Paleobiogeography Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

This map folio should be referenced as: Scotese, C.R., 2013. Map Folio 70 Early Devonian (Emsian, 402.3 Ma), PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, volume 4, Late Paleozoic Paleogeographic, Paleoclimatic and Plate Tectonic Reconstructions,... more

- by
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- Earth Sciences, Geology, Paleontology, Paleomagnetism
- by Jan Wagner
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- Taxonomy, Mammalian Paleontology, Paleobiogeography, Ursidae

2013.33 These maps (rectilinear projection) are from the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2013a-f). This is a digital atlas of plate tectonic, paleogeographic, and paleoclimatic reconstructions designed for use with the GIS software, ArcMap (ESRI). Table 1 lists the various types of maps that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas. The maps included in this folio are highlighted in bold text (Table 1).
The last map in each folio is a rectilinear graticule that can be overlain on the maps to provide a geographic reference frame. A rectilinear projection was used because it can be easily georeferenced in ArcMap and transformed into a variety of other map projections. The rectilinear, or plate caree map projection can also be directly “wrapped” onto a spherical projection, like the oneused by Google Earth. A set of Google Earth paleoglobes has made from the maps in this folio. These Google Earth paleoglobes can be downloaded at: www.globalgeology.com.
If the map you need is missing, or if there doesn’t seem to be a map folio for the exact time interval of interest, please contact me (cscotese@gmail.com). Table 2 lists all the time intervals that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS. The PaleoAtlas contains one map for every stage in the Phanerozoic, as well as 6 maps for the late Precambrian. Eventually, Map Folios, like this one, will be published for every time interval in the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas. The following section is a brief description of the maps that makeup the Map Folio.

- by Christopher Scotese
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- Earth Sciences, Geology, Paleontology, Paleoclimatology

2013.47 These maps (rectilinear projection) are from the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2013a-f). This is a digital atlas of plate tectonic, paleogeographic, and paleoclimatic reconstructions designed for use with the GIS software, ArcMap (ESRI). Table 1 lists the various types of maps that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas. The maps included in this folio are highlighted in bold text (Table 1).
The last map in each folio is a rectilinear graticule that can be overlain on the maps to provide a geographic reference frame. A rectilinear projection was used because it can be easily georeferenced in ArcMap and transformed into a variety of other map projections. The rectilinear, or plate caree map projection can also be directly “wrapped” onto a spherical projection, like the oneused by Google Earth. A set of Google Earth paleoglobes has made from the maps in this folio. These Google Earth paleoglobes can be downloaded at: www.globalgeology.com.
If the map you need is missing, or if there doesn’t seem to be a map folio for the exact time interval of interest, please contact me (cscotese@gmail.com). Table 2 lists all the time intervals that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS. The PaleoAtlas contains one map for every stage in the Phanerozoic, as well as 6 maps for the late Precambrian. Eventually, Map Folios, like this one, will be published for every time interval in the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas. The following section is a brief description of the maps that makeup the Map Folio.

- by Christopher Scotese
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- Earth Sciences, Geology, Paleontology, Paleomagnetism

This map folio should be referenced as: Scotese, C.R., 2013. Map Folio 86, Middle Cambrian, (520 Ma), PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, volume 5, Early Paleozoic Paleogeographic, Paleoclimatic and Plate Tectonic Reconstructions, PALEOMAP... more

- by Christopher Scotese
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- Earth Sciences, Geology, Paleontology, Paleoclimatology
- by Marcelo Leppe
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- Paleontology, Paleobiogeography, Antarctica

2013.53 These maps (rectilinear projection) are from the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2013a-f). This is a digital atlas of plate tectonic, paleogeographic, and paleoclimatic reconstructions designed for use with the GIS software, ArcMap (ESRI). Table 1 lists the various types of maps that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas. The maps included in this folio are highlighted in bold text (Table 1).
The last map in each folio is a rectilinear graticule that can be overlain on the maps to provide a geographic reference frame. A rectilinear projection was used because it can be easily georeferenced in ArcMap and transformed into a variety of other map projections. The rectilinear map projection can also be directly “wrapped” onto a spherical projection, like the oneused by Google Earth. A set of Google Earth paleoglobes has made from the maps in this folio. These Google Earth paleoglobes can be downloaded at: www.globalgeology.com.
If the map you need is missing, or if there doesn’t seem to be a map folio for the exact time interval of interest, please contact me (cscotese@gmail.com). Table 2 lists all the time intervals that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS. The PaleoAtlas contains one map for every stage in the Phanerozoic, as well as 6 maps for the late Precambrian. Eventually, Map Folios, like this one, will be published for every time interval in the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas. The following section is a brief description of the maps that makeup the Map Folio.

- by Christopher Scotese
- •
- Earth Sciences, Geology, Paleontology, Paleomagnetism

Belemnites (order Belemnitida), a very successful group of
Mesozoic cephalopods, provide an important clue for understanding Mesozoic marine ecosystems and the origin of modern cephalopods. Following current hypotheses, belemnites originated in the earliest Jurassic (Hettangian, 201.6–197 Ma) with very small forms. Accord- ing to this view their paleobiogeographic distribution was restricted to northern Europe until the Pliensbachian (190–183 Ma). The fossil record is, however, biased by the fact that all the previous studies on belemnites focused on Europe. Here we report two belemnite taxa from the Hettangian of Japan: a new species of the Sinobelemnitidae and a large taxon of the suborder Belemnitina. The Sinobelemnitidae, which may be included in the future in a new suborder, have also been recorded from the Triassic of China, specimens so far poorly under- stood. The presence of a very large rostrum attributed to the Belemni- tina suggests in addition that a diverse belemnite fauna evolved earlier than previously thought. Our new findings therefore (1) extend the origin of the belemnites back by ~33 m.y. into the Triassic, (2) suggest that this group did not necessarily originate in northern Europe, and (3) imply that belemnites survived the Triassic–Jurassic extinction, one of the five big mass extinctions in the Phanerozoic. Since belem- nites provided a considerable amount of food as prey, the origination of belemnites is probably an important event also for the evolution of their predators, such as marine reptiles and sharks.

- by Yasuhiro Iba
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- Paleontology, Taxonomy, Biostratigraphy, Taphonomy
- by elena casetta and +4
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- Evolutionary Biology, Paleobiology, Paleoanthropology, Geology

This map folio should be referenced as: Scotese, C.R., 2013. Map Folio 82, Early Ordovician (Tremadoc, 480 Ma), PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, volume 5, Early Paleozoic Paleogeographic, Paleoclimatic and Plate Tectonic Reconstructions,... more

- by Christopher Scotese
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- Earth Sciences, Geology, Paleontology, Paleomagnetism

Therizinosaurians are among the most poorly understood dinosaurs. Their unusual morphology and fragmentary fossil record has precluded a synthetic understanding of the group since their remains were first discovered over 60 years ago. Although the clade was recently substantiated as a monophyletic group of maniraptoran theropods, little foundational work has been conducted at the species level. A recent plethora of therizinosaurian discoveries – including the most complete primitive and derived members recovered to date – permits an alpha taxonomic and phylogenetic re-evaluation of the clade. The phylogenetic analysis presented is the most comprehensive yet conducted for Therizinosauria, and provides a foundation for scrutinizing previous definitions of Therizinosauria, Therizinosauroidea and Therizinosauridae. Here, support is provided for the maintenance of all three taxa; however, Therizinosauria is redefined and Falcarius is excluded from Therizinosauroidea. In addition, the previously described therizinosauroids, Beipiaosaurus, Enigmosaurus, Suzhousaurus, Segnosaurus and Therizinosaurus, are rediagnosed and photodocumented. In contrast to other analyses, the ingroup topology recovered in this study suggests intermediate (therizinosauroid) status for Neimongosaurus, Erliansaurus and Enigmosaurus (based on relatively primitive pelvic morphology), despite the derived forelimb anatomy evident in the former two taxa. Here, the largebodied taxa Nothronychus and Nanshiungosaurus brevispinus are recovered as therizinosaurids. This discrepancy indicates a relatively complex pattern of mosaic evolution, which may ultimately be found to correlate with body-size trends in the clade. This work also reviews the chronostratigraphic and biogeographic distribution of therizinosaurian taxa and putatively referred elements and finds no compelling evidence of the clade outside of Asia and North America, nor for the referral of therizinosaurian materials from Kazakhstan to cf. Neimongosaurus. Time calibration of ingroup relationships indicates a pre-Turonian dispersal event is needed to account for the presence of therizinosaurids in the Late Cretaceous of North America and Asia; this conclusion supports previous hypotheses of a Laurasian faunal interchange event during the Albian.

- by Lindsay E Zanno
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- Evolutionary Biology, Paleobiology, Macroevolution, Paleoecology

This map folio should be referenced as:
Scotese, C.R., 2013. Map Folio 79 Late Ordovician (Caradoc, 456 Ma), PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, volume 5, Early Paleozoic Paleogeographic, Paleoclimatic and Plate Tectonic Reconstructions, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Also see: Scotese, C.R., 2014. Atlas of Silurian and Middle-Late Ordovician Paleogeographic Maps (Mollweide Projection), Maps 73 – 80, Volumes 5, The Early Paleozoic, PALEOMAP Atlas for ArcGIS, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL. https://www.academia.edu/16744278/Atlas_of_Silurian_and_Middle-Late_Ordovician_Paleogeographic_Maps
Introduction
These maps (rectilinear projection) are from the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2013a-f). This is a digital atlas of plate tectonic, paleogeographic, and paleoclimatic reconstructions designed for use with the GIS software, ArcMap (ESRI). Table 1 lists the various types of maps that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas. The maps included in this folio are highlighted in bold text (Table 1).
The last map in each folio is a rectilinear graticule that can be overlain on the maps to provide a geographic reference frame. A rectilinear projection was used because it can be easily georeferenced in ArcMap and transformed into a variety of other map projections. The rectilinear map projection can also be directly “wrapped” onto a spherical projection, like the one used by Google Earth. A set of Google Earth paleoglobes has made from the maps in this folio. These Google Earth paleoglobes can be downloaded at: www.globalgeology.com.
If the map you need is missing, or if there doesn’t seem to be a map folio for the exact time interval of interest, please contact me (cscotese@gmail.com). Table 2 lists all the time intervals that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS. The PaleoAtlas contains one map for every stage in the Phanerozoic, as well as 6 maps for the late Precambrian. Eventually, Map Folios, like this one, will be published for every time interval in the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas. The following section is a brief description of the maps that makeup the Map Folio.

- by Christopher Scotese
- •
- Earth Sciences, Geology, Paleontology, Paleomagnetism

2013.01 The tectonic evolution of the Indian Plate, which started in Late Jurassic about 167 million years ago (approximately 167Ma) with the breakup of Gondwana, presents an exceptional and intricate case history against which a variety of plate tectonic events such as: continental breakup, sea-floor spreading, birth of new oceans, flood basalt volcanism, hotspot tracks, transform faults, subduction, obduction, continental collision, accretion, and mountain building can be investigated. Plate tectonic maps are presented here illustrating the repeated rifting of the Indian plate from surrounding Gondwana continents, its northward migration, and its collision first with the Kohistan-Ladakh Arc at the Indus Suture Zone, and then with Tibet at the Shyok -
Tsangpo Suture. The associations between flood basalts and the recurrent separation of the Indian plate from Gondwana are assessed. The breakup of India from Gondwana and the
opening of the Indian Ocean is thought to have been caused by plate tectonic forces which were localized along zones of weakness caused by mantle plumes (Bouvet, Marion, Kerguelen, and Reunion Plumes). The sequential spreading of the Southwest Indian Ridge/Davie Ridge, Southeast Indian Ridge, Central Indian Ridge, Palitana Ridge, and Carlsberg Ridge in the Indian Ocean were responsible for the fragmentation of the Indian Plate during the Late Jurassic and Cretaceous times. The Reunion and the Kerguelen Plumes left two spectacular hotspot tracks on either side of the Indian Plate. With the breakup of Gondwana, India remained isolated as an island continent, but reestablished its biotic links with Africa during the Late Cretaceous during its collision with the Kohistan-Ladakh Arc ( approximately 85Ma) along the Indus Suture. Soon after
the Deccan eruption, India drifted northward as an island continent by rapid motion carrying Gondwana biota, about 20cm/year, between 67Ma to 50Ma; it slowed down dramatically to 5cm/year during its collision with Asia in early Eocene (approximately 50Ma). A northern corridor was established between India and Asia soon after the collision allowing faunal interchange. This is reflected by mixed Gondwana and Eurasian elements in the fossil record preserved in several continental Eocene formations of India. A revised India-Asia collision model suggests that the Indus Suture represents the obduction zone between India and the Kohistan-Ladakh Arc, whereas the Shyok Suture represents the collision between the Kohistan-Ladakh Arc and Tibet. Eventually, the Indus-Tsangpo Zone became the locus of the final India-Asia collision, which probably began in early Eocene ( approximately 50Ma) with the closure of Neotethys Ocean. The post-collisional tectonics for the last 50 million years is best expressed in the evolution of the
Himalaya-Tibetan Orogen. The great thickness of crust beneath Tibet and Himalaya and a series of north vergent thrust zones in the Himalaya and the south-vergent subduction zones in Tibetan Plateau suggest the progressive convergence between India and Asia of about 2500km since the time of collision. In the early Eohimalayan phase ( approximately 50 to 25Ma) of Himalayan Orogeny (middle Eocene-late Oligocene), thick sediments on the leading edge of the Indian Plate were squeezed, folded, and faulted to form the Tethyan Himalaya. With continuing convergence of India, the architecture of the Himalayan - Tibetan Orogen is dominated by deformational
structures developed in the Neogene Period during the Neohimalayan phase ( approximately 21Ma to present), creating a series of north-vergent thrust belt systems such as the Main Central Thrust, the Main Boundary Thrust, and the Main Frontal Thrust to accommodate crustal shortening. Neogene molassic sediment shed from the rise of the Himalaya was deposited in a
nearly continuous foreland trough in the Siwalik Group containing rich vertebrate assemblages. Tomographic imaging of the India-Asia Orogen reveals that Indian lithospheric slab has been subducted subhorizontally beneath the entire Tibetan Plateau that has played a key role in the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. The low-viscosity channel flow in response to topographic loading of Tibet provides a mechanism to explain the Himalayan-Tibetan Orogen. From the start of its
voyage in Southern Hemisphere, to its final impact with the Asia, the Indian Plate has experienced changes in climatic conditions both short-term and long-term. We present a series of
paleoclimatic maps illustrating the temperature and precipitation conditions based on estimates of Fast Ocean Atmospheric Model, a coupled global climate model. The uplift of the Himalaya-Tibetan Plateau above the snow line created two most important global climate phenomena-the
birth of the Asian monsoon and the onset of Pleistocene glaciation. As the mountains rose, and the monsoon rains intensified, increasing erosional sediments from the Himalaya were carried down by the Ganga River in the east and the Indus River in the west, and were deposited in two great deep-sea fans, the Bengal and the Indus. Vertebrate fossils provide additional resolution for the timing of three crucial tectonic events: India-KL Arc collision during the Late Cretaceous,
India-Asia collision during the early Eocene, and the rise of the Himalaya during the early Miocene.

- by Christopher Scotese and +2
- •
- Earth Sciences, Geology, Paleomagnetism, Paleoclimatology

We present the first comprehensive systematic-faunistic account on a Messinian gastropod assemblage from the Moncucco Torinese site in the Tertiary Piedmont Basin in Italy. In total, the samples yielded 53 gastropod species comprising 40 terrestrial and 13 aquatic species. The assemblage reflects a predominantly dry, rather open and stony landscape mixed with restricted wooded areas with some deadwood and leaf litter. Freshwater settings were present as well but may have been largely restricted to ephemeral puddles and ponds. The assemblage is outstanding in evolutionary aspects as it represents an example of the earliest post-evaporitic gastropod fauna, which has passed the Messinian Salinity Crisis. Indeed, the composition of the terrestrial Moncucco Torinese fauna suggests a biochronologic transition from Late Miocene to Pliocene faunas, supporting the dating based on mammals as late Turolian (MN 13). About 15% of the species have been known so far only from the European Miocene, 40% were described from the Pliocene and were unknown from older strata and about 42% are only known from the Late Messinian of Moncucco Torinese. This suggests that the Pliocene continental gastropod fauna is partly rooted in Messinian faunas, pointing to a rather low turnover at the Miocene/Pliocene boundary. In terms of biogeography, no evolutionary relation to coeval Pannonian-Pontian faunas of Lake Pannon or the Dacian Basin are documented for the Lago-Mare gastropods. Hydrocena moncuccoensis Harzhauser, Neubauer & Esu n. sp., Saccoia globosa Harzhauser, Neubauer & Esu n. sp., Acicula giuntellii Harzhauser, Neubauer & Esu n. sp., Platyla manganellii Harzhauser, Neubauer & Esu n. sp., Cochlicopa fassabortoloi Harzhauser, Neubauer & Esu n. sp., Lucilla miocaenica Harzhauser, Neubauer & Esu n. sp., and ?Helicopsis piedmontanica Harzhauser, Neubauer & Esu n. sp. are described as new species. Possible further new taxa are described in open nomenclature, because the poor preservation of the material does not allow formal species to be established.

- by Thomas A. Neubauer and +3
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- Systematics (Taxonomy), Paleontology, Diversity, Land Snails
- by Carla Gimpel
- •
- Paleontology, Paleobiogeography, Antarctica

The older continental part of Southeast Asia is a composite of four tectonic blocks (Sibumasu, Manabor, Indochina and South China Blocks) which have had independent pre-Triassic histories.
Carboniferous sediments on these blocks are predominantly shallow marine with subordinate epicontinental and continental deposits. The Carboniferous of the Sibumasu Block consists of continental margin deposits including extensive glacial-marine diamictites. Shallow marine elastics (with reefal limestones) and abundant volcanics are the main Carboniferous deposits on the Manabor Block which is interpreted as a possible Island Arc during the Carboniferous. The central part of the Indochina Block was emergent throughout the Carboniferous and was bordered by epicontinental and shallow marine deposits.
Carboniferous faunas of Southeast Asia are predominantly of Eurasian aspect but genera typical of Australian and North American provinces also occur indicating connections between these and Southeast Asia at certain times.
Stratigraphical and palaeomagnetic evidence suggests that the Sibumasu Block was adjacent to Gondwana throughout the Carboniferous. The relative positions of the Manabor and Indochina Blocks are however uncertain.

- by Ian Metcalfe
- •
- Tectonics, Palaeontology, Paleobiogeography, Paleogeography

2013.52 These maps (rectilinear projection) are from the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2013a-f). This is a digital atlas of plate tectonic, paleogeographic, and paleoclimatic reconstructions designed for use with the GIS software, ArcMap (ESRI). Table 1 lists the various types of maps that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas. The maps included in this folio are highlighted in bold text (Table 1).
The last map in each folio is a rectilinear graticule that can be overlain on the maps to provide a geographic reference frame. A rectilinear projection was used because it can be easily georeferenced in ArcMap and transformed into a variety of other map projections. The rectilinear map projection can also be directly “wrapped” onto a spherical projection, like the oneused by Google Earth. A set of Google Earth paleoglobes has made from the maps in this folio. These Google Earth paleoglobes can be downloaded at: www.globalgeology.com.
If the map you need is missing, or if there doesn’t seem to be a map folio for the exact time interval of interest, please contact me (cscotese@gmail.com). Table 2 lists all the time intervals that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS. The PaleoAtlas contains one map for every stage in the Phanerozoic, as well as 6 maps for the late Precambrian. Eventually, Map Folios, like this one, will be published for every time interval in the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas. The following section is a brief description of the maps that makeup the Map Folio.

- by Christopher Scotese
- •
- Earth Sciences, Geology, Paleontology, Paleomagnetism
- by Marcelo Leppe
- •
- Paleontology, Paleobiogeography, Antarctica

– We compare theropod footprints with elongate metatarsal prints from central Italy with known autopod structures in major theropod groups, in order to more accurately define the trackmaker attribution. Our work, using morphometric analysis, shows the considerable potential of explorative methods such as PCA (principal component analysis) and cluster analysis when describing important characters for a given taxonomic group (body and ichnofossils) and identifying important anatomical regions. Moreover, the results of the analysis suggest that the putative trackmaker is likely a member of Ornithomimosauria, with significant affinities in the posterior autopod structure with the genus Struthiomimus. The fundamental importance of integrating both osteological and ichnological data, when investigating locomotor and behavioural hypotheses, is highlighted. This approach could also contribute positively to the complex cognitive process of trackmaker identification and be favourable for the attainment of a more natural definition of ichnotaxa.

- by Marco Romano
- •
- Paleobiology, Ichnology, Vertebrate Ichnology, Biomechanics

This work provides the first detailed taxonomic study of ostracod species from the Lower Cretaceous (Aptian) marginal coastal deposits of
the Central Tunisian Atlas, the Kebar Formation, as well as biostratigraphic, paleoecological and paleobiogeographic implications. The ostracod
fauna provides new insights into the depositional environment and biostratigraphic framework of the Kebar Formation, and is represented mainly
by freshwater and brackish-water species among them, Perissocytheridea tunisiatlasica nov. sp., is newly described. The environmental setting
of this formation comprises marginal-littoral conditions in its lower part, thus not exclusively non-marine/continental as assumed previously. The
ostracod associations from the studied locality, Jebel Ksaïra, indicate a minimum age of Early Aptian as recently attributed to the lower member
of the Kebar Formation based on charophytes (presence of Late Barremian to Early Aptian Globator maillardii var. biutricularis Vicente and
Martín-Closas, 2012), whereas an Early Albian age had been previously assigned to the Jebel Kebar site. The relative sea-level fall documented
in the lower member of the Kebar formation at Jebel Ksaïra might correspond to the 3rd order cycle major eustatic sea-level fall event starting at
the base of the Aptian. Paleobiogeographically, the non-marine ostracod fauna newly discovered in the Kebar Formation shows some affinities to
contemporaneous faunas of southern and western Europe, e.g. that of the uppermost Weald Clay Group of southern England (Cypridea fasciata
subzone of Horne, 1995), West Africa, and possibly to eastern South America (Brazil). Hence, the studied ostracods further support the hypothesis
of supraregional faunal exchange by passive ostracod dispersal during the Early Cretaceous – between Europe and Northern Africa on the one
hand, and eastern South America/western Africa and North Africa on the other hand. This leads to the hypothesis that the Peri-Tethyan islands
could have worked as effective bridges for non-marine ostracods to become widely dispersed passively by “island-hopping” of larger animals and
thus, ultimately, facilitated intercontinental faunal exchanges between South America and Europe – potentially even Asia – via North Africa
during the Early Cretaceous

- by Khaled Trabelsi and +1
- •
- Systematics (Taxonomy), Biostratigraphy, Paleobiogeography

SE Asia comprises a collage of continental terranes derived directly or indirectly from the India–Australian margin of eastern Gondwana. The Late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic evolution of
the region involved the rifting and separation of three elongate continental slivers from eastern Gondwana and the successive opening and closure of three ocean basins, the Palaeo-Tethys,
Meso-Tethys and Ceno-Tethys. The Sukhothai Island Arc System, including the Linchang, Sukhothai and Chanthaburi terranes, is identified between the Sibumasu and Indochina–East
Malaya terranes in SE Asia and was formed by back-arc spreading in the Permian. The Jinghong, Nan–Uttaradit and Sra Kaeo sutures represent the closed back-arc basin. The Palaeo-Tethys is represented to the west by the Changning–Menglian, Chiang Mai/Inthanon and Bentong–Raub suture zones. The West Sumatra and West Burma blocks rifted and separated from Gondwana, along with Indochina and East Malaya in the Devonian, and together with South China formed a composite terrane ‘Cathaysialand’ in the Permian. They were translated westwards to their positions outboard of the Sibumasu Terrane by strike-slip tectonics in the Late Permian–Early Triassic at the zone of convergence between the Meso-Tethys and Palaeo Pacific plates. SW Borneo is tentatively identified as possibly being the missing ‘Argoland’ that separated from NW Australia in the Jurassic. Palaeogeographical reconstructions for the Late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic illustrating the tectonic and palaeogeographical evolution of SE Asia are presented.

- by Ian Metcalfe
- •
- Stratigraphy, Tectonics, Biogeography, Paleobiogeography

2013.45 These maps (rectilinear projection) are from the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2013a-f). This is a digital atlas of plate tectonic, paleogeographic, and paleoclimatic reconstructions designed for use with the GIS software, ArcMap (ESRI). Table 1 lists the various types of maps that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas. The maps included in this folio are highlighted in bold text (Table 1).
The last map in each folio is a rectilinear graticule that can be overlain on the maps to provide a geographic reference frame. A rectilinear projection was used because it can be easily georeferenced in ArcMap and transformed into a variety of other map projections. The rectilinear, or plate caree map projection can also be directly “wrapped” onto a spherical projection, like the oneused by Google Earth. A set of Google Earth paleoglobes has made from the maps in this folio. These Google Earth paleoglobes can be downloaded at: www.globalgeology.com.
If the map you need is missing, or if there doesn’t seem to be a map folio for the exact time interval of interest, please contact me (cscotese@gmail.com). Table 2 lists all the time intervals that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS. The PaleoAtlas contains one map for every stage in the Phanerozoic, as well as 6 maps for the late Precambrian. Eventually, Map Folios, like this one, will be published for every time interval in the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas. The following section is a brief description of the maps that makeup the Map Folio.

- by Christopher Scotese
- •
- Earth Sciences, Geology, Paleontology, Paleoclimatology

The Middle Jurassic flora of Sardinia has been studied, and 24 taxa (19 genera) belonging to horsetails, ferns (Phlebopteris, Hausmannia, Coniopteris, Todites, Cladophlebis), seed ferns (Sagenopteris, Ptilozamites), cycadophytes (Nilssonia, Pterophyllum, Cycadeospermum, Ptilophyllum, Williamsonia, Weltrichia, Taeniopteris), ginkgophytes (Czekanowskia), conifers (Geinitzia, Brachyphyllum, Elatocladus) and seeds (Carpolithes), have been identified. The flora of Sardinia is the southernmost of all Middle Jurassic European floras. The coeval European and North African floral assemblages (112 genera) are present in a wide variety of environments and different palaeogeographic positions, which is reflected in a wide variety of taxa. A comparison between the coeval floras of Middle Jurassic age reveals a higher degree of dissimilarity than similarity between the various assemblages, which is in disagreement with the general picture of the homogeneity in the Jurassic floras given by previous authors.

- by Giovanni G. Scanu
- •
- Paleoecology, Paleobiogeography, Palaeobotany, Jurassic

In this paper, we describe a non-marine mollusk fauna deriving from late middle Miocene (late Serravallian; Sarmatian) deposits of western Serbia. The assemblage encompasses a diverse land snail fauna with twenty-four species, along with four species of freshwater pulmonate gastropods and one bivalve species. While the aquatic snails are ubiquitous elements in Europe during the middle Miocene, the terrestrial gastropod fauna, consisting of both common and rare species, offers the first comprehensive insight into land snail diversity on the Balkan Peninsula during that time and permits conclusions on regional biogeography. The fauna shows high affinities to the middle Miocene faunas of central Europe and shares only few elements with western and eastern European and Anatolian assemblages. Ecologically, the freshwater mollusks point to a standing or slowing moving, probably highly vegetated, lacustrine environment. The land snails indicate the presence of humid forests around Lake Vračević, which is in line with current climatic reconstruction for the Sarmatian of southeastern Europe. ?Vertigo vracevicensis Neubauer & Harzhauser sp. nov. and Pisidium mionicense Neubauer, Harzhauser & Mandic sp. nov. are introduced as new species. Discus costatus (Gottschick, 1911) is shown to be a junior objective synonym of Discus solarioides (Sandberger, 1872). •

- by Thomas A. Neubauer
- •
- Systematics (Taxonomy), Taxonomy, Systematics, Paleobiogeography

This map folio should be referenced as:
Scotese, C.R., 2013. Map Folio 76 Early Silurian early Llandovery, 439.8 Ma), PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, volume 5, Early Paleozoic Paleogeographic, Paleoclimatic and Plate Tectonic Reconstructions, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Also see: Scotese, C.R., 2014. Atlas of Silurian and Middle-Late Ordovician Paleogeographic Maps (Mollweide Projection), Maps 73 – 80, Volumes 5, The Early Paleozoic, PALEOMAP Atlas for ArcGIS, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL. https://www.academia.edu/16744278/Atlas_of_Silurian_and_Middle-Late_Ordovician_Paleogeographic_Maps
Introduction
These maps (rectilinear projection) are from the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2013a-f). This is a digital atlas of plate tectonic, paleogeographic, and paleoclimatic reconstructions designed for use with the GIS software, ArcMap (ESRI). Table 1 lists the various types of maps that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas. The maps included in this folio are highlighted in bold text (Table 1).
The last map in each folio is a rectilinear graticule that can be overlain on the maps to provide a geographic reference frame. A rectilinear projection was used because it can be easily georeferenced in ArcMap and transformed into a variety of other map projections. The rectilinear map projection can also be directly “wrapped” onto a spherical projection, like the oneused by Google Earth. A set of Google Earth paleoglobes has made from the maps in this folio. These Google Earth paleoglobes can be downloaded at: www.globalgeology.com.
If the map you need is missing, or if there doesn’t seem to be a map folio for the exact time interval of interest, please contact me (cscotese@gmail.com). Table 2 lists all the time intervals that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS. The PaleoAtlas contains one map for every stage in the Phanerozoic, as well as 6 maps for the late Precambrian. Eventually, Map Folios, like this one, will be published for every time interval in the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas. The following section is a brief description of the maps that makeup the Map Folio.

- by Christopher Scotese
- •
- Earth Sciences, Geology, Paleontology, Paleomagnetism

2013.43 These maps (rectilinear projection) are from the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2013a-f). This is a digital atlas of plate tectonic, paleogeographic, and paleoclimatic reconstructions designed for use with the GIS software, ArcMap (ESRI). Table 1 lists the various types of maps that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas. The maps included in this folio are highlighted in bold text (Table 1).
The last map in each folio is a rectilinear graticule that can be overlain on the maps to provide a geographic reference frame. A rectilinear projection was used because it can be easily georeferenced in ArcMap and transformed into a variety of other map projections. The rectilinear, or plate caree map projection can also be directly “wrapped” onto a spherical projection, like the oneused by Google Earth. A set of Google Earth paleoglobes has made from the maps in this folio. These Google Earth paleoglobes can be downloaded at: www.globalgeology.com.
If the map you need is missing, or if there doesn’t seem to be a map folio for the exact time interval of interest, please contact me (cscotese@gmail.com). Table 2 lists all the time intervals that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS. The PaleoAtlas contains one map for every stage in the Phanerozoic, as well as 6 maps for the late Precambrian. Eventually, Map Folios, like this one, will be published for every time interval in the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas. The following section is a brief description of the maps that makeup the Map Folio.

- by Christopher Scotese
- •
- Earth Sciences, Geology, Paleontology, Paleoclimatology

The taxonomy, systematics, morphology and evolution of Praemegaceros (Nesoleipoceros) cazioti and Praemegaceros (Nesoleipoceros) solilhacus are discussed in the present paper. The morphology of antlers and dentition suggest that the species under study belong to the same phylogenetic lineage and represent a smaller island form and its giant mainland relative. Two chronosubspecies of the insular species are recognized: the riss-würmian subspecies P. (Nesoleipoceros) cazioti cazioti Depéret and the late-würmian subspecies P. (Nesoleipoceros) cazioti algarensis Comaschi Caria. The evolutionary model for P. (Nesoleipoceros) cazioti from Corsica and Sardinia is proposed. Apparently, the true dwarfing process did not occur in the evolution of the insular Nesoleipoceros.

- by marie-françoise bonifay and +1
- •
- Evolutionary Biology, Systematics (Taxonomy), Vertebrate Paleontology, Mammalian Paleontology

This map folio should be referenced as: Scotese, C.R., 2013. Map Folio 67 Late Devonian (Frasnian, 379.9 Ma), PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, volume 4, Late Paleozoic Paleogeographic, Paleoclimatic and Plate Tectonic Reconstructions,... more

- by Christopher Scotese
- •
- Earth Sciences, Geology, Paleontology, Paleomagnetism

2013.51 These maps (rectilinear projection) are from the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2013a-f). This is a digital atlas of plate tectonic, paleogeographic, and paleoclimatic reconstructions designed for use with the GIS software, ArcMap (ESRI). Table 1 lists the various types of maps that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas. The maps included in this folio are highlighted in bold text (Table 1).
The last map in each folio is a rectilinear graticule that can be overlain on the maps to provide a geographic reference frame. A rectilinear projection was used because it can be easily georeferenced in ArcMap and transformed into a variety of other map projections. The rectilinear map projection can also be directly “wrapped” onto a spherical projection, like the oneused by Google Earth. A set of Google Earth paleoglobes has made from the maps in this folio. These Google Earth paleoglobes can be downloaded at: www.globalgeology.com.
If the map you need is missing, or if there doesn’t seem to be a map folio for the exact time interval of interest, please contact me (cscotese@gmail.com). Table 2 lists all the time intervals that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS. The PaleoAtlas contains one map for every stage in the Phanerozoic, as well as 6 maps for the late Precambrian. Eventually, Map Folios, like this one, will be published for every time interval in the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas. The following section is a brief description of the maps that makeup the Map Folio.

- by Christopher Scotese
- •
- Earth Sciences, Geology, Paleomagnetism, Paleoclimatology

2013.31 These maps (rectilinear projection) are from the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2013a-f). This is a digital atlas of plate tectonic, paleogeographic, and paleoclimatic reconstructions designed for use with the GIS software, ArcMap (ESRI). Table 1 lists the various types of maps that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas. The maps included in this folio are highlighted in bold text (Table 1).
The last map in each folio is a rectilinear graticule that can be overlain on the maps to provide a geographic reference frame. A rectilinear projection was used because it can be easily georeferenced in ArcMap and transformed into a variety of other map projections. The rectilinear, or plate caree map projection can also be directly “wrapped” onto a spherical projection, like the oneused by Google Earth. A set of Google Earth paleoglobes has made from the maps in this folio. These Google Earth paleoglobes can be downloaded at: www.globalgeology.com.
If the map you need is missing, or if there doesn’t seem to be a map folio for the exact time interval of interest, please contact me (cscotese@gmail.com). Table 2 lists all the time intervals that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS. The PaleoAtlas contains one map for every stage in the Phanerozoic, as well as 6 maps for the late Precambrian. Eventually, Map Folios, like this one, will be published for every time interval in the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas. The following section is a brief description of the maps that makeup the Map Folio.

- by Christopher Scotese
- •
- Earth Sciences, Geology, Paleontology, Paleoclimatology
- by Jan Wagner
- •
- Taxonomy, Mammalian Paleontology, Paleobiogeography, Ursidae

2013.55 These maps (rectilinear projection) are from the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2013a-f). This is a digital atlas of plate tectonic, paleogeographic, and paleoclimatic reconstructions designed for use with the GIS software, ArcMap (ESRI). Table 1 lists the various types of maps that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas. The maps included in this folio are highlighted in bold text (Table 1).
The last map in each folio is a rectilinear graticule that can be overlain on the maps to provide a geographic reference frame. A rectilinear projection was used because it can be easily georeferenced in ArcMap and transformed into a variety of other map projections. The rectilinear map projection can also be directly “wrapped” onto a spherical projection, like the oneused by Google Earth. A set of Google Earth paleoglobes has made from the maps in this folio. These Google Earth paleoglobes can be downloaded at: www.globalgeology.com.
If the map you need is missing, or if there doesn’t seem to be a map folio for the exact time interval of interest, please contact me (cscotese@gmail.com). Table 2 lists all the time intervals that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS. The PaleoAtlas contains one map for every stage in the Phanerozoic, as well as 6 maps for the late Precambrian. Eventually, Map Folios, like this one, will be published for every time interval in the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas. The following section is a brief description of the maps that makeup the Map Folio.

- by Christopher Scotese
- •
- Earth Sciences, Geology, Paleontology, Paleomagnetism

2013.50 These maps (rectilinear projection) are from the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2013a-f). This is a digital atlas of plate tectonic, paleogeographic, and paleoclimatic reconstructions designed for use with the GIS software, ArcMap (ESRI). Table 1 lists the various types of maps that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas. The maps included in this folio are highlighted in bold text (Table 1).
The last map in each folio is a rectilinear graticule that can be overlain on the maps to provide a geographic reference frame. A rectilinear projection was used because it can be easily georeferenced in ArcMap and transformed into a variety of other map projections. The rectilinear map projection can also be directly “wrapped” onto a spherical projection, like the oneused by Google Earth. A set of Google Earth paleoglobes has made from the maps in this folio. These Google Earth paleoglobes can be downloaded at: www.globalgeology.com.
If the map you need is missing, or if there doesn’t seem to be a map folio for the exact time interval of interest, please contact me (cscotese@gmail.com). Table 2 lists all the time intervals that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS. The PaleoAtlas contains one map for every stage in the Phanerozoic, as well as 6 maps for the late Precambrian. Eventually, Map Folios, like this one, will be published for every time interval in the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas. The following section is a brief description of the maps that makeup the Map Folio.

- by Christopher Scotese
- •
- Earth Sciences, Geology, Paleontology, Paleomagnetism
- by Friðgeir Grímsson and +1
- •
- Climate Change, Paleobotany, Palynology, Seed Dispersal

Until now dinosaur tracks from Switzerland were only known
from Triassic and Late Jurassic strata. We report here for the first
time the occurrence of ornithopod tracks from the Schrattenkalk
Formation (Late Aptian) from the Swiss Central Alps. The locality
is situated in an abandoned quarry on the shore of Lake
Lucerne close to the village of Beckenried.
The steeply inclined surface has more than 50 tracks ( in three
trackways) of ornithopod dinosaurs that are attributed to iguanodontids.
Three trackways can be followed for distances of 25 to
35 m. The lengths of the footprints (mean: 30 cm) point to animals
ranging in size of from 4 to 6 m, with estimated hip heights between
1.8 and 2 m (hip height 6 FL) and 1.4 to 1.7 m (hip height 5
FL). One of the trackways shows two succesive manus impressions,
indicating facultative quadrupedal gait.
The track bearing layer consists of shallow water micrites with
traces of emersion, and it is overlain by bioclastic grainstones.
Previously the Upper Schrattenkalk Member in the Helvetic
realm was thought to have formed on a large shelf far away from
any continents. The present discovery will shed new light on the
paleogeographic position of the Helvetic nappes.

- by Christian Meyer
- •
- Ichnology, Vertebrate Ichnology, Vertebrate Palaeontology, Palaeoecology