Policy Failure Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

May's " policy learning and failure " is tended to make the readers have a clear understanding of what policy learning is and what is policy failure. May firstly initiates his writing through clarifying the needs of policy learning in policy analysis and debate. He cites that policy learning is a desirable goal. Conceptualization of policy learning is essential to indentify the extent to and condition under which learning takes place. May identifies two forms of learning, such as-policy learning-distinguished by Instrumental policy learning and social policy learning; and political learning. May poses some questions to be considered in drawing the learning, such as-what is the basis and object of learning?; how conscious need learning be for it to be considered 'genuine'?; who learns?.

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- Policy learning, Policy Failure, Public Policy

Australia has a distinctive environment, with rich remnant biodiversity, mega-diversity (Kirkpatrick 1994), and World Heritage listings, but it persists with Eurocentric settler practices, exploiting its natural resources and rolling back its ecological frontiers. Valuing nature and transitioning to sustainability are advocated by experts, academics, green political parties, environmental NGOs, and, increasingly, by civil society. However, attention to environmental policy waxes and wanes according to national circumstances, with the major parties typically more accommodating of pressures to develop than protect the environment. Ecology and climate change are therefore persistent challenges that are routinely subject to political contestation and polarization. While recurrent developmentalism, environmental impacts and policy failures are central to Australian politics today, they are not prominent in political or policy-based analysis. This chapter presents an overview of the key issues.

Banks and other financial institutions which were „too-bigto- fail“ (TBTF) played a central role in the Global Financial Crisis of 2007– 2009. The article lays out how misguided policies enabled banks to grow both in size as well as in complexity and therefore acquire TBTF status, particularly in the 10-year period preceding the crisis. The article then proceeds by detailing how an ill-designed policy framework, relying on supposed market approaches to regulation – including self-regulation and credit rating agencies – enabled TBTF financial institutions to game the system. They were thereby able to exploit the negative externalities which the flawed policy framework – in connection with TBTF status – had granted to large, systemically important financial institutions. The article therefore identifies defective government policies as the chief cause of the financial crisis of 2007–2009, revealing an urgent need for financial sector reform.

- by 보라 이
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- Policy Failure

The black economy is once again a headline in the news and discussions following the announcement of demonetization of the large-denomination currency notes in India in November 2016. The notion that demonetization can tackle the black economy is a result of the incorrect understanding that the black economy is all cash. The black economy is the single biggest problem confronting India since 1970s. In India, it was estimated to be 62 percent of GDP for 2012-13. If it is assumed to be the same in 2017-18, the black economy amounts to Rs.103.99 lakh crore. Hence it cannot be ignored. In 1955-56, it was estimated by Prof. Kaldor to be 4-5 percent of GDP. Its growth has been rapid and it is intertwined with the white economy and results in growing inefficiencies. The black economy is one of the biggest reasons for the failure of state policies-the result of which is that society is unable to achieve its goals. It impacts all the micro-and-macro variables-inflation is higher and the trade deficit larger, the savings rate rises while the investment rate falls; employment is lower than potentially possible, and the rate of growth below the potential and ultimately sets back development. There is a paucity of white economy data, because of the existence of a substantial black economy in India. Its non-inclusion in analysis results in a partial understanding of the economy and often incorrect policy pronouncements. The need to incorporate the black economy is not simply an empirical matter, but a theoretical necessity. This paper in general tries to give some conceptual and theoretical understanding of the concept of the black economy in India. The empirical section of the paper explains the significance of the black economy as a variable to be included in the analysis to get a better understanding of the economy.

The paper intervenes in critical policy studies to challenge the 'success bias' lingering in public policy accounts of collaborative governance. I suggest conflict, rather than consensus, is a productive resource to navigate collaborations between state and civic stakeholders. By developing a conflict-oriented framework that foregrounds political decisions as always-already failing-regardless of whether promoted as success or failure-I argue that the recognition of nuanced conflicts contributes to new understandings on what counts as success or failure to whom. To substantiate the conflict-oriented framework of policy failure, I present empirical insights into Berlin's urban cultural politics, shedding light on a new funding instrument for artists. Unpacking artists' and administrators' understandings about what constitutes a failure, and how to proceed from there, I propose 'policyfailing' as ongoing failure. Conceptualising failure along the lines of operational conflicts (i.e. concrete, procedural disagreements) and meta conflicts (i.e. overarching, ideological differences), two scenarios of policy failure emerge: absolute policy failure, pointing to unsolvable conflicts between state and civic stakeholders; and agonistic policy failure, referring to wider-ranging disagreements about the purpose of policy issues, which are however transferred into temporary policy solutions. Following one such agonistic policy failure in Berlin over time, I show how new opportunities for both absolute and agonistic policy failure unfold. Ultimately, I outline the practical, political and analytical potential of an agonistic framework to understand policies as inherently contested and, to some degree, always failing.

- by Friederike Landau-Donnelly
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- Cultural Policy, Governance, Policy, Politics

بهره‌وری انرژی از جمله مهمترین موضوعات اقتصادی است که می‌تواند امنیت انرژی، محیط زیست سالم، کیفیت زندگی و رشد اقتصادی را به همراه داشته باشد. این موضوع در کشور ایران همانند بسیاری از کشور‌ها مورد توجه بوده است. خصوصا در سال‌های ۹۰-۱۳۸۹ که تلاش‌های جدی در سطح سیاستگذاری این حوزه صورت گرفت و سیاست‌ها و قوانین این حوزه تدوین، تصویب و ابلاغ گردید؛ اما متاسفانه این سیاست‌ها در عمل با موفقیت چندانی همراه نبوده است. وضعیت شاخص‌هایی همچون شدت مصرف انرژی، شکست این سیاست‌ها با توجه به اهداف پیش بینی شده را نشان می‌دهد. هدف این مقاله، شناسایی، تبیین و اولویت بندی عوامل موثر در شکست سیاستی در قالب چارچوب تحلیل شکست سیاست ارائه شده توسط مک کانل در بخش بهره‌وری انرژی ایران می‌باشد. تمرکز مقاله بر روی «سیاست های کلان اصلاح الگوی مصرف» و «قانون اصلاح الگوی مصرف» و در بازه سال‌های ۱۳۸۹ تا ۱۳۹۳ بوده است. متدلوژی مقاله مطالعه موردی بوده و از مطالعات کتابخانه‌ای، ۵ مصاحبه و یک گروه کانونی ۱۲ نفره استفاده شده و سپس با استفاده از تحلیل مضامین، ۲۷ عوامل زمینه ساز شکست سیاست های بهینه‌سازی انرژی شناسایی شدند. در گام نهایی پرسشنامه‌ای به منظور احصا عوامل با اهمیت بیشتر توزیع و با استفاده از روش تاپسیس داده‌های آن مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. یافته‌های این مطالعه نشان می‌دهد عوامل «قیمت‌گذاری نامناسب حامل‌های انرژی»، «عدم پاسخگویی مناسب متولیان» و «مشخص نبودن دقیق متولیان اجرا در برخی حوزه‌ها» و «ساخت سیاسی کوتاه نگر» از اهمیت بیشتر برخوردارند.
کلمات کلیدی: شکست سیاست، بهره‌‌وری انرژی، تحلیل سیاست، مطالعه موردی، ایران

The paper intervenes in critical policy studies to challenge the ‘success bias’ lingering in public policy accounts of collaborative governance. I suggest conflict, rather than consensus, is a productive resource to navigate collaborations between state and civic stakeholders. By developing a conflict-oriented framework that foregrounds political decisions as always-already failing – regardless of whether promoted as success or failure – I argue that the recognition of nuanced conflicts contributes to new understandings on what counts as success or failure to whom. To substantiate the conflict-oriented framework of policy failure, I present empirical insights into Berlin’s urban cultural politics, shedding light on a new funding instrument for artists. Unpacking artists’ and administrators’ understandings about what constitutes a failure, and how to proceed from there, I propose ‘policyfailing’ as ongoing failure. Conceptualising failure along the lines of operational conflicts (i.e...

- by Friederike Landau-Donnelly
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- Human Geography, Cultural Policy, Governance, Policy
- by J.M. Hurst
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- United Nations, Unemployment, Local Economic Development, Economic Development

Berlin's cultural political landscape has been contested since the 2010s: artist-led groups have criticized existing funding priorities and a lack of policies for the independent artistic scene. Addressing these lingering dissatisfactions, the newly emerged Koalition der Freien Szene, a transdisciplinary artist group, has actively intervened in the city's cultural policymaking by requesting the closing of long-standing policy gaps as well as the creation of new funding policies. The paper demonstrates how the unique collaborative policy formulation around the City Tax income (2015), a five percent levy on tourist overnight stays in Berlin, is inscribed into the history of failed attempts to establish a long-term collaboration between the cultural administration and artist stakeholders. The examination of the creation of a new policy in a collaborative governance setting with Koalition der Freien Szene reveals the procedural dimensions of both policy failure and success throughout the policymaking process. The paper brings together literatures on collaborative governance, urban policy and post-Marxist political theory and proposes to frame policy failure in the agonistic terms of conflict and consensus. This agonistic approach allows for an understanding of failure not merely as negative non-realization, but rather as a temporary fixation of consensus in policy construction or implementation. The paper operationalizes 'conflictual consensus' (Mouffe 2005) in order to unpack the dimensions of conflict and consensus in policymaking, and, by disaggregating the normative and operational levels of failure or conflict, seeks to explain the non-implementation of certain (urban cultural) policies.

- by Friederike Landau-Donnelly
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- Cultural Policy, Cultural Politics, Agonistic Pluralism, Agonism

for Panel 'The Urban Politics of Policy Failure' AAG Boston 2017, April 5-9 Berlin's cultural political landscape has been contested since the 2010s: artist-led groups have criticized existing funding priorities and a lack of policies for the independent artistic scene. Addressing these lingering dissatisfactions, the newly emerged Koalition der Freien Szene, a transdisciplinary artist group, has actively intervened in the city's cultural policymaking by requesting the closing of long-standing policy gaps as well as the creation of new funding policies. The paper demonstrates how the unique collaborative policy formulation around the City Tax income (2015), a five percent levy on tourist overnight stays in Berlin, is inscribed into the history of failed attempts to establish a long-term collaboration between the cultural administration and artist stakeholders. The examination of the creation of a new policy in a collaborative governance setting with Koalition der Freien Szene reveals the procedural dimensions of both policy failure and success throughout the policymaking process. The paper brings together literatures on collaborative governance, urban policy and post-Marxist political theory and proposes to frame policy failure in the agonistic terms of conflict and consensus. This agonistic approach allows for an understanding of failure not merely as negative non-realization, but rather as a temporary fixation of consensus in policy construction or implementation. The paper operationalizes 'conflictual consensus' (Mouffe 2005) in order to unpack the dimensions of conflict and consensus in policymaking, and, by disaggregating the normative and operational levels of failure or conflict, seeks to explain the non-implementation of certain (urban cultural) policies.

- by Friederike Landau-Donnelly
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- Cultural Policy, Agonistic Pluralism, Agonism, Cultural Governance