Soil Stabilization Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Soil stabilization is the process which involves enhancing the physical properties of the soil in order to improve the strength, durability etc. by blending additives. By blending cotton fibers to the soil the CBR values will improve and thickness of pavement layer also reduces. By the application of soil stabilization method in construction the cost gets reduced. The liquid limit of the soil with addition of cotton fibers was found to be decreasing when compared to liquid limit of soil alone. The plastic limit of the soil decreases with the blending of fibers. The shrinkage limit of the soil was increased with increase in fibers. The MDD of the soil with addition of cotton fibers by weight of soil is found to be increasing upto 0.75% after that it decreases and the corresponding OMC is decreased with addition of fibers. The shear strength of soil decreased substantially with addition of cotton fibers. The CBR value of the soil increased substantially. Different tests were conducted in order to determine the different characteristics and properties of the red soil and obtained with following results. The liquid limit of the soil alone was found to be 36.6%. The MDD of the soil with addition of 0.25%, 0.5% cotton fibers by weight of soil is found to be decreased by 0.84% and 0.76% , 1.0% cotton fibers by weight of soil is found to be increased by 0.11 % and 16.98% respectively and the corresponding OMC is decreased by 15.62%, 21.87% and 33.75% respectively. The shear strength of the soil with the addition of 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1% of cotton fibers is found to be decreased by 38.57%, 38.57%, 35.25% and 5.85%. The CBR value of the soil with addition of 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1.0%, cotton fibers by weight of soil is found to be expanded. flexible pavement design thickness before stabilization is obtained as 450mm and after stabilization is obtained as 250mm.The estimated cost for constructing flexible pavement before stabilization of soil is obtained as 4018051 Rs/Km and after stabilization of soil is obtained as 3721895 Rs/Km. the estimated cost after stabilization is found to be decreased by 7.35%.

- by
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- Soil Stabilization, Cotton Fiber, CBR Test

This paper examines biocementation via the microbial-induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) process as an appropriate and promising new technology for stabilisation of loose sand and silty sand deposits as a method to mitigate wind erosion. The technique involves spray treating the sand surface layer with a mixture of cementation and bacterial-cell solutions, the ensuing reactions causing calcite precipitation to occur between the sand grains, thereby lightly cementing them together over time. The bench-scale experimental programme presented investigates the proposed technique's effectiveness for stabilisation of silica and carbonate sands with different gradations, determination of the optimal reagent concentrations, the time-dependent shear strength development for the crustal sand layer following single-and double-MICP spray treatments, as well as wind tunnel experiments. Of particular novelty were investigations of the effect of dew formation on crustal shear strength development with curing period and the efficiency of the MICP treatment for the outdoor environment compared to laboratory-controlled test conditions. The wind tunnel experiments demonstrated that 28-day cured singly MICP-spray-treated crustal sand layers were stable to simulated 20 m·s−1 winds measured at 20 cm above the layer surface.

- by Isaac Akiije
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- Soil Stabilization

Effective Management of Municipal Solid Waste cannot be achieved without involving wastewater treatment plants as they generate a sludge that must be disposed of in an environmentally friendly manner. Therefore, recycling or reusing them are the preferred options for sustainable development. The study presented the use of incinerated sewage sludge ash (ISSA) as a soil stabilizing agent. Oxide compositions were determined by the X

- by Ibrahim M O H A M M E D Lawal and +1
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- Water and wastewater treatment, Municipal Solid Waste Management, Waste Management, Soil Stabilization

Black Cotton soil is expansive soil which expand when it contacts with water. this is the major reason of failure of black cotton soil strata and soil strata is improved by different types of fibres. The different areas having different types of black cotton soil and it is engineering properties. In this research paper, the engineering properties of black cotton soil is tried to improve by using Recron 3s fibre with 15% Kota stone slurry. Most of the times, the black cotton soil is stabilized by polypropylene fibre. The polypropylene, polyester is synthetic and jute is natural fibre. Sometimes soil is stabilized by using Kota stone slurry but this research paper is based on stabilization of black cotton soil by 15% Kota stone slurry with Recron 3s fibre. In this research, the 15% Kota stone slurry is mixed with different percentage of Recron 3s fibre in black cotton soil. The engineering parameters are also determined by conducting tests for 15% Kota stone slurry with black cotton soil mix specimen. For stabilization of black cotton soil with 15% of Kota stone slurry, the Atterberg's limits (Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, Plasticity Index), differential free swelling index, swelling pressure and wet sieve analysis tests are conducted but with different percentage of fibre, standard proctor test and unconfined compressive strength test also conducted. Keywords: Recron 3s Fibre, Maximum Dry Density, Optimum Moisture Content, UCS of Recron 3s Fibre, 15% Kota stone slurry with Recron 3s Fibre.

Black Cotton soil is expansive soil which expand when it contacts with water. This is the major reason of failure of black cotton soil strata and soil strata may be improved by different types of admixtures. The different areas having different types of black cotton soil and it is engineering properties. In this research paper, the engineering properties of black cotton soil is tried to improve by using wooden saw dust with 15% Kota stone slurry. Most of the times, the black cotton soil is stabilized by polypropylene fibre and lime etc. Sometimes soil is stabilized by using Kota stone slurry but this research paper is based on stabilization of black cotton soil by 15% Kota stone slurry with different percentage of wooden saw dust. In this research, the 15% Kota stone slurry is mixed with different percentage of wooden saw dust in black cotton soil. The engineering parameters are also determined by conducting tests for 15% Kota stone slurry with black cotton soil mix specimen. For stabilization of black cotton soil with 15% of Kota stone slurry, the Atterberg's limits (Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, Plasticity Index), standard proctor test and unconfined compressive strength test are conducted but with different percentage of wooden saw dust.

Stabilization is the process of physical and chemical alteration of soils to enhance their engineering properties and thus improving the load bearing capacity of a sub-grade or a sub-base to support pavements and foundations. Sodium chloride has been used for many years as a stabilizing admixture in selected base course materials. Sodium chloride added to raw soil were found to have negligible effects on soil plasticity while increasing compacted density and decreasing optimum moisture content. In this project, the stability of soil is found out by adding Sodium chloride (NaCl) and thus compared with the stability of soil without adding Sodium chloride (NaCl) followed by different laboratory tests.

- by Ijariit Journal
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- Soil Stabilization
- by Randall Brown
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- Soil Mechanics, Pavement Engineering, Soil Stabilization

Obtained from the research on oilfield drilling fluids as a way to improve colloidal and rheological properties of bentonite (sodium montmorillonite) mud (slurry), the polymer based synthetic fluid arrived to a point that itself can work as a substitute of mineral slurry on excavations for foundations of engineering structures.
The use of this type of fluid in the geoconstruction industry was born from the need to find a new solution with less environmental impact and at the same time improve the final results (saving time, improving excavation geometry and saving concrete).
Once there are a lot of doubts at the moment of using and accepting the synthetic mud as a real technical option, this report is intended to clear ideas about the characteristics, how to use and in which aspects can the use of polymer slurry be more advantageous than bentonite slurry on soil stabilization.

- by Eónio Trindade
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- Polymers, Pilling, Soil Stabilization, Bentonite

Colloidal silica (CS) is a kind of nanomaterial used in soil/rock grouting techniques in different branches of civil engineering. Many studies have recently been performed to investigate the potential of CS in improving the mechanical behavior of cohesionless soils and mitigating the risk of seismic liquefaction in urbanized areas. CS grout is chemically and biologically inert and, when injected into a subsoil, it can form a silica gel and stabilize the desired soil layer, thus representing an attractive, environmentally friendly alternative to standard chemical grouting techniques. This paper firstly describes the characteristics of CS grout, the gelation process and the main features of the behavior of the pure gelled material. The grout delivery mechanisms through porous media are then explained, pointing out the crucial issues for practical application of CS grouting. All the grouting-induced effects on the soil behavior, which have been investigated by laboratory tests on small-sized soil elements, are reviewed, including the modifications to soil strength and stiffness under both static and seismic loading conditions, to soil compressibility and hydraulic conductivity. Published results from physical model tests and in situ applications are also presented. Finally, some aspects related to the mechanism of soil improvement are discussed. A critical discussion of each topic is presented, drawing particular attention to the controversial or not yet fully examined aspects to which future research on colloidal silica grouting should be directed.

- by Giovanni Ciardi
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- Liquefaction, Nanomaterials, Soil Stabilization, Grouting

The rapid growth of population and fast urbanization has resulted in the reduction of the good quality of available land. Black cotton (BC) soil is one of such problematic soils, though they are very fertile soils, they are not suitable for the foundation of roads and buildings. They are expansive clays with a high potential for shrinking or swelling as a result of changing moisture content. Due to the intensive shrinkswell process, surface cracks appear during dry seasons. A small amount of rainfall, such as 6mm can make these soils impassable for all traffic. About 23% of the area in India is covered by BC soil. To utilize expansive soils effectively, proper ground improvement techniques are to be adopted. One of the most widely used techniques is to stabilize the expansive soil with conventional admixtures like lime, GGBS, cement, and fly ash. In the present study, an attempt is made to modify the engineering properties of black cotton soil. This research work presents the improvement of engineering characteristics of expansive soils using Lime and GGBS as an additive. For experimental work, Lime of 2%, 4%, and 6% used and corresponding 5%, and 10% of GGBS is used. Tests like the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test, Unconfined Compression Strength (UCS) test, proctor test, Atterberg's limits performed. After stabilization, it was found that UCS and CBR of soil increased significantly.

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) that has been successfully
applied to structural and most other disciplines of civil
engineering is yet to be extended to soil stabilization aspect
of geotechnical engineering. As such, this study aimed at
applying the ANNs as a soft computing approach that were
trained with the feed forward back-propagation algorithm,
for the simulation of optimum moisture content (OMC) and
maximum dry density (MDD) of cement kiln dust-stabilized
black cotton soil. Ten input and two output data set were
used for the ANN model development. The mean squared
error (MSE) and R-value were used as yardstick and
criterions for acceptability of performance. In the neural
network development, NN 10-5-1 and NN 10-7-1
respectively for OMC and MDD that gave the lowest MSE
value and the highest R-value were used in the hidden layer
of the networks architecture and performed satisfactorily. For
the normalized data used in training, testing and validating
the neural network, the performance of the simulated
network was satisfactory having R values of 0.983 and
0.9884 for the OMC and MDD, respectively. These values
met the minimum criteria of 0.8 conventionally
recommended for strong correlation condition. All the
obtained simulation results are satisfactory and a strong
correlation was observed between the experimental OMC
and MDD values as obtained by laboratory tests and the
predicted values using ANN.

In the world full of crises, also the rising demand for PPE suits and masks would lead to another wave of biomedical waste disposition crises. The disposal of thrown away wastes causes a serious issue as the waste are most of the time are non-biodegradable and these are also not fit for incineration. Soil stabilization improves the engineering properties of the weak soil, by proper compaction and additional materials such as lime, concrete, but these materials are becoming expensive day by day, hence plastic by the composition of egg shell powder could enhance the properties and can be a sustainable replacement for lime, concrete, etc. as stabilizer. Through much experimental investigation it has been showed that plastic and egg shell powder can be used as an effective stabilizer with encountering waste disposal problem as well, along with the economical solution for stabilizing weak soil. This PPE stripes/shredding are known for its high strength, low cost, significantly less dangerous for the environment. The combined effect of PPE stripes/shredding along with egg shell powder can enhance engineering properties of soil.

- by prasad sonar
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- Soil Stabilization

This research stresses the need for Nigerian Geotechnical Engineers to make use of geosynthetics as it is used in other parts of Asia, Europe and North America. Geosynthetics have become well established constriction materials for geotechnical and environmental applications in most parts of the world. Because they are made up of manufactured materials, new products and applications are developed on a routine basis to provide solutions to routine and critical problems alike. In the south- eastern part of Nigeria for example (i.e., Uturu, Umuahia, Nsulu-Isiala Ngwa North in Abia State and Okigwe, Orlu and Okpuala in Imo State) where erosion and slope failures are rampaging the land mass, the employment of geosynthetic materials will totally help the country and specifically the zone in question. Also in the western part of Nigeria (e.g., Lagos) that has recorded the highest number of structural failures over the years is not left out. Geosynthetics is the answer to these failures. This work focuses on Nigeria because we are backwards in the engineering advancement thus “geosynthetics”. KEYWORDS: Geosynthetics, reinforced soil, soil properties, polymeric materials, geotextiles.

- by Engr.Dr.Kennedy C Onyelowe
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- Geotechnical Engineering, Soil Stabilization

Huge quantities of blast furnace slag, is being generated in the steel plants during the extraction of iron from iron ores, and they are normally dumped in and around the plant occupying a large land area apart from causing significant environmental problems. Granular Blast Furnace Slag (GBFS) resembles to cohesion less granular material and is observed to contain mostly the sand-size particles. Therefore, the industrial wastes like Granular Blast Furnace Slag (GBFS) if used as a substitute to good quality borrow soils for base/ sub-base course in flexible pavements or as an embankment material, it may significantly decrease the construction cost apart from increasing the sustainable development. This study is carried out to utilize the slag in embankment construction. Being cohesion less material, it is mixed with local soil collect from Suvali near Eassar steel Ltd. As, the embankment/subgrade having high strength, can resist to deformation and increase the stability of the pavement. If the parent soil does not have good engineering properties can achieved with the use of additives/stabilizer. This additives/stabilizer is mixed with the soil materials to get desired improvement. This study focus on mechanical stabilization of parent soil (CH type) using GBFS. The CBR tests are conducted to check the four day soak strength of the soil mixed with the GBFS in different range (10 %, 15 % and 20 % by mass). The results of these tests are comparing with soil stabilized with lime (3, 4 and 5 % by mass) and cement (0.5, 1 and 1.5 % by mass) with different proportion.

- by Nurmunira Muhammad
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- Soil Stabilization, Subgrade Stabilisation

Rapid industrialization and population explosion in India has led to the migration of peoples from villages to cities which increase human settlement in world's growing cities and towns. This generates several issues with regard to the environment. Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is becoming a very important study before commissioning of any project plan or development in our country. In order to study either its beneficial or harmful effect; evaluation of any project through EIA has become a must; Indian construction industry is rapidly growing at a rate of 9.2% as against the world average of 5.5%. Undertaking EIA for construction industry and improving site management can reduce environmental impact both on and off site. The EIA study is necessary to prepare a detailed account of environmental impact of the proposed activity so that appropriate interventions could be taken. Rapid impact assessment matrix (RIAM) comes under one of the option for execution of EIA. This method is particularly advantageous over others as it provides a transparent and permanent record of analysis process while at the same time organizing the EIA procedure, which in turn considerably reduces the time taken in executing EIAs. Using this method of RIAM, EIA has been found that the negative and positive impact in this study. For that, we have adopted the various policies in order to reduce the considerable effect in present condition and future prediction of impacts, so as to create a eco-friendly building environment.

- by SELVAKUMAR S
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- Soil Stabilization

Chemical stabilization has been increasingly adopted for improving the properties of expansive soils in recent years. The use of chloride salts to stabilize expansive clays has been investigated by many researchers. In this regard an attempt has been made to evaluate the influence of adding three chloride salts (AlCl 3 , FeCl 2 , NH 4 Cl) to an expansive clay of high swelling potential on its swelling properties. Laboratory tests conducted on natural and treated soils include Atterberg's limits, free swell, swell potential, and swell pressure tests. Various amounts of each salt (0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%) were added to the soil to study their effect on plasticity and swelling characteristics. Comparing the results obtained for the natural and treated soils, the increase in the percentage of the salt decreased the liquid limit and plasticity index of the soil. The reduction in the plasticity index values of the treated soil with addition of 15% salt is more than 78% of the virgin soil. A significant decrease in the free swell index, swell potential and swell pressure of the treated soil was experienced. The tests results indicated that among the three chloride salts tested, ammonium chloride showed promising results. It can be concluded that the chloride salts studied had shown great potential to improve swelling properties of expansive soils.

- by Prof. Magdi Zumrawi
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- Expansive Soils, Soil Stabilization

Searching for the best soil stabilizers to overcome the problem occurs by the clayey soils and sandy soils are still being the main concern, not only to achieve the required soil engineering properties but also by considering the cost and the effect to the environment. This research work presents the efficiency of sodium based alkaline activators as an additive in improving the engineering characteristics of cohesive and cohesion less soil. Investigations have been done in order to evaluate the effectiveness as soil stabilizer which involved the use of sodium hydroxide as chemical additive and concentrations of 1,2,4,8 molar were used. These materials were discussed in this paper and their effectiveness for stabilizing the soil were observed from the obtained results only in terms of strength and shear parameters like cohesion and angle of friction by conducting unconfined compressive test, California bearing test and direct shear test. The strengths of soil and their shear parameters were significantly increased with the use of sodium hydroxide as chemical additive and supposed they have the potential as effective soil stabilizers in field application.

- by GRD JOURNALS
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- Soil Stabilization, Sodium Hydroxide, Chemical Additives

Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks (CSEBs) are manufactured using stabilizers to provide adequate compressive strength and durability , so, as to make them suitable as building blocks. Though cement is a popular stabilizer used in manufacture of CSEBs, no study has been reported utilizing lime in combination of cement. This experimental study on CSEBs prepared using lime as a replacement to cement in certain proportions has clearly brought out the effectiveness of lime with cement in improving the long-term build-up of strength better than using cement alone. It was observed that blocks prepared with optimum quantity of lime along with cement has led to continuous buildup of strength even beyond 2 years, whereas blocks prepared with cement alone and lesser quantity of lime than optimum quantity have not gained much strength after 6 months from the time of preparation of the blocks. The research findings show a need to relook at the grading of ingredients and quantity of stabilizers for achieving good building blocks. This would be an added benefit not only in reducing the cost of the blocks, but also has serious implications in terms of the reduction of energy consumed in the manufacture of blocks when done in large scale.

- by Sravan Muguda Viswanath and +1
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- Soil Stabilization, Earthen Construction, Stabilised Brick

In India vast area is occupied by black cotton soil mainly contains clay as chief constituent. They show minimal bearing capacity and low strength. These soils swell when comes in contact with water and shrink as they dry out. Engineers face problems with such type of soils, which do not posses sufficient strength to carry the imposed loads during construction and the life of the structure. Properties of the soil must be increased to achieve economy and to improve the performance of structure. Soil stabilization is the process of reducing undesirable behaviour of expansive soils. Conventional stabilization methods are time consuming and are proved to be not economical, it become necessary to look for alternative eco-friendly stabilizers like bio-enzymes. Different types of bio-enzymes available for soil stabilization are Renolith, Permazyme, Terrazyme and Fujibeton. The present study deals the effect of Terrazyme a bio-enzyme on shear strength and CBR value of expansive soil. Laboratory tests were conducted on various dosages, stabilizer was added by replacing 1, 2, 3 and 4 percentages of the optimum water content of the black cotton soil.

- by GJESR Journal
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- Soil Stabilization, Shear Strength, Black Cotton Soil, CBR value

Strengthening beach sand using enzyme induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) was demonstrated. Enzyme induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) is an emerging biologicallybased ground improvement technique that precipitates calcium carbonate within the pores of a granular soil via hydrolysis of urea catalyzed by free urease enzyme. In this study, samples of a natural beach sand were treated using an EICP solution at one, two, and three cycles of treatment (one pore volume per treatment cycle). Strength and carbonate content of the treated specimens were measured using unconfined compressive strength (UCS) testing and acid digestion. X-ray diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to evaluate the morphology of the precipitates. The treated specimens showed average UCS of 145 kPa, 241 kPa, and 483 kPa at average carbonate content of 1.96%, 2.98%, and 3.69% (corresponding to one, two, and three cycles), respectively. Calcite was observed to be the main crystal ...

- by Ahmad Ali
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- Civil Engineering, Geotechnical Engineering, Biotechnology, Biogeotechnics

This paper studied the effect of common salt on the compaction and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) properties of eggshell stabilized lateritic soils with a view of obtaining a good compliment for eggshell as a useful stabilizer for road works. Classification and consistency tests were performed on the soil samples which were also subjected to compaction and CBR tests. Stabilization was performed at optimum eggshell and with 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10% of common salt. The addition of common salt reduced the Plastic Indices (PI) of the samples. The values reduced from 14.82, 11.11 and 7.99% to 8.03, 1.25 and 1.23% in samples A, B and C respectively. Maximum Dry Density (MDD) increased from 1995 to 2140 kg/m 3 and 2000 to 2110 kg/m 3 in samples B and C respectively. The unsoaked CBR values also increased from 34.78 to 50.99 kN/m 2 , 15.64 to 28.89 kN/m 2 and 27.31 to 34.20 kN/m 2 at optimum stabilization in samples A, B and C respectively. The result showed that the addition of common salt improved the compaction and CBR characteristics of eggshell stabilized soils.

The performance of pavement is very responsive to the characteristics of the soil subgrade. For that reason, weak subgrade is enhanced by adopting the most efficient stabilization technique. Based on the literature review, stabilization with fly ash activated with cement was found to be an effective option for improvement of soil properties. In this regard an experimental program was undertaken to study the effect caused by the combined action of fly ash and cement stabilization on the geotechnical characteristics of expansive subgrade soils. Expansive soil treated with varying percentages of fly ash, 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 percent combined with 5% cement content were studied. Consistency limits, compaction, California Bearing Ratio, swell potential and swell pressure tests were conducted on treated and untreated soils. The experimental results show that addition of cement-fly ash admixture to the soil has great influence on its properties. It was found that the optimum dosage of fly ash is 15% mixed with 5% cement revealed in significant improvement in strength and durability and reduction in swelling and plasticity properties of the soil. Based on the results, it is recommended that cement-fly ash admixture be considered a viable option for the stabilization of expansive subgrades.

- by Prof. Magdi Zumrawi and +1
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- Pavement Engineering, Soil Stabilization, STABILIZATION OF EXPANSIVE SOILS

THIS IS NATURE SIGNALING THE END OF DUALITY THIS IS HUGE - CHANGE THE ENTIRETY OF CREATION - NO DUALITY ANYWHERE. IT IS VERY CLEARLY A PREDETERMINED ADVANCEMENT OF HUMAN CONSCIOUSNESS - THIS BUBBLE IS TOO WELL DESIGNED - EUPHORIA... more

THIS IS NATURE SIGNALING THE END OF DUALITY
THIS IS HUGE - CHANGE THE ENTIRETY OF CREATION - NO DUALITY ANYWHERE.
IT IS VERY CLEARLY A PREDETERMINED ADVANCEMENT OF HUMAN CONSCIOUSNESS - THIS BUBBLE IS TOO WELL DESIGNED - EUPHORIA CANCELS KARMA

- by MIKE EMERY
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- Earth Sciences, Soil Science, Consciousness (Psychology), Water

The effectiveness of various materials as soil stabilizers has been investigated. While some are causing hazardous effects on the environment and are harmful to human health, others have no significant effect on the strength and durability on the affected soil. Out of several
techniques available for improving the soil strength, our project aims at probing the efficacy of a low calcium geopolymer fly ash and recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) as a new ecofriendly binder material in enhancing the strength characteristics of high and low plastic soil.
In the study, a geopolymer synthetized from low calcium fly ash and an alkaline solution made from sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide was used to stabilize these two soils from Louisiana. The soil samples were stabilized with fly ash and RCA at 5%, 15% and 25%, and their mechanical properties, shrinkage and durability were determined through unconfined compression test, indirect tensile test, drying shrinkage test and durability tests respectively.
It was observed that unconfined compressive strength of soil–geopolymer system increases with the source material contents. Molar concentration of alkali activator, alkali-to-source material ratio and percent content of source material altogether affect the unconfined
compressive strength of stabilized soil. The shrinkage for geopolymer was less than the soil cement mixture while the former was found to be more durable than later as well.
Apparently, geopolymer with its high strength, low cost, low energy consumption and CO2 emissions during synthesis offers a better substitute to soil cement stabilized soil.

This study deals with preparation and evaluation of compressive strength parameters of stabilized earth blocks made of black cotton soil. The process of stabilization of black cotton soil was done by using cement, sand and kaolinite group of clay minerals as stabilizers, at various mix proportions. The test results show that the cement and meta-kaolin with sand improved the strength of the blocks, besides shrinkage of the block decreased due to the presence of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) and lime. Also the presence of lime reduces the plasticity of black cotton soil and it can be used as an alternate material to the cement as stabilizer in black cotton soil.

- by harsha jatwa
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- Soil Science, Soil Mechanics, Soil Stabilization, Fly Ash

Most buildings and other civil engineering construction projects are started as raw land. The first step to be performed is site investigation in order to know the situation of the site. It is difficult to find location that has perfect soil properties. One of the alternative to handle this problem is by modifying the existing soil. Hausmann (1990) distinguished the ground improvement or modification or stabilization into four groups, one of them is modification by inclusion and confinement or it is called as soil reinforcement. The concept of this method is by utilizing the properties of the materials used to resist tensile stress. There are several materials that can be used in this group, such as fiber. Two types of fiber-reinforcing soil based on the distribution of fiber within the soil, pattern-fibrous and randomly-distributed. In this paper, randomly distributed-reinforced soil is discussed.

- by Rama Rizana
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- Civil Engineering, Geotechnical Engineering, Soil Stabilization, Soil Improvement
- by Anandita Agarwal
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- Civil Engineering, Soil Stabilization

Soil is extremely complex, heterogeneous substance which has been subjected to varieties of nature. Properties of soil do not change only with location to location but also with respect to depth, climate and drainage condition of soil. Soil stabilization is the process by which strength properties of soil can be improved with the use of adding some materials like polypropylene, wheat husk fiber, copper slag etc. There is a rapid increase in waste quantity of plastic fibers, if this waste can be utilize for stabilization of soil than problem of solid waste can be resolve and also cost of soil stabilization can be reduced. This study presented a review of literature on soil stabilization using polypropylene and wheat husk fiber.

Statik koşullar zemin şartlarına bağlı olarak taşıma gücü ve oturma problemi oluşturabilir. Deprem esnasından zeminde taşıma gücü aşılması, oturma problemleri ve sıvılaşma ile karşılaşılmaktadır. Zeminlerin iyileştirilmesinde taşıma gücü ve oturma açısından bir sorun olmasa bile deprem bölgelerinde özellikle sıvılaşmaya karşı iyileştirme gerekli olabilmektedir. Ülkemizde en çok kullanılan zemin iyileştirme yöntemi jet grouting ile iyileştirmedir. Jet grouting ile projelendirme yapılmasını kolaylaşlaştırmak için Excel ile bilgisayar programı hazırlanmıştır. Excel programın kullanımı proje yapılmasını ve hazırlanan projelerin kontrolünü kolaylaştırması amaçlanmıştır.

- by Devrim Alkaya
- •
- Geotechnical Engineering, Soil Mechanics, Soil Stabilization, Jet Grouting

— Soil stabilization could be a method that improves the physical properties of soil, like increasing shear strength, bearing capability etc. which might be done by use of controlled compaction or addition of appropriate admixtures like cement, lime and waste materials like ash, phosphor mineral etc. This new technique of soil stabilization is effectively wont to meet the challenges of society, to scale back the quantities of waste, manufacturing helpful material from non-useful waste materials. Plastic like searching luggage is employed to as a reinforcement to perform the cosmic microwave background studies whereas admixture with soil for improving engineering performance of sub grade soil. Plastic strips obtained from waste plastic were mixed randomly with the soil. A series of California Bearing quantitative relation (CBR) tests were dole out on every which way bolstered soil by varied share of plastic strips with totally different lengths and proportions. Results of cosmic microwave background tests demonstrated that inclusion of waste plastic strips in soil with acceptable amounts improved strength and deformation behavior of sub grade soils considerably.

Industrialization has resulted in rapid improvement in the standards of living; however, it has also resulted in pollution and generation of solid wastes that have recently reached epic proportions. An effective waste management alternative is the need of the hour. Reuse of waste materials have been advocated for quite a while now and the utilization of industrial wastes in improving the properties of poor soils open up a new avenue for solid waste management. Expansive soils have been one of the most problematic soils encountered by a Civil Engineer. A lot of techniques are available for stabilization of such poor soils including lime and cement stabilization. However, the utilization of solid wastes in soil stabilization is an area of potential and promise. And it also provides the double advantage of waste management along with soil improvement. With this as base, this paper attempts to review the various industrial wastes that have been adopted in soil stabilization as a standalone stabilizer without lime or cement, in order to shed light into the prospects of increased utilization of solid wastes in soil stabilization.

Chemical stabilization involves the use of chemical agents for initiating reactions within the soil for modification of its geotechnical properties. Cement and lime stabilization have been the most common stabilization methods adopted for soil treatment. Cement stabilization results in good compressive strengths and is preferred for cohesionless to moderately cohesive soil but loses effectiveness when the soil is highly plastic. Lime stabilization is the most preferred method for plastic clays; however, it proves to be ineffective in sulphate rich clays and performs poorly under extreme conditions. With such drawbacks, lots of researches have been undertaken to address the issues faced with each stabilization method, in particular, the use of solid wastes for soil stabilization. Solid waste reuse has gained high momentum for achieving sustainable waste management in recent times. Research has shown that the use of solid wastes as additives with and replacement for conventional stabilizers has resulted in better results than the performance of either individually. This review provides insight into some of the works done by earlier researchers on lime/cement stabilization with industrial wastes as additives and helps to form a sound platform for further research on industrial wastes as additives to conventional stabilizers.

- by Jijo James
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- Soil Stabilization, Soil stabilisation, Industrial wastes, Solid wastes management

The study dealt with the effect of addition of sugarcane bagasse ash (BA) on the strength development of a lime stabilized expansive soil. Unlike previous investigations with combinations of lime and BA, this study compares the effect of lime contents determined by scientifically established procedures and the effect of BA on the stabilization of lime at different proportions with additional microstructural investigations. e minimum lime content required for stabilization known as initial consumption of lime (ICL) was determined using the Eades and Grim pH test as 5.5%. e optimum lime content (OLC) was determined using unconfined compression strength (UCS) tests as 7%. Another lime content less than ICL was randomly adopted as 3%. e three lime contents were mixed with 0.25%, 0.5%, 1%, and 2% BA. UCS samples of dimension 38 mm × 76 mm were prepared at a fixed dry density and moisture content and cured for periods of 2 hours (0 days), 3, 7, 14, and 28 days to study the development of strength and effect of BA. Mineralogical and microstructural analyses were performed on the pulverized UCS samples after failure. e results revealed that the addition of BA increased the immediate, early, and delayed strength of lime stabilized soil further, even when the lime content was lower than ICL. Addition of BA produced maximum immediate, early, and delayed strength gains of 58.3%, 20.7%, and 32.7%, respectively. Higher proportion of BA was required when lime content was above ICL, for maximum strength. Addition of BA resulted in better utilization of quartz in lime-soil reactions leading to formation of CSH and CAH minerals. A dense compact matrix was seen on analyzing the microstructure of the stabilized soil composite.

- by Jijo James and +1
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- Waste Management, Soil Stabilization, Lime Stabilization

The study involved investigating the performance of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) stabilized soil blocks amended with sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA). Locally available soil was tested for its properties and characterized as clay of medium plasticity. This soil was stabilized using 4% and 10% OPC for manufacture of blocks of size 19 cm × 9 cm × 9 cm. The blocks were admixed with 4%, 6%, and 8% SBA by weight of dry soil during casting, with plain OPC stabilized blocks acting as control. All blocks were cast to one target density and water content followed by moist curing for a period of 28 days. They were then subjected to compressive strength, water absorption, and efflorescence tests in accordance with Bureau of Indian standards (BIS) specifications. The results of the tests indicated that OPC stabilization resulted in blocks that met the specifications of BIS. Addition of SBA increased the compressive strength of the blocks and slightly increased the water absorption but still met the standard requirement of BIS code. It is concluded that addition of SBA to OPC in stabilized block manufacture was capable of producing stabilized blocks at reduced OPC content that met the minimum required standards.

- by Jijo James and +1
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- Soil Stabilization, Bricks, Soil stabilisation, Soil-cement Blocks

In present scenerio the crucial emphasis in Road construction is laid on the use of locally available materials which are not only available in nearby area of construction site but give good soil subgrade strength also. Present paper describes the effects of Tibba sand on soil subgrade strength of silty soil of Kurukshetra. Tibba sand which is found mostly in Haryana and Rajasthan states of India, can play a role of good soil stabilizer. Various experimental investigations which include Index properties determination(Specific gravity, Atterberg’s limits and Wet sieve analysis), Modified Proctor Compaction tests, California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests and Unconfined Compressive Stregth (UCS) tests were conducted to observe the effects of mixing Tibba sand to silty soil. Tibba sand was mixed with silty soil in various proportions starting from 5%, 10%, 15 % and 20% by weight of soil. Experimental results revealed that Optimum quantity of Tibba sand which should be used in improving CBR and UCS value of silty soil is 5% by weight of soil and after that (from 5 % to 20 %) it shows a declining trend in CBR and UCS value of Stabilized silty soil.

- by Nawazish Husain
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- Soil Stabilization

An expansive soil (also known as black cotton soil) treated with up to 10 % cement kiln dust ‎‎(CKD), a waste obtained from the manufacture of cement, was evaluated for use as a flexible ‎pavement construction material. Laboratory tests were carried out on specimens compacted ‎with British Standard light, BSL or standard Proctor (relative compaction = 100 %) energy. ‎Results obtained show that the index properties of the soil improved with CKD treatment. ‎Peak unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of 357.07 kN/m2 and California bearing ratio ‎‎(CBR) of 7 % as well as resistance to loss in strength of 44 % were recorded at 10 % CKD ‎treatment. Reduction in the particle sizes with curing period was observed when samples were ‎viewed through the scanning electron microscope. The study showed that CKD can be ‎beneficially used to improve the subgrade of lightly trafficked roads and as admixture in lime ‎stabilization during construction of flexible pavements over expansive soil.‎

- by Adrian Eberemu and +1
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- Expansive Soils, Soil Stabilization, Flexible Pavement Design, STABILIZATION OF EXPANSIVE SOILS

This study investigates the combined efficacy of waste-tire-derived aggregate (TDA) materials and hydrated lime on the compactability, compressive strength and swelling potential of a highly expansive soil from South Australia. A total of 21 mix-designs, covering a comprehensive range of soil-TDA-lime combinations, were examined through standard Proctor compaction, unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and oedometer swell tests. The mobilized UCS exhibited a 'rise-fall' behavior, peaking at 5% TDA content and subsequently decreasing (monotonically) for higher inclusions of TDA. Increasing the TDA mean particle size (from 1.67 to 3.34 mm) also contributed positively to the UCS development. Addition of TDA to the soil/soil-lime-blends produced notable reductions in the swelling potential; the reduction was primarily governed by higher TDA contents, and, to a lesser degree, for larger TDA mean particle sizes. However, the role of TDA particle size in reducing swelling was found to be more significant than that of enhancing the UCS. As expected, lime treatment of the soil-TDA blends provided major further improvements to the UCS and swelling potential reduction; the achieved UCS improvements being positively proportional to the lime content and curing time. In view of the experimental results, soil-lime blends containing TDA to soil-lime mass ratios of up to 10% (preferably employing coarse-sandsized equivalent TDA) can be deemed as suitable choices (capable of adequately mitigating the swelling potential, while simultaneously enhancing the UCS).

- by Brendan C . O'Kelly
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- Geotechnical Engineering, Soil Mechanics, Pavement Materials, Expansive Soils

This paper discusses the effect of Fly ash on the engineering properties of expansive soils. As reviewed in literature, many previous investigations have shown promising results for improvement of expansive soil after stabilization with Fly ash. Laboratory tests have been conducted on expansive soils obtained from three different regions in Khartoum state. Various percentages of Fly ash such as 0%, 10%, 20%, 25%, and 30% by weight of soil were added to the three soils and their influence on the soil plasticity, swell characteristics and unconfined compression strength are discussed. Additions of Fly ash to the three soils resulted in significant improvement in the strength and reduction in plasticity and swell properties of soils. The unconfined compression strength of soils treated with 10% Fly ash showed almost 2 times improvement compared with untreated soils. For the addition of 10% fly ash, the reduction in free swell, swell pressure and swell potential is in the range 50% to 70%. Further addition of fly ash caused a reduction in the swell characteristics of 90% at 25% fly ash. Hence, it is concluded that the fly ash has a good potential to be used as a additive for improving the engineering properties of expansive soil.

- by Prof. Magdi Zumrawi
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- Soil Stabilization

—One of the parameters required to evaluate the behavior of soil under loading is the coefficient of subgrade reaction which is widely used nowadays. To obtain this parameter there are many theoretical and laboratory relations, but one of the most effective and direct way to obtain this parameter is using plate load test. In present study using the FLAC3D the analysis of plate load test results in the case of loose and dense sandy soil were performed and the effect of chamber dimension on plate load test results are investigated. The obtained results from 30×30 cm ² plate load tests on 1×1×1 m ³ chamber show that the boundary conditions have not significant effect the results and therefore, the results of Plate Load Test Results (PLT) tests on chamber are applicable to in situ condition.

- by Prof. Magdi Zumrawi
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- Soil Stabilization

The present study focuses on the impacts of conventional ground improvement techniques on the environment, supporting the argument with documental evidence and alternatives to these techniques. The study aims at testing the effectiveness... more

- by Jijo James and +1
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- Soil Stabilization, Soil stabilisation

This article presents the result of laboratory study conducted on expansive soil specimens
treated with lignin, rice husk powder (RHP) and rice husk ash (RHA). The amount of lignin produced from
paper industry and RHP were varied from 0 to 20% and RHA from 0 to 10% by weight. The treated
specimens were subjected to unconfined compressive strength (UCS),swelling test and Atterberg limit tests.
The effect of additives on UCS and atterberg limit test results were reported. It was observed that the
additives and curing duration had a significant effect on the strength value of treated specimens. Generally
(except the sample treated with 20% RHP for 3-day) with increasing additive and curing duration the UCS
value increases. A RHP content of 15% was found to be the optimum with regard to 3-day cure UCS.

- by Dr. FATİH ÇELİK
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- Soil Stabilization, Lignin, Utilization of Rice Husk, Soil stabilisation

Soil stabilization using nanomaterials is an emerging research area although, to date, its investigation has mostly been laboratory-based and therefore requires extensive study for transfer to practical field applications. The present study advocates nano-calcium carbonate (NCC) material, a relatively unexplored nanomaterial additive, for stabilization of low-plasticity fine-grained soil having moderate organic content. The plasticity index, compaction, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), compressibility and permeability characteristics of the 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6% and 0.8% NCC-treated soil, and untreated soil (as control), were determined, including investigations of the effect of up to 90-d curing on the UCS and permeability properties. In terms of UCS improvement, 0.4% NCC addition was identified as the optimum dosage, mobilizing a UCS at 90-d curing of almost twice that for the untreated soil. For treated soil, particle aggregation arising from NCC addition initially produced an increase in the permeability coefficient, but its magnitude decreased for increased curing owing to calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) gel formation, although still remaining higher compared to the untreated soil for all dosages and curing periods investigated. Compression index decreased for all NCC-treated soil investigated. SEM micrographs indicated the presence of gel patches along with particle aggregation. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed the presence of hydration products, such as CSH. Significant increases in UCS are initially attributed to void filling and then because of CSH gel formation with increased curing.

—Palm oil trees are abundant in the Niger Delta of Nigeria and the effectiveness of using its fly ash (waste from the process of burning the palm oil fibre) in soft soil stabilization was investigated. Soft soil investigated is an extremely soft marine clay in the Niger Delta area locally known as "Chikoko ". The fly ash (palm ash) is classified as class F according to ASTM C618. It is siliceous and aluminous with virtually little or no cementation value. Therefore for pozzolanic reaction it has to be combined into a little lime. An Optimum of 5% lime was obtained for pozzolanic reaction. This combines with 3% optimum palm ash to give best results of soaked and unsoaked CBR. Thus, the palm ash can successfully be used for soil subgrade stabilization.

- by George Otoko
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- Soil Stabilization