Landscape Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

L’arrivée d’artistes formés en Europe, l’émergence d’autodidactes locaux, l’existence de lieux et paysages originaux ont permis à la peinture de se développer rapidement en Amérique du Nord. Certains artistes se sont consacrés à des «... more

- by
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- Painting, 19th Century (History), Landscape, Thomas Cole

As the number of references to landscape increases in the Brussels-Capital Region, the article analyses its place and meaning within the Regional Development Plans (1995-2018). The article intends to show that landscape may be considered as a category of Brussels public action and that in this sense it constitutes a good indicator of its evolution. The analysis allows us to identify significant changes, such as the progressive association of landscape with nature as the sustainability framework replaced the interest in heritage, and its change of scale in connection with the process of metropolisation. It also highlights certain contents which are more stable over time, such as the association of landscape with the imaginary of slow mobility or the view of it as a relatively positive and consensual subject.

- by Sophie Hubaut
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- Political Sociology, Urban Planning, Landscape, Urban Landscape

The relationship between landscape and culture seen through language is an exciting and increasingly explored area. This groundbreaking book contributes to the linguistic examination of both cross-cultural variation and unifying elements in geographical categorization. The study focuses on the contrastive lexical semantics of certain landscape words in a number of languages. The aim is to show how geographical vocabulary sheds light on the culturally and historically shaped ways people see and think about the land around them. Notably, the study presents landscape concepts as anchored in a human-centred perspective , based on our cognition, vision, and experience in places. The Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) approach allows an analysis of meaning which is both fine-grained and transparent. The book is aimed, first of all, at scholars and students of linguistics. Yet it will also be of interest to researchers in geography, environmental studies, anthropology , cultural studies, Australian Studies, and Australian Aboriginal Studies because of the book's cultural take.

This is an essay on methodology. It was published in 1984 when I was in an iconoclastic mood, but I think it is a reasonably accurate account of what I see as the relatively straightforward approaches I have used in all my substantive... more

- by edward relph
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- Cultural Geography, Cultural Landscapes, Landscape, Phenomenology of Space and Place

Sailing the Islands of São Paulo was an enquiry into São Paulo's fragmented urban space through an on-foot exploration. The project aimed at revealing unseen lines of fracture or tension in the continuity of the urban matter. The exploration took place in the context of the 10th São Paulo Architecture Biennale in November 2013. The 10th São Paulo Architecture Biennale proposed a reflection on the making and using of the contemporary city. Arquipélagos Urbanos invited all those interested to approach the city through the practice of walking as a tool to discover and reflect on urban transformations. Experiences such as the Transurbance practised by the Stalker collective in the marginal spaces of Italian cities show that when the urban space is confronted on foot, cities reveal themselves as uncharted and unpredictable territories. Within this uncharted territory, the practice of walking functions as a twofold method of direct exploration and place-making. The project focused on this very method as a way to deal with several questions regarding São Paulo today, such as bottom-up appropriation of public space, urban mobility, and the balance between planned and unplanned development. Methodology The project was designed in order to allow for the individual contributions to nurture interaction between the participants and provide multiple research perspectives to the subject matter. We used two forms of movement in space, which we called navigation and exploration. They both relied on walking understood as a form of investigation and not merely as a goal. The navigation mode consisted in walking as a group point-to-point. It happened mostly in silence to keep concentration and pace, and to allow for the use of individual observational skills. Once an island of urban matter had been reached, on the other hand, the group entered exploration mode. Some of these island stops had been designated in advance, some were recognised as the project unfolded. During exploration mode, the participants explored the area and collected documents according to the thematic cell they had been assigned to. In both modes the group behaved as a social structure, an ephemeral, yet coherent organism. We developed the project methodology preemptively, and we could count on the collaboration of Marie-Anne Lerjen, a Swiss researcher in urban walking, who provided important feedback and advice drawn from her multi-year experience in the subject.

- by Gabriele Oropallo
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- Architecture, Public Art, Urban Planning, Walking (Art)

Infrastructural practices, made by the manipulations of pumps, pipes and hydraulic expertise, play a critical role in managing urban populations. Drawing on two years of ethnographic research in Mumbai, in this article I show how Muslim settlers in a northern suburb are being rendered abject residents of the city. Abjection isn’t not a lack of social and political entitlements, but a denial of them. As Muslim settlers are being pushed down to claim less desirable water through the deliberate inaction of city engineers and technocrats, this article shows the iterative process through which abjection is made through tenuous and contentious infrastructural connections between the government and the governed.

- by Nikhil Anand
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- Urban Geography, Architecture, Governmentality, Environmental Studies

Questa ricerca mira, sugli evidenti “valori” culturali, storici e architettonici del patrimonio militare ancora presenti nell'Arcipelago di La Maddalena, ad approfondire la conoscenza di queste strutture ea proporre idee e linee guida sulla loro conservazione e valorizzazione. Tra la fine del Settecento e la Prima Guerra Mondiale la difesa del territorio di La Maddalena si esprime soprattutto attraverso misure di protezione dei confini dalle invasioni straniere, prima del Regno di Sardegna e poi dell’Italia. I primi tentativi di aggressione risalgono alla fine del 1792, quando la Francia rivoluzionaria attaccò il Regno di Sardegna. All’inizio del XIX secolo l’arcipelago era dotato di altre strutture: oltre ai forti Balbiano e Santo Stefano, costruiti tra il 1790 e il 1792, sono stati costruiti i forti Carlo Felice e San Giorgio, sull’isola di Santo Stefano. Alla fine del diciannovesimo secolo, l’arcipelago di La Maddalena veniva fortificato. Alla fine della Prima Guerra Mondiale, cambiando le aree strategicamente importanti, lo Stato maggiore dell’esercito, con la Royal Navy, identifica nuove quindici aree industriali e demografiche che necessitano di protezione dal mare. Oggi, tale patrimonio culturale di grande importanza strategica e paesaggistica, vive in condizioni estreme ed è soggetto a spoliazioni e demolizioni; una situazione che richiede un’azione urgente, supportata da una fase preliminare di conoscenza e dallo sviluppo di specifici sistemi per la protezione e la valorizzazione.
This research aims, on the evident cultural, historical and architectural ‘values’ of the military heritage still present in the Archipelago of La Maddalena, to deepen knowledge of these structures and to propose ideas and guidelines on their conservation and enhancement. Between the late eighteenth century and the First World War the defense of the territory of La Maddalena is expressed especially through measures to protect the borders from foreign invasions, before of the Kingdom of Sardinia and then of Italy. The first attempts of aggression were in the end of 1792, when revolutionary France attacks the Kingdom of Sardinia. In the early nineteenth century, the archipelago was equipped with other structures: in addition to the forts Balbiano and St. Stephen, built between 1790 to 1792, are built the forts Carlo Felice and San Giorgio, on the island of Santo Stefano. In the late nineteenth century, the Archipelago of La Maddalena had been fortified. At the end of the First World War, changing the strategically prominent areas, the General Staff of the Army, with the Royal Navy, identifies new fifteen industrial and demographic areas that need protection from the sea. Today, a cultural asset of great strategic importance and landscape, live in the extremely conditions and are subject to spoliation and demolition; a situation that demands urgent action, supported by a preliminary step of knowledge as well as by the development of specific system works for the protection and enhancement.

- by Maria Grazia Turco
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- Landscape Architecture, Enhancement, First World War, Landscape

Hieronymus Cock (1518-1570) was an Antwerp painter and printmaker. Together with his wife, he was one of the first to establish a publishing house for prints. From 1548 their firm “At the Sign of the Four Winds” issued hundreds of important etchings and engravings. Prints after frescoes and paintings by Italian artists Raphael and Bronzino, the first series of classical ruins, antique sculpture, as well as designs by such Northern artists as Maarten van Heemskerck and Frans Floris were distributed all over Europe and helped to spread Renaissance ideals of beauty. It was Cock who spotted the talent of Pieter Bruegel, an artist who would eventually supply Cock with more than sixty designs for prints.

- by Joris Van Grieken and +2
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- Printmaking, Landscape, Reception of Antiquity, History of Printmaking

Abstract: This paper presents an argument for considering issues of class in analyses of communicative planning projects. In these projects, class interests tend to be obscured by the contemporary preoccupation with the class-ambiguous category of “community”. Through a case study of a project of urban redevelopment at King's Cross in London, we conceptualize and map class interests in an urban redevelopment project. Three aspects of the planning process that contain clear class effects are looked at: the amount of office space, the flexibility of plans, and the appropriation of the urban environment as exchange or use value. These aspects structure the urban redevelopment but are external to the communicative planning process. The opposition to the redevelopment has in the planning discourse been articulated as “community”-based rather than in class-sensitive terms. We finally present three strategies for reinserting issues of class into planning theory and practice.

- by Ståle Holgersen
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- Geography, Human Geography, Urban Geography, Economic Geography
- by Eric Poehler
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- Architecture, Urban History, Networks, Urbanism

Rhythm lies in the movement of the universe. Consequently, it lies in the nature of humans. Artists try hard to pick up the different rhythms expressed, as the ancient Egyptian artists felt this hidden pulse of nature and recorded... more

- by fayrouz samir
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- Painting, Landscape, Fine Arts, Rythme
- by David Bjelajac
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- Art History, Religion and Politics, Freemasonry, Landscape
- by Yongyut Trisurat and +2
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- Southeast Asia, Landscape, Biological Sciences, Environmental Sciences
- by Manolis Skoufias
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- Photography, Narrative, Landscape, Φωτογραφία

What do huge flocks of sheep, hundreds of rabbits, business parks, metropolitan parks, leisure parks, high-tech parks have in common with airports? These are the most frequent visitors to airports recently constructed. These are the new ways of inhabiting an airport and connecting it to its context. The book presents the transformation of obsolete airfields as new productive landscapes. It explores the challenges for the conversion of abandoned, decommissioned and on-hold airports thought the exploration of their life cycles. By exploring the transitory condition, defined as “on-hold,” the book discovers strategies for the transformation of obsolete airfields.

- by Sara Favargiotti
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- Landscape Architecture, Resilience, Landscape Urbanism, Landscape

Existing research supports a wide range of positive effects for physical, mental and social wellbeing from outdoor exercise, particularly through engagement with nature, however few current landscapes facilitate exercise participation and efficacy for older persons and often require targeted design refinement to foster accessibility, inclusivity and sociability. In order to identify how therapeutic landscape design can be developed to best assist older persons' health and wellbeing, epidemiological data, injury statistics, and currently available outdoor fitness equipment that is specifically marketed for use by older persons were examined. A number of problematic design issues were identified including poor equipment design; failure to integrate cognitive tasks; and minimal integration of safe, age and ability-specific elements. This paper advocates rekindling the connection to public green space in order to foster disability prevention and promote rehabilitation in older persons. The incorporation of design elements that specifically address elements of prevalent morbidities and concerns, such as psychological restoration, stress reduction, attention recovery, the health and wellbeing of older persons in the community could be improved. Age-specific design suggestions include integrating interactive landscapes with ecological regenerative planning to assist with the prevention of common morbidities in older persons.

- by Bruno Marques
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- Therapeutic Landscapes, Landscape, Outdoor Play and Learning, Exercise Science
- by stefano cortellaro
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- Landscape

This research aims, on the evident cultural, historical and architectural ‘values’ of the military heritage still present in the Archipelago of La Maddalena, to deepen knowledge of these structures and to propose ideas and guidelines on their conservation and enhancement. Between the late eighteenth century and the Second World War the defense of the territory of La Maddalena is expressed especially through measures to protect the borders from foreign invasions, before of the Kingdom of Sardinia and then of Italy. The first attempts of aggression were in the end of 1792, when revolutionary France attacks the Kingdom of Sardinia. In the early nineteenth century the Archipelago was equipped with other structures: in addition to the forts Balbiano and St. Stephen, built between 1790 to 1792, are built the forts Carlo Felice and St. George, on the island of Saint Stephen. In the late nineteenth century, the Archipelago of La Maddalena had been fortified. At the end of the First World War, changing the strategically prominent areas, the General Staff of the Army, with the Royal Navy, identifies new fifteen industrial and demographic areas that need protection from the sea. Today, a cultural asset of great strategic importance and landscape, live in the extremely conditions and are subject to spoliation and demolition; a situation that demands urgent action, supported by a preliminary step of knowledge as well as by the development of specific system works for the protection and enhancement.

- by Maria Grazia Turco
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- Landscape Architecture, Enhancement, First World War, Restoration

In discussions on urbanism, the need to involve new actors has been a major theme of recent debate. In this field, throughout Europe, various ways of allowing citizens to take a more direct part in planning is stressed. It is also important to look at the role or lack of role played by particular research fields. Architecture plays a major role in city planning. While archaeology has become increasingly involved in field projects in urban environments, the discipline seldom plays an important role in city planning. In several countries and particular cities this situation has been questioned during the last decades. In June 2014 a group of scholars from 8 different countries met in Florence to discuss about the relationship between Architecture, Archaeology and contemporary City Planning. This book collects the final papers from that meeting.

- by Angela Mancuso and +2
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- Archaeology, Architecture, Landscape Architecture, Urban Planning

Considers how landscape study helps us better understand the development of Cornwall. Reviews what landscape is, what aspects of it have been researched in Cornwall, and how that has affected the ways it is valued. From prehistory to the... more

- by Peter Herring
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- Landscape Archaeology, Landscape History, Landscape, Cornwall
- by Dominik Maschek
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- History, Ancient History, Archaeology, Classical Archaeology

Fabrication of memory maintains its existence as one of the most prominent determinants in the making and conservation process of national identity. This process changes in time according to the changes in the space. Memorials and memory spaces are interfaces, which reveal how remembrance and forgetting practices of national memory are fabricated. The purpose of this article, which focuses on the memorials and memory spaces of Dardanelle Wars in Gallipoli Peninsula, is to explore the distinctive components within these memory related designs. The article, which adopted its research methodology based on participatory observation, semi-structured interviews and literature review, suggests that there are two main memorial and memory space approaches in Gallipoli Peninsula:
Interactive and Conductive Interfaces of Memory.

- by Ebru Erbaş Gürler and +1
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- Collective Memory, Public Memory, Landscape, Spaces between memory and Forgetting
- by Richard Johns
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- Napoleonic Wars, British art, Landscape, Seascape

Sustainable design is a phrase commonly used in the realms of design practice and yet the definition of the same remains quite fuzzy, thus providing the motivation for this research. The paper looks at contemporary sustainable design practices in the area of architecture design, building construction and landscape architecture. The objective is to understand what the term “sustainable design” really means as used in practice and what strategies are being employed towards the goal of sustainable development. The ...

- by Archana Sharma
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- Design, Landscape Architecture, Ecological Economics, Environmental Design
- by Sanjin Sorel
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- Sociology, Ideology, Landscape

Straightforward mapping of detailed heathland habitat patches and their quality using remote sensing is hampered by (1) the intrinsic property of a high heterogeneity in habitat species composition (i.e. high intra-variability), and (2) the occurrence of the same species in multiple habitat types (i.e. low inter-variability). Mapping accuracy of detailed habitat objects can however be improved by using an advanced approach that specifically takes into account and exploits these inherent patch characteristics. To demonstrate the idea, we developed and applied a multi-step mapping framework on a protected semi-natural heathland area in the north of Belgium. The method consecutively consists of (1) a 4-level hierarchical land cover classification of hyperspectral airborne AHS image data, and (2) a kernel-based structural re-classification algorithm in combination with habitat patch object composition definitions. Detailed land cover composition data were collected in 1325 field plots. ...

- by Birgen Haest
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- Remote Sensing, Landscape, Classification, Key words

Land-use/land-cover change is the most important factor in causing biodiversity loss. The Mediterranean region has been affected by antropic disturbance for thousands of years, and is, nowadays, one of the most significantly altered hotspots in the world. However, in the last years a significant increase in forest cover has been measured. These new patterns are independent from planned conservation strategies and appear to have a substantial impact on landscapes and biodiversity. We used three land-use/land-cover maps (from 1960 to 2000) covering the Italian peninsula to analyze the pattern of land-use/land-cover change. We measured an increase in forests, especially in mountains, an increase in artificial areas, especially in coastal zones, and a decrease in pastures. Intensively cultivated areas showed a limited decrease while extensively cultivated ones showed a marked decrease. In the same period mammal and bird species followed a similar pattern, with forest birds, ungulates and carnivores increasing, and typically Mediterranean species decreasing. We suggest that our results may provide important information, which could be useful for conservation planning in the entire Mediterranean hotspot. We suggest that an increasing conservation effort should be made to protect the Mediterranean-type forests and scrublands, as well as traditional agricultural practices. Moreover, future conservation efforts should consider the broad socio-political and ecological processes that are most likely to occur across the whole hotspot, especially along coastal areas, and the network of protected areas should be functionally integrated in a conservation strategy that includes the human-dominated landscape.

- by Luigi Maiorano
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- Landscape Ecology, Earth Sciences, Spatial Analysis, Conservation

The two smallest islands of the Azores have received at the same year the title of Biosphere Reserve, from the UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere Programme. The territorial object of this article is precisely one of those islands, Graciosa Island. On the one hand this was a way to reward its good interaction between Man and Nature until that year. But afterwards how was that relationship carried out? Are measures being taken in order to elevate the environmental quality? Does a better environment compromise the island’s economic growth and affect its inhabitants’ standard of living? This dissertation will try to answer these questions. Furthermore a detailed analysis will be done concerning two types of intervention at the landscape in Graciosa island, under a perspective in which it is intended to juggle the biophysical environment with some of the social and economical aspects of Graciosa Island.

- by Paulo Espínola
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- Landscape Ecology, Landscape Architecture, Biotechnology, Bioremediation

- by Paulo Espínola
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- Landscape Ecology, Landscape Architecture, Biotechnology, Bioremediation

This study determined the change and distribution of land-uses/covers along the landscape, and evaluated the nutrient status of the top soil layer in the Lake Kivu Pilot Learning Site (LKPLS) benchmarked micro-catchments. Soil physical and chemical properties were quantified using triplicate soil samples collected from each land-use/cover at two depths (0–15 and 15–30 cm) in three LK PLS Learning Innovation Platform (IP) sites (Bufundi in Uganda, Mupfuni-Shanga in D.R. Congo, Gataraga in Rwanda). Small scale agriculture has increased in all the benchmarked micro-catchments at the expense of other land-uses/covers. In the settlement areas land-use/cover distribution along the landscape varied across sites and countries; the major one being eucalyptus woodlots, wetland, and perennials and annuals crops in Bufundi; annuals and perennials crops in Mupfuni-Shanga; and annuals crops in Gataraga. Perennial crops tended to occur at the footslope and valley bottoms, while the annuals occurre...

- by Azanga Ekaka
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- Geography, Agriculture, Landscape, Soil Fertility

La savane africaine occidentale est un des paysages tropicaux les plus largement parcourus par les feux de brousse. Lors de la periode coloniale, relayee par les gouvernements post-coloniaux, des politiques en vue de controler ces feux ont ete mises en place. Elles n'ont pas reussi et ont, en outre, cree un tres long conflit entre les services forestiers et les populations rurales. L'option de lutte contre les feux, qui a persiste pendant presque un siecle, semble s'affaiblir. Le gouvernement a recemment adopte une nouvelle politique. Ce changement permet aux communautes locales de coordonner des mises a feu precoces des savanes. Le Mali venant de mettre en application cette nouvelle politique, il est opportun de reflechir a deux questions primordiales afin d'eviter la repetition des erreurs du passe. Premierement, il est important d'analyser les raisons pour lesquelles une philosophie « anti-feu » a domine la science et la politique du feu dans la region pendant...

- by Aziz Bakkoury
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- Ecology, Fire, Landscape, Savannah
- by Barry Noon
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- Landscape Ecology, Geography, Earth Sciences, Landscape

Outside the Frame: A Critical Analysis of Urban Image Surveys Phoebe Crisman Aided by digital technology, designers and planners are making ever greater use of photographic images to depict and envision proposals for urban change. Yet, even as such presentations have become increasingly central to community planning efforts, the methods for employing photographs and their precise construction have not been adequately analyzed. Discussing the new reliance on imaging techniques in architecture, Cambridge Professor Andrew Saint recently noted, “the long-term challenge for the architectural pro- fession…is to ride this exciting, undisciplined, licentious, and dangerous beast, to control this irresponsible lust for image that pervades our culture.” 1 Several imaging methods have gained widespread cur- rency in the design of public places. This essay speciﬁ- cally examines what have become known as urban image surveys. The inclusive and participatory intentions of Above: +6.1 This mixed-u...

- by Phoebe Crisman
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- Sociology, Geography, Design, Architecture

Designing a fuel-sampling program that accurately and efficiently assesses fuel load at relevant spatial scales requires knowledge of each sample method’s strengths and weaknesses. We obtained loading values for six fuel components using five fuel load sampling techniques at five locations in western Montana, USA. The techniques included fixed-area plots, planar intersect, photoloads, a photoload macroplot, and a photo series. For each of the six fuels, we compared (1) the relative differences in load values among techniques and (2) the differences in load between each method and a reference sample. Totals from each method were rated for how much they deviated from totals for the reference in each fuel category. The planar-intersect method, which used 2.50 km of transects, was rated best overall for assessing the six fuels. Bootstrapping showed that at least 1.50 km of transect were needed to obtain estimates that approximate the reference sample. A newly developed photoload method,...

- by Robert Keane
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- Remote Sensing, Meteorology, Modeling, Ecology
- by Hilja Roivainen
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- Utopian Studies, Landscape, Cultural Landscape, Comparative Utopian Studies

This review offers a perspective on the role landscape and gardening play in urban settings from a socio-cultural, and ecological dimension. The practice of cultivating in gardens, parks and vacant lots, creates community spaces, and are increasingly becoming important to peoples’ experience of social and cultural wellbeing. In recent times, this has become a major focus of research in ecology, agriculture, urban design, landscape architecture, human geography, and sociology. Community gardening is one of the avenues toward revitalizing urban environments, and it provides a way of addressing multi-faceted urban problems ranging from limited food access to safety and community cohesion. That being said, it is necessary to continually evaluate the roles which society, ecology, and culture play in cities and landscape planning due to the dynamic nature of culture. This article aims to bring to the fore, the various factors of landscape and gardening practices in cities and the dynamics...

- by Uwajeh Chukwuemeke
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- Culture, Ecology, Gardens, Biodiversity

Definito con chiarezza da William Gilpin nell'estate del 1748, il Pittoresco è un fenomeno estetico e politico, romantico e virale, destinato a modellare la cultura visiva di massa dell'Ottocento grazie alla riproducibilità tecnica. Ripreso, pur omettendo di nominarne la fonte, da critici diversi come John Ruskin e Roger Fry, il Pittoresco spazia dallo sketch alla poesia, dalla letteratura alla recente cultura del turismo.

- by Francesca Orestano
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- Landscape, Picturesque, Picturesque Theory, William Gilpin
- by Steven Heyde
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- Landscape Ecology, Cultural Landscapes, First World War, Landscape

The book offers multi-layered responses to the scope and causes of spatial, as well as social, economic
and physiognomic changes in the cultural landscape in Slovenian countryside. It presents the results
of an interdisciplinary research approach to recognising spatial change and trends within a two-year
research project entitled »The Transformation of the Landscape by Agricultural Modernisation and
Changes in Settlement Patterns«, which was financed by the Slovenian Research Agency and the
Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning of the Republic of Slovenia within the target research
programme Slovenian Competitiveness 2006–2013. Similar research was carried out in three pilot areas,
selected because they captured a cross section of typical Slovenian landscape macro-units (Mediterranean,
Dinaric, Alpine and Pannonian), while also covering the processes of intensification and marginalisation.
The cadastral communities of @alec and Gotovlje within the @alec municipality offer an example
of intensification; the two are in contact with both the Alpine and the Pannonian regions. The cadastral
community of Ko`bana in the municipality of Brda, as a representative of the Mediterranean region,
and the cadastral community of Sela pri Hinjah in the municipality of @u`emberk, representing the
Dinaric region, were selected to illustrate marginalisation. The geographical outline includes a general
description of each area, placing it within its wider landscape unit, with data on rock, surface
features, and waters, climate, soils and vegetation, population and settlements. This is supplemented with
an outline of the landscape form and agriculture and its recent historical development. Thematic
maps of settlement patterns are produced at the cadastral community and individual settlement levels.
The state of selected farms in pilot areas is also described and reasons for their expansion given.
Land use reveals changes in agricultural methods, land abandonment, forest re-growth, the expansion
of urbanisation and industrialisation and similar. Landscape regionalisation and typing of the
selected areas is a development and supplementation of existing regional divisions by landscape type
in Slovenia. The conclusion of the work presents three spatial development scenarios, proposed general
and specific guidelines for settlement expansion and policies to protect and manage individual
agricultural units at the local level. In the case of the Ko`bana cadastral community the local issue
of potential landslides is studied, while in another two pilot areas the spatial and function changes
in settled land are studied. Some general problems are defined which arise in the projecting of new
buildings and spatial plans for rural areas, and evaluating landscape changes in terms of the settlement
system and in terms of the evaluation and policy-making to protect and manage individual
features of landscape value. The book also sets out a series of proposed instruments to direct spatial
development.

- by Lučka Ažman Momirski
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- Urban Studies, Urbanism, Agriculture, Landscape

An integrated parameter has been elaborated to
estimate landscape changes based on the concept of
spatial-temporal analysis and synthesis of natural territorial
complexes (NTCs) enabling to study components of nature
applying the unified methodology. To achieve the purpose a
great number of statistical data (censuses of Georgia, area of
agriculture lands, number of industrial enterprises, and length
of transport network), long-term field-work observations in
different landscapes, cartographic and fund materials were
made use of. The entire data were processed by means of
GIS-technologies. The cartographic base of the research is the
landscape map of Georgia. The object of the study is the entire
territory of Georgia. On the basis of Geographical inventory of
landscapes and Landscapes GIS database an integrated
parameter of landscape changes was elaborated on the example
of Georgia, also the degree of landscape changes and its spatial
distribution were revealed according to different landscape
units.

- by Lia (Lika) Matchavariani
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- Landscape, Landscape Inventory

A short piece from 1979, one of the earliest things I published, in the former magazine Landscape, that was subsequently reprinted in Orion Quarterly and in the Utne Reader. It is about ways of looking at and seeing landscapes.

- by edward relph
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- Cultural Landscapes, Landscape

El artículo analiza e interpreta el sentimiento de la naturaleza en la obra de Miguel de Unamuno, en el marco de su filosofía poética, destacando su afinidad con Rousseau. Para ello, seleccionando y analizando algunos de sus escritos, se aborda los sentimientos de plenitud y sosiego que Unamuno experimenta en contacto con la naturaleza. En su amor a la naturaleza, personalizando lo viviente, don Miguel encontró tanto el gozo de vivir como la paz que le hacía recobrar fuerzas para emprender nuevos combates. Lejos del Unamuno agonista, los escritos analizados nos descubren al contemplativo que goza de la vida y experimenta su plenitud.

Landscape sounds. Sounds are an intrinsic dimension of human environmental relatedness. While contemporary urban landscape planning practice focuses only on the defensive treatment of unwanted sounds, we should rather prepare for the active design of acoustic qualities for public spaces, which become increasingly important. Through fieldwork-based study, culminating in experimental landscape miking and mixing methods that enable sensory experience and design experimentation, the doctoral study Cultivating Sound – The Acoustic Dimension of Landscape Architecture elucidates and makes tangible landscape-related attributes that are profoundly linked to sonic impressions, but concealed behind the abstract formulations of 'noise' and 'silence'.

- by russell fairfax
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- Remote Sensing, Meteorology, Modeling, Ecology
- by Jacques Lepart
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- Sociology, Geography, Human Geography, Land management
- by Oliver Hernández
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- Wetlands, Restoration Ecology, Restoration, Landscape
- by Miguel Ayarza
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- Landscape, Soil fauna, Soil organic matter