Pragmatics (Speech Acts, Conversation & Discourse Analysis) Research Papers (original) (raw)

Baseada na nossa investigação e prática docente, a reflexão que propomos neste encontro procura sublinhar a contribuição da pragmática linguística numa abordagem plural e intercultural do ensino e aprendizagem do Português Língua Não Materna. Além da relação entre significante e significado, convencionalmente recorrente na didática de línguas não maternas, é necessária a atenção sobre fatores que configuram a situação comunicativa. Ou seja, a par do sistema formal da língua, reveste-se da maior importância o conhecimento sociocultural estruturado pelo uso da língua. Assim, no âmbito dos usos da língua, em que os interlocutores atualizam os seus objetivos na interação verbal, também se estabelecem relações interpessoais. Importa, por isso, lembrar que o conhecimento sobre práticas discursivas e culturais da comunidade da língua-alvo determina não só a natureza seletiva de enunciados, mas também a sua compreensão. No caso do Português Língua Não Materna, o percurso de aprendizagem é sobredeterminado pela pluralidade de variedades quer diatópicas quer sociais que a contextualizam. Atendendo à multiplicidade de situações comunicativas, em termos de abordagem didática, consideramos os seguintes tópicos: (i) as formas de tratamento; (ii) as estratégias conversacionais; (iii) a variabilidade de atos de fala pautada pelo grau de cortesia; (iv) a inferência marcada por pressuposições ou implicaturas; (v) o sentido implícito versus a literalidade.

Estudio sobre la teoría de los actos de habla de Searle y Habermas. Tras analizar los principales puntos de conflicto entre ambos autores, se defiende la posición de Habermas a partir de los problemas de la taxonomía de los actos de habla... more

The article deals with the study of President Sādāt’s speech at the Knesset, highlighting some strategies adopted to convince his audiences of the logic and necessity to initiate a peace process in the Middle East. We have chosen to assume some categories and methodological tools taken from the New Rhetoric and the Critical Discourse Analysis, aiming to describe the rhetorical techniques for building the audience’s interest, displaying the speaker’s image, and the language choices considered more appropriate to achieve the goals of persuasion.

This is an abstract for my PhD dissertation (University of Cambridge, 2015), in which I analyzed the discourse-pragmatic functions of a selection of Greek discourse markers in the documentary papyri and the Septuagint within a cognitive-functional framework. I then apply my findings to the study of Septuagint translation technique, with particular reference to The Twelve Prophets.

This book hopes to explain the reasons behind the creation of violent ideologies as alternative modes of governance given perceived injustice. Emotion and sentimental attachment form an important part of developing one’s politics and preferences. Politics and thus shaped by an emotional reaction to an existing structure of knowledge which then constructs human behavior. In this sense, politics is far from objective, rational process of the mind. The purpose of any political ideology, whether Democracy, Fascism (and its varieties), or Communism, is to escape human suffering by combining ideas, emotion, and people to produce fundamental societal change. Ideologies must possess these three variables to attain the necessary power to succeed as a political force. Power gives the ideology the structural ability to transform society, trapping the once free individual into the ideology. The theory also explains democracy’s success and the failure of Communism and the Fascism.

- by Hanna S . Kassab
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- Neuroscience, Social Movements, Social Theory, Cognitive Psychology

The validity of interview data for social science research is under sophisticated critique. In this article, verbal interaction in semi-structured interviews (SSIs) is compared to that in naturalistic conversation in terms of participant use of and response to indirect complaints (ICs). SSIs are analyzed with Boxer's (1993a&c) IC coding scheme and compared to her findings on conversational data. Interviewees are demonstrated to communicate like friends as opposed to strangers, intimates, or other possibly unique pattern. The SSIs are also shown to be asymmetric in that interviewers focus on topic control although, at times, respond to ICs in more normative ways through offering different kinds of commentary. The pattern of interviewer commentary mirrors that of the conversational data except in relation to the dearth of commiseration in the SSIs. In conclusion, the value of this analysis is that it suggests, tentatively, that interviewee contribution within SSIs might, in some situations, be extrapolated to one particular kind of everyday interactional context—communication between friends— although the asymmetry of the interaction demonstrates its institutional nature.

- by Anna Madill
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- Critical Theory, Political Sociology, Sport Psychology, Gender Studies

This research aims at analizing speech act form on commissive utterances in zootopia movie, and find the speaker's intention by saying that utterance. The type of this research is descriptive qualitative research. The object of this study is commissive utterance in Zootopia movie. The data were collected by using three steps, first the writer read the movie manuscript, then the writer selected the commissive utterances in Zootopia movie by underlined the dialogues which contain commissive utterances then collected them, after that classified the utterances according to the speech act. The last step is analize the speaker's intention by saying it. The collected data were analized by using speech act theory by J.L. Austin. The results were classifications of the commissive utterances into locution, illocution, and perlocution, also the explanation about the speaker's intention by saying commissive utterances in Zootopia movie.

The study analyzed the directives in the English major examinations collated from Batangas State University. It covered the instructors extent of use of examination types. At the end of the study, a set of guidelines in the construction of directions was proposed. The descriptive method of research was utilized with the questionnaire as the main data gathering instrument. To get the pragmatic implications, the qualitative method was employed in analyzing the forms of directives under the lenses of Searle's Speech Acts, Hyland's Classification of Directives, indices of power, and directness. The results revealed that there were 97 forms of directives embedded in the tests with write, read, and identify as the top three most frequently used. In terms of power and directness, most directives were deemed firm and moderately direct. Using Hyland's classification, the majority of the directives fell under cognitive acts, followed by the physical acts.

Few studies have been done in the speech act of complaint and no study has been done to investigate the speech act of complaint between Indonesian speakers, Indonesian learners of English and English native speakers. Therefore, a research is needed to find out how Indonesian speakers, English native speakers and Indonesian learners of English perform complaints in Indonesian and English. It intends to discover if there were similarities and differences in the strategies used by Indonesian people, English native speakers and Indonesian learners of English when they issued their complaints. The expectation of this research is to gain a better understanding on how Indonesians and English native speakers formulate their complaints. The data for this research was collected using Discourse Completion Tests (DCT). The questionnaires were distributed to the respondents who were university students and professionals. After collecting data, respondents’ complaints were analyzed using complaint categorization set up by Anna Trosborg. Additionally, the respondents’ data would be compared among each group to find any differences or similarities among the three groups. Also, the comparison would give any sign about unique features in respondents’ data. The results of this research show that there were no significant differences between Indonesian and English native speakers in terms of formulating and producing complaint. In terms of directness and directives aspects, all three respondent groups showed similarity again. The difference between the the respondents was only apparent in terms of unique feature. Indonesian respondents--Indonesian speakers and Indonesian learners of English--turned out to be very easy in swearing than English native speakers.

The paper intends to examine the literary discourse in David Mamet's 1992 play, " Oleanna " , by focusing on the speech acts that make up the dialogue of the play. The chosen title reflects the paper's contention that Mamet dismantles the functionality of speech acts and denies the possibility of meaningful communication between two characters. The paper aims to counterpoint previous stances which have argued that Oleanna is a play about gender relations and power dynamics between a student and a professor. While such themes cannot be ignored and do inform the characters' background and motivations, this paper argues that " Oleanna " is also a play about identity and to what degree that identity is formed by speech. David Mamet submits that, once speech is fraught with danger, identity itself collapses. The matter of power becomes a negotiable part of speech; hence, a student manages to endanger and, ultimately, end a professor's career thanks to the performative quality of her speech. Social hierarchies and gender relations are adjusted through speech acts, and not through character development. In fact, David Mamet himself argues against the existence of character growth, or character: " There is no character. There are only lines upon a page " (Mamet 2011: 9). In outlining the points established above, the paper commits to a partially linguistic approach in its analysis of speech acts and is thus indebted to linguists and scholars such as J.L. Austin, Geoffrey Leech, H.P. Grice, Penelope Brown & Stephen C. Lenvinson and Jürgen Habermas. Likewise, the paper corroborates the view that Oleanna relies on text ambiguity and reader/audience reception rather than modernist realism.

This paper provides a worked exemplar of psychotherapy research using the approach of conversation analysis inspired discourse analysis (CA/DA), sometimes known as discursive psychology (Edwards & Potter, 1992; Potter, 2003; Potter & Wetherell, 1987). The aim of the paper is to explore the potential usefulness of discursive analysis for qualitative psychotherapy research within a relational centred ethos. The paper presents an analysis of extracts from a case of psychodynamic-interpersonal psychotherapy based on Hobson’s (1985) conversational model. This model has a particular relational focus in assuming clients’ problems arise from relationship disturbances and that the therapeutic encounter is a vehicle for the manifestation, exploration, and modification of such problems. The model is conversational in that intervention consists of therapists’ use of strategies such as negotiation, metaphor, and development of a ‘common feeling language’...

- by Anna Madill
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- Discourse Analysis, Clinical Psychology, Psychoanalysis, Emotion

В статье обсуждается проблема преобразования классификации речевых актов, заимствованной из философии, в типологическую категорию. Трудность такого преобразования лежит в широкой вариативности формы выражения иллокутивной силы. Несмотря на то, что с основными речевыми актами традиционно ассоциируют определенные формальные признаки (ср. интонационный контур для вопроса), это не позволяет учесть более тонкой классификации (например, противопоставить комплимент сообщению о факте), а главное — полностью исключает из рассмотрения косвенные речевые акты, в природе которых лежит непрямое соответствие формы смыслу сообщения. Для преодоления этого обстоятельства в качестве маркеров категории предлагается рассматривать языковые единицы за пределами речевого акта, а именно специальный класс идиоматичных ответных реплик (ср.: А как же!, Не скажи!, Еще чего!), называемых дискурсивными формулами. Для исследования этого класса авторы опираются на со- ставленный для русского языка список из более 700 формул. Корпусный анализ их употребления показывает, что использование дискурсивных формул во многом зависит от иллокутивной силы высказывания, на которое они реагируют. Сравнение сочетаемости дискурсивных формул в разных языках дает возможность выделить релевантные прагматические противопоставления среди контекстных высказываний. Представленный в статье опыт такого исследования на небольшом фрагменте стимульных речевых актов для русских и английских формул запрета и отказа показывает, что данный материал имеет потенциал для проверки, уточнения и дополнения общепринятой классификации с лингвистического ракурса.

- by Polina Bychkova
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- Pragmatics, Dialogue, Discourse Markers, Construction Grammar

ABSTRACT
Speech act is a functional unit in the form of an act which helps humans understand or accomplish things with words in communication. This research was aimed to find out and analyse the types of speech acts which were performed by teachers and students in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classrooms. The researcher employed the speech act theory from Cruse (2000) to analyse and interpret the research results. Qualitative research was applied in this research due to the data source was from the teaching and learning activities in naturalistic environments in English classrooms. The subjects of this research were teachers and students in REAL Equivalent English classrooms. The results showed that there were three types of speech acts found in the interactions between the teachers and students, namely locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act. Locutionary act was performed when teachers and students uttered expressions with no certain intentions. Illocutionary act, on the other hand, was performed when the expressions contained certain intentions to listeners. Perlocutionary act was performed when the listeners showed responses and acted as feedback to the speakers’ utterances. By conducting this research, the researcher hopes that it can give more insights to readers regarding to the study of speech act theory in pragmatics field.
Keywords: English as a Foreign Language (EFL) Classrooms, Speech Acts, REAL Equivalent English, Teachers and Students.

- by Andy Warren-Rothlin
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- Theology, Hebrew Language, Biblical Studies, Modality

Within the framework of discourse analyze based theories, this study aims at analyzing some strategies of politeness in speech acts as requests that are defined as directives. It starts from the well-known study of Penelope Brown e Stephen Levinson in Politeness: Some universals in language usage,(1987) and then analysis three conversations recorded in Berat (South Albania). In addressing a request is seen as potentially threatening for the “face” (Goffman 1967); (Brown/Levinson 1987). In this empirical study are stressed some important aspects as negative and positive politeness and involment and independence: all this aims to avoid misunderstanding and to save positive social values associated with self and the prestige within a group.

A ‘pragmatic’ reading of computer-mediated communication through an attempt to conceptualize the neologism ‘text act’ by analyzing Facebook statuses. I first present a short introduction to the work of J.L. Austin to lay the basis for the idea of the ‘speech act’, and then attempt to claim that the same idea may be extended to text; namely to show how through computer-mediated communication (CMC) writing has shifted away from its ‘literal’ basis in favor of a pragmatic - or performative - one to form what some have already begun to call ‘text acts’. I will then elaborate on this concept and try to elucidate it through social network statuses (SNS), namely those exhibited - but more importantly - facilitated through Facebook.

- by Omer Benjakob
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- Philosophy Of Language, Internet Studies, Web Studies, Facebook

This study examines grammatical and discourse-pragmatric reflexes of the existential and resultative readings of the English present perfect. I present both negative and positive arguments in favor of the claim that the present perfect is ambiguous (rather
than vague) with respect to these readings. In particular, I argue that the resultative present-perfect represents a formal idiom: a morphosyntactic form characterized by idiosyncratic constraints on grammar, meaning and use. Certain constraints on the resultative present-perfecti, in particular that which prevents it from denoting a pragmatically presupposed event proposition, can be MOTIVATED with respect to discourse-pragmatic opposition involving the preterite. However, such constraints cannot be PREDICTED from functional oppositions or any general semantic principles. Finally, I suggest that mastery of aspectual grammar crucially entails knowledge of such idiomatic form-meaning pairings.

- by Laura A Michaelis
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- Semantics, Cognitive Semantics, Cognitive Linguistics, Lexical Semantics

An inaugural speech, which expresses the agenda of an elected candidate's reaffirmation of the electioneering campaign promises and the goals, is made on the occasion of official inauguration or swearing-in of the candidate. Speeches of presidents and heads of states have always been subjected to linguistic and non-linguistic analyses. However, President Muhammadu Buhari's Inaugural Speech has not enjoyed much documented analysis because it was recently delivered. This paper, therefore, investigates the use of words by the president from a pragmatic perspective in order to identify the pragmatic acts involved and the goals of the acts. Applying aspects of Jacob Mey's (2001) pragmatic acts theory for descriptive analysis, and statistical details for quantitative analysis, nineteen practs were identified from the total of ninety-nine (overlapping) acts found in the speech, and were meant to achieve four goals. While proposing, promising, stating and assuring achieved the goal of revealing intention; acknowledging, thanking, remarking, saluting achieved the goal of admitting and appreciating; appealing, reminding, instructing/calling, advising, hoping, charging, informing, extending achieved the goal of direction/directives; and identifying, describing and defining achieved the goal of giving details on issues. In addition, the pragmatic acts were marked with some pragmatic tools, including shared situation knowledge, relevance, reference, inference. This paper adds to the understanding of rhetoric and the political agenda of President Muhammadu Buhari.

This article revisits the notion of indirect speech acts (ISA) in the light of a weak formulation of the classical Literal Force Hypothesis. It is argued that ISAs are actually instances of unspeciﬁed illocutions, which allows for the positing of a conventionalization cline in their realization. Under these assumptions, we revise current theories of ISAs and make a number of proposals to overcome their limitations: (1) (Multiple source)-in-target metonymies and illocutionary ICMs are postulated to account for the motivation and rich conceptual fabric of illocutionary categories, respectively; and (2) a more ﬂexible model of illocutionary constructions is sketched in terms of base conﬁgurations and speciﬁcation links in order to explain the multi-faceted nature of illocutionary performance.

Keyword: pemerolehan bahasa, struktur kalimat, ujaran dan MLU.
ABSTRAK Pada tahun pertama kehidupan anak-anak mulai meniru kata-kata yang mereka dengar dari lingkungan sekitarnya dan dapat dikatakan pada saat itulah anak mulai menghasilkan "kata-kata pertama" mereka. Saat mereka berusia 18 bulan kata-kata yang mereka hasilkan semakin banyak dan berubah dari kalimat satu kata menjadi kalimat dua kata dan tiga kata. Penelitian ini dilakukan berdasarkan teori biologis-kognitif Chomsky yang menyatakan bahwa setiap anak dilahirkan dengan potensi biologis untuk berbahasa dan teori Skinner karena pemerolehan dan perkembangan bahasa terjadi bukan karena potensi biologis tersebut saja tetapi juga karena adanya lingkungan bahasa yang mendukung. Untuk mengetahui pemerolehan sintaksis bahasa Indonesia anak usia tiga tahun, lima anak yang berusia tiga tahun dan terpaut maksimal tiga bulan dijadikan objek penelitian ini. Percakapan mereka dengan orang tua dan keluarga mereka direkam, kemudian percakapan tersebut dianalisis untuk mengetahui kalimat-kalimat yang mereka hasilkan berdasarkan modus kalimat yaitu panjang kalimat, struktur kalimat, dan rata-rata panjang ujaran berdasarkan Mean Length of Utterance (MLU). Kalimat-kalimat yang dihasilkan anak usia tiga tahun tersebut kemudian dianalisis untuk mengetahui panjang kalimat, struktur kalimat, dan pengukuran ujaran dengan MLU. Kata kunci: pemerolehan bahasa, struktur kalimat, ujaran dan MLU. ABSTRACT In the first year of life children begin to imitate the words they heard from the surrounding environment and to say that's when the child begins to produce "first words" them. When they were 18 months of the words that they produce more and more and turns of phrase one word into a sentence of two words and three words. The research was conducted based on a biological-cognitive theory of Chomsky who states that every child born with biological potential for language and theory of Skinner for language acquisition and development is not due to the biological potential, but also because of the language environment that supports. To find out the acquisition of syntax Indonesian children aged three years, 10 children aged three years and closed to within a maximum of three months were subjected to this study. Their conversations with parents and their families are recorded and then the recorded conversations were analyzed to determine the sentences they produce based on the mode of sentence is the sentence length, sentence structure, and measurement of speech with the Mean Length of Utterance (MLU). The resulting sentences of three-year-olds are then analyzed to determine the sentence length, sentence structure, and measurement of speech with mlU. It was found that most children aged three years in said generally truncated words. And mastery of language that dominated the child obtained through certain stages. Children aged three years has been able to construct a sentence in said although it is very simple and limited. And speech analysis showed an average three-year-olds are at 2.327 MLU has V stages, which means being on a low stage.

- by nur laili
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- Discourse Analysis, Pragmatics, Critical Discourse Analysis, Speech Act Theory

http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-7091-1382-0
Applied conversation analytic research seeks to understand the ways in which conversational practices are modified in order to fulfill institutional aims. Psychotherapy is one such institution, and in recent years, a research literature has developed in which conversation analysis has been applied to psychotherapy interaction. This chapter provides an overview of the five main features of talk-in-interaction of interest in conversation analysis: turn-taking, sequence organization, repair, word selection, and action formation. An extract from psychotherapy interaction is explored in relation to each of these five features of talk. The analytic lens of conversation analysis and its conceptualization of key phenomena are different in many respects to that of traditional psychotherapy research. Moreover, when directed towards psychotherapy, selection of material has been, in the main, in accordance with conversation analytically informed, as opposed to therapy-informed, observations. The result is that conversation analytic research may seem psychologically shallow to the psychotherapy community: too removed from basic assumptions about human subjectivity and mute on questions of experiential change which are likely of interest to therapists. However, this therapy-neutral orientation may be a significant strength in allowing conversation analysis to complement and enhance process research through revealing what psychotherapy may not notice about itself.

- by Anna Madill
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- Discourse Analysis, Psychology, Clinical Psychology, Social Psychology

The question of whether and how intonation patterns bear meanings is an old one, usually evaluated with reference to imagined or elicited speech. This study takes an interactional linguistic approach instead, examining intonation and meaning in naturally occurring interaction. The pattern considered here is a French intonation contour involving a salient initial accent and a low primary accent. This intonation pattern could be analysed as the so-called accent d'insistance, which is often said to have pragmatic meanings such as intensification and contrastive focus. This article analyses the uses of this contour in repeats. When used in repeats of an interlocutor's speech, the contour indicates unproblematic receipt of the repeated talk, making a confirming response optional, and contrasts with a final rise pattern used in repeats that initiate repair and request confirmation. However, in two other types of repetitions (self-repetition of a previously made assessment, and modified self-repetition for correction purposes), there is indeed interactional evidence supporting the argument that the contour helps convey the pragmatic meanings intensification and contrastive focus, respectively. It is argued that all of these meanings are achieved through the interplay of semiotic resources of several kinds (prosodic, verbal and sequential properties of talk), and that the contour itself has no inherent, context-independent meaning. The empirical findings presented suggest that the autonomy of intonation in the achievement of meaning has been overemphasised.

- by Gerhard Preyer
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- Languages, Philosophy, Metaphysics, Philosophy of Mind

O trabalho apresenta um recorte teórico-analítico de pesquisa em
desenvolvimento sobre as possíveis transformações do contrato de informação midiático, que caracteriza tradicionalmente o jornalismo, na ambiência das mídias sociais digitais. Delimita-se à análise dos dados externos do contrato (identidade, finalidade, propósito e dispositivo), a partir de Patrick Charaudeau, no âmbito da esfera produtiva do jornalismo. Por meio de observação não participativa, são descritas as fanpages dos jornais brasileiros Zero Hora, Folha de S. Paulo e Estado de S. Paulo, no site de rede social Facebook, com análise das quatro condições do contrato em uma postagem representativa de cada
organização. O objetivo é ilustrar a adaptação da instituição jornalística à
ambiência conversacional das mídias sociais digitais. Nesta etapa, percebe-se que variam as formas de contato com o leitor, por parte dos jornais, na mídia social, com postagens ora mais humanizadas ora tradicionais e informativas, indicando que o fornecimento de informação pode estar deixando de ser prioridade nesses espaços na busca de se constituir outros vínculos com o público.

One of the ways in which we can get someone to do something for us is through hinting. However, studies that have attempted to systematically examine requestive hints have faced difficulties in identifying hints as they are designed, by definition, to be ambiguous with respect to the intentions of that speaker. An alternative to this kind of circularity is to shift the analytical lens away from the putative speaker intentions that underpin requestive hints to an analysis of prompted offers and the pragmatic circumstances that afford them. It is suggested that a properly pragmatic account of prompted offers requires systematic analysis of the particular situational contingencies that afford the participants' understanding of them as prompted, along with an appreciation of the three-part sequential architecture that is immanent to such sequences. It is concluded that pragmatic act theory has an important contribution to make to ongoing efforts to better understand fundamental processes of social action formation and ascription.

- by Azizullah Mirzaei
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- Discourse Analysis, Pragmatism, Critical Discourse Studies, Pragmatics

This article introduces the special issue of Research on Language and Social Interaction organized around the theme " Opening and Maintaining Face-to-Face Interaction. " The contributions to this special issue collectively consider " how to begin " – either a new encounter, or a new sequence after a lapse in conversation. All articles analyze naturally-occurring, videorecorded episodes of casual and/or institutional copresent interaction using multimodal conversation analytic methods. Though the opening phase of a face-to-face encounter may elapse in a matter of seconds, this article shows it to house a dense universe of phenomena central to sustaining our human sense of self and our social relationships in everyday life. Before introducing the individual contributions to this special issue, this article elucidates state-of-the-art findings from conversation analytic research on how people begin encounters, delineating the modular components that people regularly use to constitute the copresent opening phase of interaction. Data in American English.

The objective of this study is to present what kind of refusal strategies Turkish university instructors of English use and thus aiming to contribute to the limited but growing body of research on Turkish people's refusals in English. With this goal in mind, 20 instructors in the English Language Teaching Department at a state university were given a Discourse Completion Test (DCT) consisting of 12 situations of four eliciting speech acts: three requests, three invitations, three suggestions, and three offers. At the end of the study, it was found that the participants preferred to use indirect refusal strategies the most, adjuncts the next, and direct refusal strategies the least. In addition, it was also demonstrated that the status of the interlocutor plays a role in the number of refusal strategies utilized: the higher the interlocutor's status is, the more refusal strategies the participants employ. The results of the study are hoped to pave the way for further studies involving the refusal strategies of Turkish instructors of English. Özet: Bu çalışmanın amacı, bir devlet üniversitesinin İngilizce Öğretmenliği Bölümünde çalışan Türk öğretim görevlilerinin ne çeşit reddetme stratejileri kullandığını sunmak ve böylece Türklerin İngiliz dilinde kullandıkları reddetme stratejileri ile ilgili sınırlı fakat genişlemekte olan bir çalışma sahasına da katkıda bulunmaktır. Bu amaçla, İngiliz Dili Eğitimi Bölümünde çalışan 20 öğretim görevlisine içerisinde sözeylemlerden üç rica, üç davet, üç öneri ve üç tekliften oluşan bir Söylem Tamamlama Testi verilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda, katılımcıların daha çok dolaylı reddetme stratejilerini kullandıkları görülmüştür. İkinci sırada, tamamlayıcılar ve en az da dolaysız reddetme stratejilerini kullanmışlardır. Ayrıca, reddedilen kişinin toplumsal konumunun reddetme stratejilerinin sayısı üzerine etkisi olduğu saptanmıştır. Reddedilen kişinin toplumsal konumu yükseldikçe reddetme stratejilerinin sayısı da artışa geçmiştir. Çalışmada ortaya çıkan verilerle, İngilizce Öğretmenliği bölümündeki Türk öğretmenlerin reddetme stratejilerini odak noktası alan çalışmaların yolunun açılacağı umut edilmektedir. Anahtar sözcükler: Söylem Tamamlama Testi, reddedilen kişinin toplumsal konumu, reddetme stratejisi, sözeylem

- by Hulya Tuncer
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- Pragmatics, Discourse, Speech Communication, Speech Act Theory

Through her silencing thesis, Langton has contributed to the study of epistemic injustice by highlighting a possible cause of such a phenomenon: She asserts that the pornographic representation of (straight) sexual relationships affects the felicity conditions of speech uttered by women, so this speech is not understood as an illocution by men. This fact arguably undermines women's credibility, since their testimony is not even registered in men's testimonial sensibility. However, this thesis entails problematic consequences from at least two standpoints. From a theoretical perspective, it enacts a circularity when it comes to the empirical individuation of the subordinative effects of pornography. I will point out that this problem arises from Langton's substantive conception of power, i.e. from her notion of authority as an attribute which can be ascribed to preexisting subjects. From a political perspective, such conception of power allows Langton to performatively rank women as credible when testifying sexual violence, but it also leads her to silencing alternative political strategies, e.g. the ones proposed by Butler. Hence, I propose to consider this form of silencing as a specific kind of epistemic injustice, one that neutralises the performative value of political discourses.

Complaining is one of the difficult tasks one has to do because when one complains, one does not only express some displeasure but also expects some form of repair. Hence, it is important for language learners to be taught how to effectively do so. Despite this, the teaching of the speech act of complaint has been taken for granted: either very little is included or it is absent in the language classroom instruction. This study attempts to examine how Filipino ESL learners structure their complaints. Featuring 18 situations calibrated on three social variables (interlocutors' social power and social distance, as well as the complainable acts' degree of severity), the discourse completion task elicited respondents' written expression of complaints, which were then analyzed using Schaefer's (1982, as cited in Celce-Murcia & Olshtain, 2000) framework for analyzing the semantic formula of complaints. Results of the study provide a baseline data on respondents' language of complaining, which provides many pedagogical implications and serves as a springboard for the development of classroom resource materials leading to an informed and judicious teaching of pragmatics.

Reported speech is a prominent and recurrent feature of conversational language, but its importance is often sidelined in many ESL materials, with most ESL textbooks treating reporting as a grammar point similar to canonical grammar targets such as passive or causative constructions. The semantics of the reporting verbs and the interactional uses of reported speech are usually given little attention in coursebooks. In this paper I explain the importance of reported speech, particularly in the English language. I refer to corpus studies to challenge some of the widely accepted assumptions about the grammar of reported speech. I also investigate the semantics of the reporting verbs, (including be like) and discuss some of the interactional uses of reported speech in such genres as spoken narrative and topic proffering.

Aim: Our aim is to offer and illustrates a novel meta-methodology to enhance the rigour of method selection and understanding of results in pluralist qualitative research (PQR).
Method: To do so, we make innovative use of Braun and Clarke’s (2006) articulation of four discrete dimensions characterising different forms of thematic analysis. We provide secondary analyses of an interview from the Social Media, Men who have Sex with Men and Sexual Health project using critical discursive psychology, dialogical analysis, interpretative phenomenological analysis, and psychosocial narrative analysis.
Results: All four methods identified aspects of three central foci: Compartmentalisation, Detachment, and Jouissance.
Conclusion: We discuss how our proposed meta-methodology provides a rationale for the selection of methods in a PQR, offer evidence that it can anticipate the relative similarity in focus of the methods employed, and argue that our meta-methodology reveals the possibility of identifying an ‘axial’ or ‘hub’ method’ of a PQR which might be particularly fruitful in exploring commonalities and differences in results. Finally, we examine the synergies and challenges of combining pairs of the methods we used.

- by Anna Madill
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- Discourse Analysis, Psychology, Clinical Psychology, Cognitive Psychology

Surprisingly little has been written about hedged assertion. Linguists often focus on semantic or syntactic theorizing about, for example, grammatical evidentials or epistemic modals, but pay far less attention to what hedging does at the level of action. By contrast, philosophers have focused extensively on normative issues regarding what epistemic position is required for proper assertion, yet they have almost exclusively considered unqualified declaratives. This essay considers the linguistic and normative issues side-by-side. We aim to bring some order and clarity to thinking about hedging, so as to illuminate aspects of interest to both linguists and philosophers. In particular, we consider three broad questions. 1) The structural question: when one hedges, what is the speaker’s commitment weakened from? 2) The functional question: what is the best way to understand how a hedge weakens? And 3) the taxonomic question: are hedged assertions genuine assertions, another speech act, or what?

- by Matthew Benton and +1
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- Norms of assertion, Assertion (and other linguistic actions), Speech acts, Hedging