Proto-Canaanite alphabet Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Tel Nagila is an ancient mound on a hill in the western bank of the Shikma River near Kibbutz Ruhama. Excavations were carried out in 1962 and 1963. The findings show that the main settlement existed in the second Middle Bronze age... more

The Tekke cemetery, located northwest of the Acropolis in Knossos, the site was excavated in 1975-1976, and one of the artifacts that were found in one of the tombs was a bronze bowl that bore an inscription. The epigraphic dating is from... more

The inscription is dated to the middle of the 10th century BCE, and it consists of seven lines of text inscribed in an early Phoenician dialect which was used primarily in the royal inscriptions of Byblos. The inscription is engraved on a... more

The inscription of Shipitbaal the Phoenician king of Byblos, was found in 1935 among the remains of an Egyptian temple for the goddess Hathor in Byblos. It was carved on a limestone brick and mentions the deeds of Shpitbaal son of... more

deep analysis of the Mesha Stele and parallels from the bible

Con el nombre de "Los hambrientos de Saqqara" se conoce una estatua de caliza de unos 67 cm de altura y un peso de 80 kg que representa dos seres desnudos con cráneos dolicocéfalos y cuerpos delgados, sentados, uno junto al otro y casi enfrentados. Una de las estatuas presenta en su espalda una inscripción que según se informa en libros de textos especializados, enciclopedias, y en el mismo museo de la "Concordia University", no ha sido aún ni siquiera identificada. Es decir, que se considera una escritura desconocida. El lugar exacto del hallazgo no se conoce, pero se cree que pudo haber sido en Saqqara. Nada se sabe del contexto arqueológico, lo cual ha dificultado mucho su clasificación y datación. Algunos la consideran de la V Dinastía y no ha faltado quien ha creído que podría ser incluso pre-dinástica, aunque esta última opción no se sostiene, ni por el estilo de la escultura ni por la misma inscripción que presenta, y algunos creen que incluso podría tratarse de una falsificación. En caso de ser auténtica, me parece más probable que estemos ante una obra del llamado Arte Amarniense, donde precisamente proliferaron esculturas, pinturas y relieves con representaciones de personas con cráneos alargados o muy dolicocéfalos, y aunque todos los que la han estudiado siempre hablan de dos seres adultos (algunos incluso creen que un hombre y una mujer), siendo actualmente la especulación más extendida en las redes sociales, blogs y canales de Youtube que son anunnakis o extraterrestres, pienso que sencillamente estamos ante la dramática representación...

- by Georgeos Díaz-Montexano
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- Egyptology, Canaanite Languages, Palaeography, Egypt and Canaan

In 1967, a Dutch excavation team revealed an inscription on a plastered wall in Tel Deir Alla, which is probably the Biblical settlement Sukkot in the Jordan valley. The tel is located 8 km east of the Jordan River and North to the Jabokk River. The plastered fragments, and on them the writings in ink, were found on the floor on one of the structures. After the defragmentation of the plastered fragments, it became clear that there were two major texts. More fragments were found, but they were too small and could not be defragmented to a logical meaning. Surprisingly it turned out that the name Belam *bar Beor, which is Belam, son of Beor, returned several times in the first text. In fact, this text is beginning with the words of this Belam. This is the oldest source mentioning the name Belam bar Beor, outside the Bible that has been found until now. The appearance of that name in the East of the Jordan River, is of great interest for Biblical scholars and ancient epigraphy. * " bar " in Aramaic is son, the Hebrew word for son is " ben " .

- by Yariv Hacham
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- Moab, Ancient alphabetic inscriptions, Moabite Language, Proto-sinaitic Inscriptions

The article presents the name of Jehoram king of Israel in the Tel Dan Stele

The son of Jehoahaz, king of Israel (approximately 784-800 BCE), during his reign Israel was under Assyrian pressure and also attacks from two directions:
1. In the north, the armies of Aram (II Kings 13: 3-4), conquered territories from the kingdom of Israel during the reign of Jehoash father, Jehoahaz.
2. The Moabites, took out seasonal raids against Israel (II Kings 13:20).........................

- by Stefan Jakob Wimmer
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- Alphabetic Writing, Proto Sinaitic, Proto-Canaanite alphabet

הצעת קריאה חדשה למילה הראשונה בכתובת אשבעל מחירבת קיאפה

- by Yariv Hacham
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- Hebrew Language, Hebrew Bible, Ancient Hebrew, Hebrew Bible and Ancient Near East

the article presents the ancient sources of the Hebrew Bible as the Ketef Hinnom silver plates, the Dead Sea Scrolls and the The Nash Papyrus from the Cairo geniza. also late editions as the Aleppo codex and The Leningrad codex, and a... more

The site is west to Ramallah; it was excavated in the 1930-ies by an American group. The diggers found a small village from the 12-13 th century BCE. The excavation at the village revealed a few houses, and near every house the inhabitants had dug a cistern. In the floor of a room in one of the houses the excavators found an inscribed jar handle. On the handle where 3 signs carved vertically, the shape of the signs testify that they are letters from the Proto-Canaanite script which was widely spread during that era.

Water tunnel that was carved underneath the City of David in Jerusalem, the tunnel length is 530 meter; the common hypothesis of the tunnel date is during the reign of Hezekiah (late 8th and early 7th century BCE). 2 Kings 20 " 20. Now the rest of the acts of Hezekiah, and all his might, and how he made the pool, and the conduit, and brought water into the city, are they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Judah? " It seems that the main reason for carving the tunnel was to bring water from one side of the city to the other. In the blue circle: the tunnel location in Jerusalem Entrance to the Siloam tunnel in 1816

Tell el Hesi is an ancient tel in the lowland (Shfela) on the bank of the Shikma river. The site´s name in Arabic is Wadi el Hesi and the tel is located 7 km south of the city Kirjat Gat. According to one theory, this is the place of the Biblical city Eglon, that is mentioned in the wars of Joshua (Joshua chapter 10) as one of the cities of the tribe of Judah. Regardless of what has been said before, there is no evidence that this is indeed the city of Eglon. The site has been excavated in the end of the 19th century. The excavators exposed layers from the early Bronze Age until the late Arabic period. Among the artifacts that were found in the site, is a letter in cuneiform from the 14th century BCE, as well as a shard of pottery with an inscription. Tel Hesi Excavations The Tel Hesi shard with the inscription on it, was found in the excavations in the years 1890-1893. The inscription consists of three letters on the shard near to the edge of an ancient bowl. On the inscription was written the combination Bela (see drawing). The letters were carved into the clay before the bowl was burned in the potter´s furnace.

The inscription was inscribed on a statue of Pharaoh Shishak, king of Egypt (945-924 BCE). The Phoenician letters are inscribed at each side of the Pharaoh cartouche. It was discovered at the end of the 19th century, and first published... more

The inscription was discovered in the temple of Baalat Gbal “The Lady of Byblos” and published for the first time in 1925. It is engraved on a stone statue, and it bears the name of Eli-Baal king of Byblos. In the statue, engraved on a... more

The Revadim seal : The seal was found in 1959 at Kibbutz Readmit 3 km west of Tel Miqne which is identified with ancient Ekron. The seal is made of a hard limestone, and it is one of the oldest with an alphabetic inscription on it. The base of the seal bears four letters. Under the letters is a schematic scene in which four human figures are seen in different positions.

Line number 12 in the Mesha Stele present the following enigmatic sentence: ‫ואשב‬. ‫משמ‬. ‫את‬. ‫אראל‬. ‫דודה‬ - wašb mšm at Arel dwda. This article will suggest translational options to this sentence. In order to understand what king... more

The inscription was purchased in Jerusalem from an antique dealer who said it had been carved out from one of the tomb rooms. The inscription was engraved on the soft lime stone and the letters were painted in a black ink and the reading... more

The Lachish Ewer: a pottery ewer that was found in the late Bronze Age temple in Lachish, it is dated to the 13th century BCE and has a Proto Canaanite inscription on it. The jar was probably left in the temple as a gift to the patron goddess of that temple. According to the inscription the patron of that temple is the Canaanite goddess Astarte.

Proto-Canaanean Script in Funerary Iconography on an Infant Burial Jar from Ashkelon?

- by Georgeos Díaz-Montexano
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- Writing, Canaanite Languages, Egypt and Canaan, Canaanite

The article presents the name of the king of Damascus Ben-Hadad III in the stele of Zakkur the king of Hamath and Laash

The inscription are engraved from left to right, the arrowheads dated to the 11th - 12th centuries BCE. After separation of the words we get the sequence ḥṣ ʾbd lbat, The first two words are well known in the Semitic languages, the third... more

The article presents the name of the king of Damascus Ben-Hadad Ⅱ in Assyrian source.

The article presents the name of the king of Israel Ahab in Assyrian source and possibly on an enigmatic seal ring

The scrolls were discovered by a Bedouin boy named Muhammad A-dib, son of the Ta'amra tribe. The father of A-dib took the scrolls to Bethlehem and showed them to a shoemaker that was known by the nickname of "Kendo". In November 29, 1947 Prof Eleazar Lipa Sukenik bought 3 scrolls from Kendo. At the same time Kendo sold 4 scrolls to the archbishop Athanasius, Father of the Assyrian church. The archbishop took the scrolls to the USA and vanished…………

The article presents the name of the king of Damascus Ben-Hadad I in a stele from Aleppo.

Ancient Canaanite writing with the name bnya, on a Bronze arrowhead. Most of the arrows were found in robbers’ excavations and made their way to the antiquities market. Two locations from which the arrows were found are known, the village... more

A unique phenomenon that is well defined in time and place is the engraving of names and titles of private individuals on bronze arrowheads. In most cases, the text is written in fixed patterns, the words ḥṣ and /or bn, followed by the name or title of the arrow owner.An arrowhead with engraved letters was purchased in 1958 by Father Józef Tadeusz Milik from a collector who bought it from a farmer in the The Beqaa Valley in Lebanon. The arrowhead had letters in an ancient Phoenician writing; on one side of the arrowhead was the phrase ḥṣ zkrb[…] חצ זכרב..., this inscription was completed by the scholars as ḥṣ zkrbʾl חצ זכרבעל ......

שתי כתובות ארכאיות בכתב פרוטו כנעני מבית שמש

King of Israel who founded a dynasty of four kings in Samaria in the 9th century BCE. Jehu rebelled against Jehoram son of Ahab, and overthrew the Ahab dynasty; he made sure to destroy all the house of Ahab (the king, his sons, his brothers, and Queen Isabel). He fought the Baal worshippers in Israel with the encouragement of the prophets Elijah and Elisha.............

Hoshea the son of Elah was the last king of Israel, see II Kings 17:1. Hoshea rebelled against Pekah the son of Remaliah and replaced him as the king of Israel, It seems that the rebellion was coordinated with Tiglath-Pileser III, king of Assyria, who then went to war against Israel. Hoshea surrendered to Tiglath-Pileser III and paid him a tax. In the twelfth year of Ahaz the king of Judah, Hoshea rebelled against Assyria……..

The spatula of Ezarbaal: The inscription is a letter or contract, from one person to another. The script was carved into a triangular metal plate.It was found in the ruins of Byblos, Due to its length and language, it was the subject of... more