Policy Failure Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

May's " policy learning and failure " is tended to make the readers have a clear understanding of what policy learning is and what is policy failure. May firstly initiates his writing through clarifying the needs of policy learning in policy analysis and debate. He cites that policy learning is a desirable goal. Conceptualization of policy learning is essential to indentify the extent to and condition under which learning takes place. May identifies two forms of learning, such as-policy learning-distinguished by Instrumental policy learning and social policy learning; and political learning. May poses some questions to be considered in drawing the learning, such as-what is the basis and object of learning?; how conscious need learning be for it to be considered 'genuine'?; who learns?.

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- Policy learning, Policy Failure, Public Policy

Banks and other financial institutions which were „too-bigto- fail“ (TBTF) played a central role in the Global Financial Crisis of 2007– 2009. The article lays out how misguided policies enabled banks to grow both in size as well as in complexity and therefore acquire TBTF status, particularly in the 10-year period preceding the crisis. The article then proceeds by detailing how an ill-designed policy framework, relying on supposed market approaches to regulation – including self-regulation and credit rating agencies – enabled TBTF financial institutions to game the system. They were thereby able to exploit the negative externalities which the flawed policy framework – in connection with TBTF status – had granted to large, systemically important financial institutions. The article therefore identifies defective government policies as the chief cause of the financial crisis of 2007–2009, revealing an urgent need for financial sector reform.

Australia has a distinctive environment, with rich remnant biodiversity, mega-diversity (Kirkpatrick 1994), and World Heritage listings, but it persists with Eurocentric settler practices, exploiting its natural resources and rolling back its ecological frontiers. Valuing nature and transitioning to sustainability are advocated by experts, academics, green political parties, environmental NGOs, and, increasingly, by civil society. However, attention to environmental policy waxes and wanes according to national circumstances, with the major parties typically more accommodating of pressures to develop than protect the environment. Ecology and climate change are therefore persistent challenges that are routinely subject to political contestation and polarization. While recurrent developmentalism, environmental impacts and policy failures are central to Australian politics today, they are not prominent in political or policy-based analysis. This chapter presents an overview of the key issues.

The black economy is once again a headline in the news and discussions following the announcement of demonetization of the large-denomination currency notes in India in November 2016. The notion that demonetization can tackle the black economy is a result of the incorrect understanding that the black economy is all cash. The black economy is the single biggest problem confronting India since 1970s. In India, it was estimated to be 62 percent of GDP for 2012-13. If it is assumed to be the same in 2017-18, the black economy amounts to Rs.103.99 lakh crore. Hence it cannot be ignored. In 1955-56, it was estimated by Prof. Kaldor to be 4-5 percent of GDP. Its growth has been rapid and it is intertwined with the white economy and results in growing inefficiencies. The black economy is one of the biggest reasons for the failure of state policies-the result of which is that society is unable to achieve its goals. It impacts all the micro-and-macro variables-inflation is higher and the trade deficit larger, the savings rate rises while the investment rate falls; employment is lower than potentially possible, and the rate of growth below the potential and ultimately sets back development. There is a paucity of white economy data, because of the existence of a substantial black economy in India. Its non-inclusion in analysis results in a partial understanding of the economy and often incorrect policy pronouncements. The need to incorporate the black economy is not simply an empirical matter, but a theoretical necessity. This paper in general tries to give some conceptual and theoretical understanding of the concept of the black economy in India. The empirical section of the paper explains the significance of the black economy as a variable to be included in the analysis to get a better understanding of the economy.

The paper intervenes in critical policy studies to challenge the 'success bias' lingering in public policy accounts of collaborative governance. I suggest conflict, rather than consensus, is a productive resource to navigate collaborations between state and civic stakeholders. By developing a conflict-oriented framework that foregrounds political decisions as always-already failing-regardless of whether promoted as success or failure-I argue that the recognition of nuanced conflicts contributes to new understandings on what counts as success or failure to whom. To substantiate the conflict-oriented framework of policy failure, I present empirical insights into Berlin's urban cultural politics, shedding light on a new funding instrument for artists. Unpacking artists' and administrators' understandings about what constitutes a failure, and how to proceed from there, I propose 'policyfailing' as ongoing failure. Conceptualising failure along the lines of operational conflicts (i.e. concrete, procedural disagreements) and meta conflicts (i.e. overarching, ideological differences), two scenarios of policy failure emerge: absolute policy failure, pointing to unsolvable conflicts between state and civic stakeholders; and agonistic policy failure, referring to wider-ranging disagreements about the purpose of policy issues, which are however transferred into temporary policy solutions. Following one such agonistic policy failure in Berlin over time, I show how new opportunities for both absolute and agonistic policy failure unfold. Ultimately, I outline the practical, political and analytical potential of an agonistic framework to understand policies as inherently contested and, to some degree, always failing.

- by Friederike Landau-Donnelly
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- Cultural Policy, Governance, Policy, Politics