Liming Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Lake Orta (N. Italy) was severely polluted from 1927 by an effluent from a rayon factory, which discharged great amounts of ammonium nitrogen and copper into the lake. In the mid nineteen fifties, some plating factories also started dumping chromium and aluminum. As a result of ammonium oxidation, the lake became very acid and the concentration of metals in the waters reached very high values. Phytoplankton, zooplankton and fish disappeared suddenly from the lake which was by 1930 classified as “sterile”. Later on, about the fifties, a small population of Cyclops abyssorum re-colonised the lake together with some rotifers, in particular Hexarthra fennica. In mid eighties following the introduction of anti-pollution legislation, ammonium loads were greatly reduced and Daphnia obtusa was recorded. The lake waters however were still very acid, prompting the proposal of the Istituto Italiano di Idro-biologia to lime the lake with calcium carbonate to neutralise the excess acidity and re...

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- Limnology, Biology, Multidisciplinary, Copper

La acidez de los suelos arenosos, pobres en MO y bases de La Frailesca (Chiapas) presenta desafíos debido a su posible ocurrencia en la capa arable como en el subsuelo.Se presentan resultados preliminares de dos experimentos en maíz de temporal realizados en predios comerciales. En un experimento se evaluaron combinaciones de dosis de cal dolomítica (0 t/ha y dosis máximas que variaron entre 0.4 y 2.0 t/ha) y de K (0, 90 y 180 kg K 2 O/ha) en dos localidades con acidez, principalmente en la capa arable. En el segundo experimento se evaluaron combinaciones de dosis de cal dolomítica (0 t/ha y dosis máximas que variaron entre 1.2 y 3.6 t/ha), yeso (0 y 5 t/ha), y K (0 y 120 kg K 2 O/ha), en cuatro localidades con acidez en la capa arable y subsuelo.Con excepción de una localidad afectada por sequía, en las demás se observaron elevaciones significativas en rendimiento de grano en comparación con el testigo sin aplicación, que oscilaron entre 46 y 169% para las enmiendas, y 18 y 50% para el K. Los resultados de los análisis de suelos sugieren que parte de estos efectos se pueden deber principalmente a mayores valores de pH y concentraciones de Ca, y menores de Al int. Los niveles de Ca en las hojas frecuentemente subieron con cal o yeso, en tanto que los de S lo hicieron con yeso. Las concentraciones de Mn en las hojas bajaron en algunas localidades con la aplicación de cal. Introducción Los suelos ácidos pueden afectar el crecimiento de las plantas principalmente por tres razones que pueden actuar aislada o simultáneamente: 1. Contenidos bajos de cationes básicos (especialmente Ca), 2. Contenidos altos de Mn, y 3. Contenidos altos de Al intercambiable (Sumner and Yamada, 2002). Estas características pueden ser observadas en distintas posiciones en el perfil del suelo, siendo así que los subsuelos pueden ser tan o más ácidos que las capas arables. Los suelos dominantes en La Frailesca tienen texturas arenosas, con muy bajos contenidos de MO y bases, y su acidez ha sido identificada como factor limitante para la producción agrícola sostenible desde hace tiempo ((Hibon et al., 1992)). La corrección de la acidez se ha centrado en encalar a razón de 1 a 2 t/ha incorporando la cal en los centímetros superiores del suelo. Resultados de muestreos hechos desde 2012 han mostrado que los subsuelos ácidos están extendidos en La Frailesca (Tasistro et al, resultados no publicados) y su manejo con cal está limitado por la baja solubilidad en agua de ésta, por lo que se debería usar una fuente de

- by Armando Tasistro
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- Maize, Liming, Acid Soils

Growth, feed utilization and survival of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus, Burchell 1822) reared in earthen ponds using hydrated lime and calcium carbide lime as the liming materials were studied for 24 weeks. Three treatments – hydrated lime ponds, calcium carbide lime ponds and control ponds were used in three replicates. Each pond was stocked with 300 fingerlings at an average weight of 26 g. fish were fed 4% body weight. Growth parameters and feed utilization were estimated. Some water quality parameters – dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, alkalinity, hardness, nitrate, nitrite and ammonia were monitored bi-weekly using standard analytical procedures. Results show that there was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the levels of ammonia and temperature of the water among the treatments but significant difference (p<0.05) were recorded in the levels of total alkalinity, pH, nitrate, nitrite, and hardness values among treatment ponds. The mean weight gain of the fish were 824 g for the control ponds, 661 g for the calcium carbide lime ponds, while fish in the hydrated lime ponds had the least weight gain value of 551 g. Specific growth rate (SGR) among the treatments were 2.08, 1.93 and 1.85 for control ponds, calcium carbide lime ponds and hydrated lime ponds respectively. Food conversion ratio (FCR) was 3.21 for control ponds, 3.11 for calcium carbide lime pond and 2.49 for the hydrated lime ponds. The survival rate was 92.33%, 89.84% and 78.00% respectively for calcium carbide lime ponds, control ponds and hydrated lime ponds. The heavy metal contents on fresh weight basis among the treatment varied significantly from each other (p<0.05). The poor growth, feed utilization and survival rate obtained in hydrated lime ponds may be attributed to the heavy metal contents of the lime. The best growth and feed utilization values were obtained for fish in control ponds. However, values obtained for fish in the calcium carbide lime ponds were satisfactory. From this study, calcium carbide lime can be recommended for use by fish farmers.

- by Gift S David
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- Aquaculture, Growth performance, Clarias gariepinus, Liming

O ipê-amarelo (Tabebuia serratifolia) é uma espécie florestal com potencial madeireiro, porém,
pouco utilizada em plantios florestais, devido à escassez de informações sobre sua produção tanto
em viveiro quanto no campo. Diante disso, realizou-se experimento com o objetivo de verificar
os efeitos da calagem no crescimento e na nutrição de mudas de T. serratifolia. O calcário foi
misturado ao solo Latossolo Vermelho distrófico de textura franco-arenosa, em sacolas plásticas
com capacidade para 2,5 kg. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em delineamento inteiramente
casualizado, com cinco repetições: testemunha (26,5%); 60%; 70%; 80% e 100% de saturação por
bases. Após 120 dias, avaliaram-se: altura, diâmetro de colo, relação altura e diâmetro, biomassa
seca e índice de Dickson. As plantas secas foram submetidas às determinações dos teores de
macronutrientes. Os melhores resultados para crescimento da T. serratifolia foram verificados
no nível de 70%, principalmente porque N, K, Ca e Mg foram disponibilizados em concentrações
adequadas, possibilitando o incremento.

- by Floresta Ambiente
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- Liming, Nutrição de Plantas, Plants Nutritions, calagem

Restoration of acidified lakes by liming does not, in many cases, improve productivity to a pre-acidified state. We hypothesize that the poor recovery detected in many of these lakes is due to constrained in-lake phosphorous (P) cycling caused by enhanced precipitation of metals in higher pH, limed waters. Long-term (1990–2012) data for 65 limed, circum-neutral (pH 6–8), and acidified lakes in Sweden were analyzed to determine trends for P and potential drivers of these trends. Limed lakes not only had lower mean values and stronger decreasing trends for total P than non-limed lakes, but they also had the highest percentage of decreasing trends (85 %). A P release factor (Hypolimnetic P/Epilimnetic P) was developed to elucidate differences in internal P cycling between lake groups. Consistently, lower P release factors in limed lakes show limitation of internal P cycling during summer months that may be a factor limiting P bioavailability and thus productivity of these systems.

- by Qian Hu and +1
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- Sweden, Phosphorus, Acidification, Lake restoration
- by Dipendra Chaudhari
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- Liming, Soil Acidity

Most biodiversity studies endeavour to put forward strategies for its short-term enhancement, seeking
to understand the spatial scale. However, biodiversity preservation strategies should also take into
account temporal scales, in order to fulfil the main biodiversity preservation objectives. Biodiversity
variability also depends on the structural heterogeneity of the land on which this strategy is developed.
Agroforestry systems have a tree component that makes this heterogeneity more important than in
exclusively agronomic systems. This paper aims to evaluate the effect of different soil fertility
management (application of lime and fertiliser in both organic and inorganic nitrogen forms) on tree and
pasture growth, as well as on the pasture richness in a silvopastoral systems developed on a 5-year-old
Pinus radiata D. Don plantation over 6 years. Temporal scale, as well as spatial biodiversity scale, should
be taking into account in biodiversity studies in forests. Tree development as well as fertility soil
modifications modified species richness, the relative dominance between species and the type of species.
The lack of management caused an undesirable development of shrubs, main resource of forest fires
development in the region. Lower tree densities than those currently used combined with
authocthonous breed grazing, to reduce shrub biomass is the best option to sustain biodiversity and
productivity from the area.

- by Rosa Mosquera-Losada
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- Fertility, Biodiversity, Liming, Silvopastoral Systems

The application of industrial residuals in agriculture may raise concerns about soil and crop metal accumulation. A complete study using a fractionation scheme would reveal build-up in metal pools occurring after material addition and predict the transformation of metals in soil between the different forms and potential metal release into the environment. An experimental study was conducted from 2000 to 2008 on a loamy soil at Yamachiche, Quebec, Canada, to evaluate the effects of repeated annual addition of combined paper mill biosolids when applied alone or with several liming by-products on soil Cu, Zn, and Cd fractions. Wet paper mill biosolids at 0, 30, 60, or 90 Mg ha and calcitic lime, lime mud, or wood ash, each at 3 Mg ha with 30 Mg paper mill biosolids ha, were surface applied after seeding. The soils were sampled after 6 (soybean [ (L.) Merr.]) and 9 [corn ( L.)] crop years and analyzed using the Tessier fractionation procedure. Results indicated that biosolids addition increased exchangeable Zn and Cd, carbonate-bound Cd, Fe-Mn oxide-bound Zn and Cd, organically bound Cu and Zn, and total Zn and Cd fractions but decreased Fe-Mn oxide-bound Cu in the uppermost 30-cm layer. With liming by-products, there was a shift from exchangeable to carbonate-bound forms. Even with very small metals addition, paper mill and liming materials increased the mobility of soil Zn and Cd after 9 yr of application, and this metal redistribution resulted into higher crop grain concentrations.

- by Bernard Gagnon
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- Soil Dynamics, Heavy Metals in Environment, Paper MIlls, Liming

Land application of residuals from the forest industry can help to restore soil fertility, but few studies have assessed the effects of metal accumulation in plants. An experimental study was initiated in 2000 on a loamy soil at Yamachiche, QC, Canada, to evaluate the effects of repeated annual applications of combined paper mill biosolids, when applied alone or with several liming by-products. This study assessed the accumulation of Cu, Zn, Mo, and Cd in plants and soil after 6 (soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]) and 9 [corn (Zea mays
L.)] crop yr. Wet paper mill biosolids at 0, 30, 60, or 90 Mg ha−1
were surface applied after seeding. Calcitic lime, lime mud, and
wood ash were applied wet each at 3 Mg ha−1 with 30 Mg wet paper mill biosolids ha−1. Repeated applications of paper mill biosolids increased plant and soil metal concentrations after 6 and 9 yr in the order of Cd > Mo (soybean) > Zn > Cu. Liming increased soil pH and Mo availability and decreased Zn and Cd availability. Metals in crop stover responded more positively to applications than those in grains, but the concentrations in plant tissues were generally well below critical values. The Cu/Mo ratio of soybean plants at pH > 6.8 fell below 2:1, however, and may pose a risk for inducing Cu metabolism disorder in ruminants. Results of this study indicate that paper mill biosolids and alkaline residuals, when applied with respect to regulations and soil pH, have a limited effect on metal
accumulation in plants and soil.

- by Bernard Gagnon and +1
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- Trace Metals, Liming, Wood Ash, Papermill Biosolids

Soil acidity is a major problem in agriculture because it limits plant growth and reduces crop productivity. The neutralizing potential of industrial by-products and their impact on soil properties were evaluated in two acidic soils characterized by contrasting textures, and submitted to intensive agriculture practices. Soil pH, microbial (dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase) activity, and Mehlich-3 extractable P, K, Ca and Mg were monitored in the year of soil incorporation of eight liming products and in the following 2 yr. In the sandy loam, liming products did not result in significant increases in soil pH in the 0- to 7.5-cm soil layer. Lime mud (LM) significantly increased soil pH by 0.4 units in the 7.5- to 20-cm layer compared with cement kiln dust (CKD). In the silty clay, calcium
phosphatemagnesium (CalPoMag) significantly raised pH by 0.65 units over both natural calcitic lime (NCa) and the magnesium dissolution product (MgD) in the first soil layer, and by 0.5 units over carbide lime (CL) treatment in the second soil layer. Activities of dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase were increased to various degrees by all liming materials, especially on the silty clay; LM and CalPoMag were the most beneficial materials. The exception was MgD, which did not result in any impact on microbial activity relative to the control. Both enzymatic activities were related to the increase in soil pH, particularly the alkaline phosphatase. Ion leaching was more pronounced in the sandy loam than in the silty clay soil, where large differences in the Ca and Mg ion levels were still detected in the 20- to 40-cm layer of the sandy loam. In this study, LM and CalPoMag are interesting liming products, particularly in the silty clay soil.

- by Bernard Gagnon
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- Limestone, Soil Fertility, Liming

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of liming in the Himalayan piedmont acid soil of Bangladesh on nutrient dynamics under different levels of lime in mungbean (Vigna radiate) field followed by T. Aman (transplanted rice) cultivation, during the period of December 2010 to October 2011. Five levels of lime were applied, viz, T1: control, T2: 1.0, T3:1.5, T4: 2.0, T5: 2.5, ton lime ha-1. The pH of soils after liming was increased steadily with the increased rate of liming. The different treatments were showed up varying results where more plant nutrients became available by increasing the concentration of K, Ca, Mg, N, P, S, B, Cu and Mn; and slight decreased in the concentration of OM, Fe and Zn that make the soil environment favorable for plant growth. The changes of soil properties like pH, OM and some plant nutrients availability were significantly increased due to application of lime resulted in increased summer mungbean yield. The number of pods plant-1, number of seeds pod-1, 1000 seeds weight and grain yield were significantly affected by liming. The treatment T3 (1.5 t lime ha-1) produced Mungbean grain yield of 1.6 t ha-1 respectively which was significantly greater than those found in T1, T2, T4 and T5treatments. Thus, the application of 1.5 t lime ha-1 is recommended for the cultivation of summer mungbean and the desired soil pH (>6.5 but < 7.0), which increased availability of nutrients in the study area. The study revealed that liming increases soil pH as well as changes other chemical properties of soil, which is beneficial to sustain high yield and may be an important soil management tool for mungbean cultivation in acid piedmont soil in the North East Bangladesh where soil acidity is predominant.

- by Siddique MNA and +2
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- Soil Science, Agriculture, Soil Fertility, Plant Nutrient Management, Residue management , Nitrogen use effeciency

Heath forests are a rare but widespread forest type found across the tropics that have low productivity and relatively low plant species diversity, but with high endemism. These forests develop on strongly weathered spodosols that are acidic soils with low nutrients, which is generally believed to explain heath forest distribution. We set up this experiment in the heath forest of the Kabili-Sepilok Forest Reserve, Sabah, Malaysia to study the importance of soil pH and soil nitrogen for heath forest tree growth, and to study the response of leaf element concentrations after increasing soil pH and soil nitrogen concentrations.

- by Giacomo Sellan
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- Tropical forest biomass, Tropical forest, Liming, soil pH

The effects of the dose and application method of limestone-broadcast or in furrow-and of agricultural gypsum on soil fertility, the control of clubroot, and cauliflower development in mountain farming areas were evaluated. Initially, four doses of broadcast limestone (0.0, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 Mg ha-1) and two cauliflower cultivars (Sharon and Piracicaba Precoce) were analyzed. A second experiment evaluated limestone (4.0 Mg ha-1) application treatments: broadcast and in furrow, broadcast limestone + gypsum (3.0 + 1.0 Mg ha-1), and broadcast gypsum (1.0 Mg ha-1). Soil fertility was improved, and significant increases were observed in the total and healthy root volume with increasing doses of limestone. With 4.0 Mg ha-1 , a 58 and 85% increase in yield was observed in Sharon and Piracicaba, respectively, compared to the control. Treatments with limestone and limestone + gypsum, regardless of the application method, elevated pH (≥ 10%), base saturation (V%) (≥ 37%), and calcium (Ca) contents (≥ 100%), and reduced the levels of aluminum ions (Al 3+) (≥ 60%) and clubroot severity (≥ 64%) and favored biomass accumulation (≥ 27%) and yield (≥ 9.2%). The application of limestone in the furrow yielded results similar to the broadcast application.

- by Carlos Antônio dos Santos and +2
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- Olericulture, Brassicaceae, Soil Borne Fungi, Mountain Farming System, Technology Transfer

Acidification of lakes exposed to acid deposition is generally accompanied by a severe decrease in production (oligotrophication). In this study, we examined sediment from Lakes Gårdsjön and Härsvatten, Sweden, to determine whether sediment phosphorus (P) retention increased during the years corresponding to lake acidification. Sediment from both lakes had increases in aluminum (Al) in the upper 10 cm, and dating of Lake Gårdsjön sediment revealed that the Al increase occurred from 1950 to 2001 in this lake. The increase in Al input caused an increase in Al-bound P (Al–P) formation and overall sediment total phosphorus retention during the same period. Lake Gårdsjön received an additional 12.9 g·m –2 of Al, above preacidification background levels, that bound 1.1 g·m –2 of P and removed it from the in-lake P cycle from 1950 to 2001. A substantial portion (up to 76%) of the total external P load eventually was converted to Al–P and buried in the sediment over this period. The increase in sediment P burial due to increased formation of Al–P in systems similar to Lake Gårdsjön may have detrimental effects on nutrient cycling, and as a result, on productivity within the lake, leading to acido-oligotrophication. Résumé : L'acidification des lacs exposés aux précipitations acides s'accompagne généralement d'une diminution im-portante de la production (oligotrophisation). Nous examinons dans notre étude les sédiments des lacs Gårdsjön et Härsvaten, en Suède, pour voir si la rétention du phosphore (P) dans les sédiments a augmenté durant les années qui correspondent à l'acidification des lacs. Les sédiments des deux lacs montrent un accroissement de l'aluminium (Al) dans les 10 cm supérieurs; la datation des sédiments du lac Gårdsjön indique que l'augmentation d'Al s'est produite entre 1950 et 2001 dans ce lac. L'augmentation de l'apport d'Al a entraîné une formation accrue de P lié à Al (Al–P) et une rétention plus grande de phosphore total dans les sédiments durant la même période. Le lac Gårdsjön a reçu 12,9 g·m –2 d'Al de plus par rapport aux quantités d'avant l'acidification, ce qui a lié 1,1 g·m –2 de P et l'a retiré du cycle de P dans le lac de 1950 à 2001. Une partie importante (76 %) de la charge externe de P a été éventuellement convertie en Al–P et enfouie dans les sédiments durant cette période. L'enfouissement plus élevé de P à cause de la formation accrue d'Al–P dans les systèmes semblables au lac Gårdsjön peut avoir des effets néfastes sur le recyclage des nutriments, et ainsi sur la productivité dans le lac, menant à une acido-oligotrophisation. [Traduit par la Rédaction] Huser and Rydin 1709

- by Brian Huser
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- Sedimentology, Limnology, Water quality, Phosphorus

Phosphorus (P) is often reported as a nutrient whose availability increases by lime application, although some research suggests a decline in the short-term P availability upon liming. This study addresses the effects of applying different sized limestone (2–4, 0.5–2, 0.25–0.5, and <0.25 mm) on the forms and availability of soil P, P concentrations and extraction by pasture, and yields of plant species. Soil P was partitioned into organic and inorganic forms, using an ignition method. Available P was determined by the Olsen and Mehlich 3 methods. Phosphorus in plants was determined after acid digestion. Most P was present in organic form. One year after sowing, inorganic P increased and organic P decreased. Liming had no significant influences on soil P. Phosphorus extracted by Mehlich 3 explained 40% of the total dry-matter yield in the first harvest. No significant effect of liming on P concentration in plants was observed.

- by Maria Luisa Fernandez-Marcos
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- Liming, Available Phosphorus

Liming increases crop production through improved soil conditions in acidic soils. Among the effects of liming, increased availabilities of alkaline and alkaline-earth cations are worth mention. These availabilities may be affected by the particle size of applied limestone, which influences lime reactivity. The effects of particle size and application schedule of magnesium limestone were investigated on extractable Ca, Mg and K in soil, their concentrations in sward plants and dry-matter yield. Magnesium limestone of various particle sizes was applied to experimental plots at a rate of 3 t ha-1, a grass-clover sward was sown, and the plots were monitored during three years. The finest limestone (< 0.25 mm) in a single application yielded the highest soil Ca and Mg concentrations extracted by Mehlich-3 and NH4Cl. The same limestone split in three annual doses was less effective. Plots treated with the coarsest limestone (2-4 mm) did not differ from control plots. Liming had no effect on potassium, either in soil or plants. Soil concentrations of Ca, Mg and K extracted by Mehlich-3 and NH4Cl were correlated with each other (r = 0.76, 0.75 and 0.67, respectively). NH4Cl extracted more Ca than Mehlich-3, while the latter extracted more Mg and K than NH4Cl. Soil Ca, Mg and K extracted by NH4Cl were also correlated to water extractions. Mg concentration in plants correlated to soil Mg extracted by NH4Cl or by water. Neither the concentrations nor the total contents of Ca and K in plants correlated with extractable soil Ca and K. The total dry matter yield was not affected by liming. The yield of sown species was higher in plots treated with the finest limestone than in plots limed with the coarsest limestone. Cations extracted by water or NH4Cl explained the variance of dry matter yield.

- by Maria Luisa Fernandez-Marcos
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- Liming

The current study was developed with disturbed samples of an Oxisol, in which ‘Siciliano ’ lemon trees seedlings (C. limon) were grafted on sour orange tree (C. aurantium) and rangpur lime tree (C. limonia). The experiment consisted of three basis saturation levels (50, 70 and 90 percent) and three boron doses (0.5; 1.5 and 4.5 mg dm-3) in the planting with 3x3x2 factorial experimental design with four replications. Mineral composition of the "Siciliano" lemon leaves as well as root system development in sour orange tree were higher than the rangpur lime tree. There was no effect in the interaction basis saturarion level and the boron doses for any of the evaluated parameters.

- by Elano Torquato
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- Mathematics, Calcium, Experimental Design, Biological Sciences

Cation leaching was studied during the period 1988-1990 in a set of ten lysimeters limited 20 years ago. Five lysimeters contained a humic Cambisol and five contained an umbric Gleysol. Rainfall amounted to 747.1 mm in 1988-1989 and to 893.0 mm in 1989-1990.
Drainage is higher for the Gleysol, which has lower water retention than the Cambisol. Water is thought to reach a closer approach to equilibrium with the solid phase in the Gleysol, resulting in higher Ca and Mg concentrations in drainage waters.
Very fast percolation during high rainfall periods produces a decrease in drainage water concentrations, followed by comparatively high concentrations inmediately after the water saturation period.
The coarse lime amendment produces the greatest long-term calcium leaching.
Larger quantities of percolated water and often higher concentrations in drainage solutions caused higher losses of Ca, Mg, and K, and consequently greater acidification, in the Gleysol than in the Cambisol.

- by Maria Luisa Fernandez-Marcos
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- Liming, Acid Soils, Soil Leaching