Ancient alphabetic inscriptions Research Papers (original) (raw)

İkinci kitabım “Antik Türk Yazısı’ndan Uygarlığa” nın İTÜ ve Bilkent Üniversitesi konferanslarında iki perde iki kitaptan sayfalardan anlatımını yapmıştım, ama kitap benden başka kimsede yoktu. Ve ISBN’sini aldığım halde matbaa baskısını yaptıramamıştım.
Araştırması 5-6 sene yazımı yoğun 1 sene sürmüş bir kitap. İçindeki en önemli kısım Zeus’un Oğuz olduğunun keşfi görsel denkliği.
İlk kitabım Türk Hazinesi’ndeki Ares’in Türkçeden çıktığının keşfi de çok önemli ve burada sağlamlanarak tekrarlıyor.
Bu kitabı kağıda bastırıp kitap evi raflarından insanlara ulaşmasını isterdim.
İçinde bulunduğumuz olumsuz koşulları düşündüğümde, kötü bir olasılığa karşı insanları bu çalışmadan bilgilerden keşiflerden mahrum etmek istemedim.
Bu 6 senelik ön çalışma ve 1 senelik yoğun çalışma/yazım ürünü kitap ve içindeki keşifler bilgiler kaybolmasın dedim.
Ölmeye hiç niyetimiz yok tabi.
Allah bana başka bir yerden verir diyorum ve bu içinde Zeus ve Ares keşifleri de olan 2nci kitabı ücretsiz pdf halinde Academia.edu ve Researchgate’den yayınlıyorum.

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- Historical Linguistics, Linguistics, Linguistica, Ancient alphabetic inscriptions

Tel Nagila is an ancient mound on a hill in the western bank of the Shikma River near Kibbutz Ruhama. Excavations were carried out in 1962 and 1963. The findings show that the main settlement existed in the second Middle Bronze age... more

The commercial level trading which emerged at the start of the Bronze Age was made possible by a common written language. That language was Akkadian in its syllabic (cuneiform) form, its phonetic form (Phaistos Disk and these Minoan Linear A tablets) and all the early alphabetic texts prior to the rise of Greek and Latin. These translated Minoan Linear A texts from Crete preserve a moment in time before being buried by an earthquake. At the time of the earthquake a severe drought was occurring which both increased the demand for temple services and caused a crisis of faith among the temples which began to blame one of the two possible spiritual power classes. The traditional fishing culture focused on spiritual motion powers while the newer agricultural culture focused on life-growth powers. The motion power class rituals were the "magical" rituals by their definition. The life-growth rituals centered around food and feasting. Prior to the drought both power classes were engaged equally by the temples but a split was now developing. The texts can be divided into three types: shipping tags, ritual item lists from various temples, and wall labels used in building construction. This paper supersedes the initial exploration paper on this subject (Olmsted July 2020) having a more complete sign assignment chart and lexicon. All texts are translated according to the scholar's standard.

The Tekke cemetery, located northwest of the Acropolis in Knossos, the site was excavated in 1975-1976, and one of the artifacts that were found in one of the tombs was a bronze bowl that bore an inscription. The epigraphic dating is from... more

- by Matthieu Richelle
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- Hebrew Bible, Paleography, Hebrew Manuscripts, North-West Semitic Epigraphy

An analysis of the Old Byblian inscriptions, Elibaal (KAI 6) and Shipitbaal (KAI 7) Inscriptions and the Azarbaal Spatula. I analyze the provenance, grammar, and orthogrophy, while providing my own translation of each inscription. I include a summary of previous research on each inscription and conclude with the significance of each, including relevance for the study of the Hebrew Bible.

- by Daniel Walter
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- Ancient History, Languages and Linguistics, Phoenicians, Hebrew Bible

This article presents a family tomb discovered in Jerusalem, of the
common type provided with kokhim (burial niches) and ossuaries, typical of the late Second Temple period. It contains an undecorated ossuary bearing an inscrip tion, in Aramaic and Hebrew: 'Alexa son of Shalom daughter of Alexa / Cursed (be whoever) will take me from my place'. Several features of this inscription are outstanding: the script, which seems to be the product of a professional scribe; the fact that the incised letters are filled with some blue pigment; the pedigree of the deceased, relating to his mother and further back to his grandfather; the style of the curse, which might point to a scribe whose occupation was the copying of texts employing a high level of the Hebrew language, such as in literary and liturgical texts.

- by Yuval Baruch
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- Second Temple Judaism, Biblical Archaeology, Ancient Hebrew, Ancient Jewish History

The inscription is dated to the middle of the 10th century BCE, and it consists of seven lines of text inscribed in an early Phoenician dialect which was used primarily in the royal inscriptions of Byblos. The inscription is engraved on a... more

- by Israel Finkelstein
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- Ancient alphabetic inscriptions, Hebrew epigraphy

Deir ‘Alla is a relatively small multi-period site of approximately 5 hectares in size, located in the Jordan Valley on the east side of the Jordan river. It is best known for the Balaam inscription from the Phase IX occupation. However, it has also offered unique clay tablets from its latest phase of the Bronze Age occupation, known as the Late Bronze III
period (ca. 1185–1140 b.c.e.). These form an exceptional corpus of written texts on intentionally formed rectangular clay tablets. Unfortunately, the tablets have been left outside of more recent considerations on the development of the alphabet and (Proto-)Canaanite writing in the region, which has skewed the debate on literacy and the spread of the alphabet in the Levant. This has largely been due to the lack of a satisfying widely accepted identification of its signs and the language used in the Deir ‘Alla tablets. The present article is a first attempt to reset the balance by offering a suggested of the tablets using clearly set-out premises.

The inscription of Shipitbaal the Phoenician king of Byblos, was found in 1935 among the remains of an Egyptian temple for the goddess Hathor in Byblos. It was carved on a limestone brick and mentions the deeds of Shpitbaal son of... more

The article is to present an edition of a Lycian inscription found in the year 2000 in Limyra. In spite of its fragmentary state of preservation, it is of great importance since it contributes to our understanding of Lycian history and culture. Most interestingly, it offers the so far unknown Lycian ethnicon χuχrmmezi. Since it is accompanied by the Lycian term teteri, which in the trilingual inscription of the Letoon N 320 corresponds to the Greek term πόλις, the underlying toponym *Xuχrmme/i seems to refer to an urban centre. While an identification with a known Lycian city is not possible so far, the inscription provides some information which is of interest in respect to the relation between Limyra and *Xuχrmme/i as well as to the classification of the text. Thus, besides a historical review, it contains obligations for the present and future. Along with the fact that the inscription, although found in Limyra, whose Lycian name is known to be Zẽmuri, deals with *Xuχrmme/i and it...

- by Birgit Christiansen
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- History, Anatolian Studies, Anatolian History, Anatolian Languages

Ahiram sarcophagus is a sarcophagus discovered in the royal necropolis of the ancient city of Byblos in Lebanon. The inscription on the sarcophagus contains Phoenician letters. The inscription was written by Ethbaal the son of the deceased. It mentions a king by the name Ahiram. At the end of the inscription there is a curse to whoever open the sarcophagus.

- by Yariv Hacham
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- Ancient alphabetic inscriptions, Phoenician Alphabet, Ahiram sarcophagus , Phoenician kings

Currently more than 60 Phoenician-Canaanite inscribed arrowheads from the Late Bronze or Early Iron Ages are known. Except for the first of these to be published (Ruweiseh of 1926), which was found in a controlled excavation, albeit in secondary context, all of the numerous inscribed arrowheads published later were either acquired from Bedouins or from the illegal antiquities market and thus lack reliable information about provenance, authenticity or even acquisition.
In 1962 Malachi F. Martin published a peculiar Canaanite (Phoenician) inscribed arrowhead from the inventory of the Beirut National Museum. Since it was only the eighth in a series of then known inscribed arrowheads, it became subject to close scrutiny. Only few years later however, following a verdict by Frank Moore Cross (1967) who regarded it as useless for palaeographic studies, the then so-called ‘Rapa’-arrowhead was again virtually disregarded.
The startling feature of this arrowhead at first glance is its obvious re-use, i.e. being a palimpsest that displays a secondary labelling, inscribed atop faint remains of another, earlier incised inscription. But in contrast to any rational and plausible expectation, the scriptio superior of the ‘Rapa’ arrowhead displays typological archaisms which, according to the customary model, are decidedly older than anything that is written beneath.
The paper offers a throrough new analysis of the arrowhead throughout, with a new reading. At the same time, circumstantial evidence for its authenticity is presented.
The newly established ‘Wala’ (formerly ‘Rapa’) arrowhead thus becomes another jigsaw-puzzle piece in the challenge of the ‘Albright–Cross–Harvard framework’ in early alphabet typology and reason to ask for an alternative model. This would include the assumption of a multifactorial rather than unidimensional development in Late Bronze / Early Iron ages Levantine alphabet script typology.

Appunti di studio sulla lingua, scrittura, manoscritti e stampa birmana.

- by Stefano Zamblera
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- History, Ancient History, Languages and Linguistics, Historical Linguistics
- by S Zolboo
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- Discourse Analysis, Philology, History, Ancient History

The past inability to translate Etruscan texts has meant that the interpretation of Etrucan art has been mostly speculation. This interpretation has been made even more difficult because this was the time when new demon imagery (Cyclops, Skadi) not seen in the past was being introduced as Etruscan religious culture was changing from the magical Ancient Pagan Paradigm to the lordified dualist framework of today's religions. Etruscan texts were written in Alphabetic Akkadian which was the common written language of trade and temple all around the Mediterranean prior to its replacement by Greek and Latin. Etruscan texts are distinguished from Greek texts by their writing direction with Etruscan texts written from right to left and Greek texts written from left to right. The motivation behind these tomb and pottery texts was an ongoing debate about the cause droughts. The Tomb of Orcus supports the use of human emotion magic as a corrective practice while the Tomb of Shields is anti-magic. The life class deities mentioned in these texts are the top layer source god Alu, middle layer network god Hu, network editing and crescent moon goddess Ayu, and life form manifester (revealer) god Yahu. The magical motion class deities mentioned are the top layer full moon source god Su and the middle layer hermaphrodite deity Thu.

deep analysis of the Mesha Stele and parallels from the bible

Smith, J. S. 2012 “Languages, Scripts, and Administration,” pp. 84–87 in D. Pilides and N. Papadimitriou eds., Ancient Cyprus – Cultures in Dialogue, Exhibition organized by the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus, on the occasion of Cyprus’ Presidency of the Council of the European Union 2012 Royal Museums of Art and History, Brussels October 31, 2012–February 17, 2013. Nicosia: Department of Antiquities, Cyprus.

- by Joanna S Smith
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- Cypriot Archaeology, Ancient Seals and Sealings, Cypro-Minoan, Cypriot syllabic

In 1967, a Dutch excavation team revealed an inscription on a plastered wall in Tel Deir Alla, which is probably the Biblical settlement Sukkot in the Jordan valley. The tel is located 8 km east of the Jordan River and North to the Jabokk River. The plastered fragments, and on them the writings in ink, were found on the floor on one of the structures. After the defragmentation of the plastered fragments, it became clear that there were two major texts. More fragments were found, but they were too small and could not be defragmented to a logical meaning. Surprisingly it turned out that the name Belam *bar Beor, which is Belam, son of Beor, returned several times in the first text. In fact, this text is beginning with the words of this Belam. This is the oldest source mentioning the name Belam bar Beor, outside the Bible that has been found until now. The appearance of that name in the East of the Jordan River, is of great interest for Biblical scholars and ancient epigraphy. * " bar " in Aramaic is son, the Hebrew word for son is " ben " .

- by Yariv Hacham
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- Moab, Ancient alphabetic inscriptions, Moabite Language, Proto-sinaitic Inscriptions

The article presents the name of Jehoram king of Israel in the Tel Dan Stele

The son of Jehoahaz, king of Israel (approximately 784-800 BCE), during his reign Israel was under Assyrian pressure and also attacks from two directions:
1. In the north, the armies of Aram (II Kings 13: 3-4), conquered territories from the kingdom of Israel during the reign of Jehoash father, Jehoahaz.
2. The Moabites, took out seasonal raids against Israel (II Kings 13:20).........................

הצעת קריאה חדשה למילה הראשונה בכתובת אשבעל מחירבת קיאפה

- by Yariv Hacham
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- Hebrew Language, Hebrew Bible, Ancient Hebrew, Hebrew Bible and Ancient Near East

the article presents the ancient sources of the Hebrew Bible as the Ketef Hinnom silver plates, the Dead Sea Scrolls and the The Nash Papyrus from the Cairo geniza. also late editions as the Aleppo codex and The Leningrad codex, and a... more

The site is west to Ramallah; it was excavated in the 1930-ies by an American group. The diggers found a small village from the 12-13 th century BCE. The excavation at the village revealed a few houses, and near every house the inhabitants had dug a cistern. In the floor of a room in one of the houses the excavators found an inscribed jar handle. On the handle where 3 signs carved vertically, the shape of the signs testify that they are letters from the Proto-Canaanite script which was widely spread during that era.

Handwriting is considered a unique "fingerprint" that characterizes a scribe (it is even used as evidence in modern forensics). In paleography (the study of ancient writing), it is presumed that each writer has a one prototype for each letter in the alphabet. Commonly, for ancient inscriptions, letters are organized into paleographic tables (where the rows are the alphabet letters, and the columns represent the examined inscriptions). These tables play a significant role in dating inscriptions based on their resemblance to columns in the table. In this paper, we argue that each scribe "fingerprint" is not represented by a single character prototype, but in fact by a distribution of characters. We introduce a framework for automatically identifying the writer style and constructing paleographic tables based on character histograms. Subsequently, we propose a method for comparing short documents utilizing letter distribution. We demonstrate the validity of the methods on two handwritten datasets: Modern and Ancient Hebrew pertaining to the First Temple period. Our methodology on the ancient dataset enables us to provide additional evidence concerning the level of literacy in the kingdom of Judah ca. 600 BCE.

- by Israel Finkelstein
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- Digital epigraphy, Ancient alphabetic inscriptions

Water tunnel that was carved underneath the City of David in Jerusalem, the tunnel length is 530 meter; the common hypothesis of the tunnel date is during the reign of Hezekiah (late 8th and early 7th century BCE). 2 Kings 20 " 20. Now the rest of the acts of Hezekiah, and all his might, and how he made the pool, and the conduit, and brought water into the city, are they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Judah? " It seems that the main reason for carving the tunnel was to bring water from one side of the city to the other. In the blue circle: the tunnel location in Jerusalem Entrance to the Siloam tunnel in 1816

Tell el Hesi is an ancient tel in the lowland (Shfela) on the bank of the Shikma river. The site´s name in Arabic is Wadi el Hesi and the tel is located 7 km south of the city Kirjat Gat. According to one theory, this is the place of the Biblical city Eglon, that is mentioned in the wars of Joshua (Joshua chapter 10) as one of the cities of the tribe of Judah. Regardless of what has been said before, there is no evidence that this is indeed the city of Eglon. The site has been excavated in the end of the 19th century. The excavators exposed layers from the early Bronze Age until the late Arabic period. Among the artifacts that were found in the site, is a letter in cuneiform from the 14th century BCE, as well as a shard of pottery with an inscription. Tel Hesi Excavations The Tel Hesi shard with the inscription on it, was found in the excavations in the years 1890-1893. The inscription consists of three letters on the shard near to the edge of an ancient bowl. On the inscription was written the combination Bela (see drawing). The letters were carved into the clay before the bowl was burned in the potter´s furnace.

Prof. Y.M Grintz’s hypothesis that the magnificent ossuary found together with the Aramaic inscription of Abba son of Eleazar the priest “the oppressed, the pursued, who was born in Jerusalem and went to exile into Babylonia, and carried up (for interment) Mattathi[ah] son of Jud[ah] and I buried him in the cave which I purchased by the writ,” belonged to Mattathias Antigonus, the last Hasmonean king, received compelling scientific corroboration in a television program broadcast in December 1974. On the program, the anthropologist Prof. Nicu Hass, who analyzed the bones, presented a sketch of a decapitated skull that in his view had belonged to a tall 25-year-old man, who was tortured until he lost consciousness, after which he was beheaded, a description that is consistent with the manner in which Mattathias Antigonus was executed, as described by Josephus and Dio Cassius. However, these findings were not published scientifically and were forgotten. Nicu Hass suffered a head injury a month after the broadcast and never regained consciousness. The bones, left in cardboard boxes in his office, were reexamined by Prof. Patricia Smith who maintained that the decapitated skull had belonged to a short old woman. In light of her findings, a general consensus took root in the scientific community that rejected Grintz’s analysis. The current paper will (1) survey the history of the subject, including the comments made on the television program that are as yet unpublished, and argue that Hass’s diagnosis is preferable; (2) add unpublished information or information not properly published (a second ossuary found years later apparently containing the bones of Abba the priest, an examination of the caves and the order in which they were dug, the return of the bones of Mattathias son of Judah to their resting place; (3) advance a hypothesis that will try to identify Abba the priest and his family with a family mentioned in Josephus Flavius’s Antiquities of the Jews.

- by Yoel Elitzur
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- Josephus, Jerusalem, Ancient alphabetic inscriptions, Hasmoneans

The inscription was inscribed on a statue of Pharaoh Shishak, king of Egypt (945-924 BCE). The Phoenician letters are inscribed at each side of the Pharaoh cartouche. It was discovered at the end of the 19th century, and first published... more

The inscription was discovered in the temple of Baalat Gbal “The Lady of Byblos” and published for the first time in 1925. It is engraved on a stone statue, and it bears the name of Eli-Baal king of Byblos. In the statue, engraved on a... more

The Revadim seal : The seal was found in 1959 at Kibbutz Readmit 3 km west of Tel Miqne which is identified with ancient Ekron. The seal is made of a hard limestone, and it is one of the oldest with an alphabetic inscription on it. The base of the seal bears four letters. Under the letters is a schematic scene in which four human figures are seen in different positions.

Line number 12 in the Mesha Stele present the following enigmatic sentence: ‫ואשב‬. ‫משמ‬. ‫את‬. ‫אראל‬. ‫דודה‬ - wašb mšm at Arel dwda. This article will suggest translational options to this sentence. In order to understand what king... more