000 years ago and co-existed in declining stature and decreasing population along side Modern Humans up into the post Columbian (or modern) era.

- by John Jensen
- •
- Giants, Giant Humans, Pre Cataclysm Giants

Based on a professional university paper about a skull find in the Humboldt Sink in Nevada, Sharon Day relates the paper to the conclusion that there was a race of humans unrelated to the Native Tribes of America who were the true first... more

- by David Vanderper
- •
- England, Giants, United Kingdom, Book of Giants

An online search for “Nephilim” just yielded “About 20,900,000 results” so the Bible must be saturated with references to them: here is every biblical reference to Nephilim:
The Nephilim were on the earth in those days, and also afterward, when the sons of God came in to the daughters of men, and they bore children to them. Those were the mighty men who were of old, men of renown (Genesis 6:4 NASB).
There also we saw the Nephilim (the sons of Anak are part of the Nephilim); and we became like grasshoppers in our own sight, and so we were in their sight (Numbers 13:33 NASB).
That’s all folks!
Nephilim have been a subject of fascination for millennia partly because of their brief mention. Authors of apocrypha, historical fictions, folklore, and modern day hoaxers love to make much ado about not very much so as to fill in the Bible’s gaps. Subsequently, if the Bible only tells us two things about Nephilim, that leaves a lot of room for speculative accretion—to the point that many neo-“ministries” are literally established upon the issue of Nephilim.

- by Ken Ammi
- •
- Theology, Bible, Giants, Nephilim
- by Nayan Mittal
- •
- Marketing, Advertising, Reasons, Comparative
- by David Vanderper
- •
- History, Ancient History, Cartography, Prehistoric Archaeology

In this article, it is argued that the English noun "giant" is unfit as an analytical term in scholarship on Old Norse literature. It is demonstrated that a significant semantic distinction exists between the words risi and jötunn, which are most often rendered collectively as “giant” in English. This problematises the use of the English term. A basis for this distinction between risi and jötunn is established by looking at the etymologies of the words; their presence or absence in mythological literature; and their use in early Old Norse translations of continental literature. On these grounds, it is argued that these terms were distinct by the time that saga authors inherited them. The continuation of this distinction in the sagas themselves is explored and the physical and social differences between risar and jötnar in the corpus are reviewed. In the concluding section, cases where saga authors directly contrast risar and jötnar are considered. After reviewing the above evidence, some final thoughts are offered on the appropriateness of the term “giant”.

- by Tom Grant
- •
- Translation Studies, Old Norse Literature, Mythology (Old Norse Literature), Giants

The African theatre has heavily relied on European dramatic conventions after the colonization of Africa. For decades, it has indeed drawn on a variety of western dramatic techniques and adopted traditions found functional to treat contemporary issues. The aftermath of WWII witnessed radical changes in the African political and social structures that required new approaches to portray them. These transformations have naturally been displayed in the literature, including drama, of the period. Consequently, the Avant garde and the Epic traditions smoothly found their way into the heritage of African theater.
African playwrights also relied on European myth for their subject matter. They adapted various myths to the African stage. The Antigone myth is one of the enduring myths that was used, though in differing ways, by both classical and modern playwrights. Jean Anouilh adapted the play to comment on the Nazi occupation of France and those who opposed or agreed to it. Several African playwrights found Sophocles’ play aptly vital to vent out their opposition to modern colonization of their countries. They also adapted this play for more other purposes.
This paper is devoted to the African playwrights’ employment of the myth. Five African playwrights, namely Femi Osofisan, Athol Fugard, Edward Kamau Brathwaite, Felix Morisseau-Leroy, and Sabata Sesiu, have indeed drawn upon the myth to expose the evils resulting from the ill managements of the systems. The five playwrights have also used a variety of approaches resting on those of the Epic as well as other theatrical traditions. The plays chosen for discussion are Tegonni: An African Antigone, The Island, Odale’s Choice, Antigone in Haiti, and Giants.

- by Raad Abd-Aun
- •
- Adaptation, Drama, Postcolonial Literature, Giants

For many years, a poster has, in various forms, appeared frequently on websites and within material that discuss a global
conspiracy to hide an “ancient race of giants” from the public, presenting several giant human skeletons that are claimed to have been found all over the world between at least 1400 BCE and the mid-1950s CE. The poster was created by the late young earth creationist Joe Taylor for his Mt. Blanco Fossil Museum located in Lubbock, Texas. Despite the fantastical dimensions provided, these claims are taken seriously by those who are making them and are advocated for with complete sincerity. The Abilene Discovery Center, another creation museum located in
Abilene, Texas, features Taylor’s poster and claims as a central exhibit. (Moore, 2017) This paper consolidates prior research in addressing the claims made in the poster, and provides a thorough analysis of each of them, along with a review of their origin.

- by Noah Edmonds
- •
- Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology, Paleontology, Evolution

Giant bones unearthed throughout the Mesoamerican countryside provoked early modern thinkers to grapple with the earth's ages, partially syncre-tizing Nahua histories of human conquest with Spanish colonial medicinal and natural historical knowledge. European naturalists' willingness to accept the giant remains required them to embrace localized Mesoamerican cosmologies. The fossilized landscape provided evidence that conquest and eradication had happened before at the hands of the peoples whom the Spaniards had conquered in turn. Lost from early modern collections and failing to translate far beyond New Spain during the sixteenth century, the giant remains highlight the possibilities and challenges of integrating Mesoamerican knowledge into the global history of science, with an emphasis on emplaced thinking, medicine and the body, and deeper temporal frameworks. Moving beyond itinerary histories to globalizing cosmologies in the history of science can better explain the compromises Europeans and Mesoamericans were required to make to enter into a syn-cretic intellectual contract, as well as the non-European concept of time that came with local reckonings with the human and more-than-human natural world. P liny had primed Spanish royal doctor Francisco Hernández (1514-1587) to be on the look-out for giants. As he crossed the Atlantic in 1571 to begin what was supposed to be a five-year mission to develop a comprehensive herbal of medicines from the Spanish colonies, Dr. Hernán-dez contemplated his copy of Pliny the Elder's Natural History (77-79 C.E.). Hernández's instructions from the Spanish court had been clear: to collect plants and medicinal seeds from New Spain, gather "all possible information from local doctors, healers, herbalists, indios, and other knowledgeable people," and learn what kind of medicinal properties these plants possessed for their suggestions and feedback throughout this process. Finally, I am exceedingly grateful to Alexandra Hui, Matthew Lavine, and H. Floris Cohen, as well as the three Isis referees, whose questions and suggestions helped this essay take its final shape. Isis, volume 112, number 1.

The title is self-explanatory. The paper here is a draft that was, with only small changes and the addition of photographs from 4Q530, published as follows:
“The Book of Giants among the Dead Sea Scrolls: Considerations of Method and a New Proposal on the Reconstruction of 4Q530”. In eds. Matthew Goff, Loren T. Stuckenbruck, and Enrico Morano, Ancient Tales of Giants from Qumran and Turfan (WUNT; Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2016), pp. 129-141.

- by Loren T Stuckenbruck
- •
- Dead Sea Scrolls (Religion), Enoch literature, Manichaeism, Giants

If the Bible's condemnation of an ancient race of giants and the supernatural entities who created them--in other words, the Nephilim and the "sons of God" from Genesis 6--was unique among the religious texts of the ancient world, you'd... more

- by Derek P Gilbert
- •
- Old Testament, Giants, Amorites, Book of the Watchers
- by ahmar zulfiqar
- •
- Marketing, Advertising, Reasons, Comparative
- by Brian R. Doak
- •
- Book of Genesis, Deuteronomy, Torah/Pentateuch, Giants
- by David Vanderper
- •
- History, Prehistoric Archaeology, North American (Archaeology), History of Canada