Stalking Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Este estudo visa à análise da relação entre a jurisdição penal e a jurisdição extrapenal - tema ainda pouco abordado na doutrina juslaboralista, apesar da relevância prática que dele se pode extrair - tendo como fio condutor a figura... more

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- Stalking, Assédio Moral, Justiça Do Trabalho

Abstract: This study investigated the incidence of faculty stalking by students in a large university system (eight campuses). A subsample of stalked faculty members was interviewed. Results are discussed in relation to categorization schemes for stalking, faculty-student interaction, changes in teaching methods, and the unique problems engendered by students stalking faculty members.

- by Robin Morgan
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- Interaction, Social Constructivism, Interviews, Teaching Methods

Knowledge of technology-facilitated abuse and stalking has increased in recent decades, but research on how children and young people are exposed to these behaviours by their parent is still lacking. This article examines how technology-facilitated parental stalking manifests in children’s and young people’s everyday lives in contexts where parents have separated and fathers/father-figures have stalked mothers as part of post-separation coercive control. The article analyses materials from 131 stalking cases dealt with by district courts in Finland from 2014 to 2017 in cases that involved a relationship (dating, cohabitation or marriage), separation/divorce, and one or more children. Analysis of these court decisions identified that children and young people were exposed to three manifestations of technology-facilitated parental stalking: (1) Threats of violence and death; (2) Intrusive and obsessive fatherhood; and (3) Disparaging and insulting motherhood/womanhood. These findings underline the following contextual factors that are important for professionals to consider in identifying and helping children and young people exposed to parental stalking: technology enabling constant coercive and controlling abuse, technology in maintaining abusive parenthood, and technology in magnifying gendered tactics of abuse. The article argues that children’s exposure to and vulnerability to technology-facilitated parental stalking must be more widely recognised.

The researcher investigated the extent of involvement in Cybercrime activities among students’ in tertiary institutions in Enugu state of Nigeria using cross sectional survey design. Questionnaires were used for data collection. A sample of 175 students was drawn from a population of 18,340 final year students in higher institutions in Enugu State using cluster sampling procedure. The instrument contains 12 items with 4 point scale of Most-times, Sometimes, Seldom and Never. The findings showed that students of higher institutions in Enugu state are involved in cybercrime. It also showed that students’ involvement in cybercrime is dependent on gender and Institution type. The implication of the finding for knowledge and development is that the present level of students’ involvement in cybercrime has a negative effect on the value of education and by extension, has lead to the setback in economic development of the State. It was recommended that government should empower the law enfo...

- by chinasa Odo
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- Cybercrime, Stalking, Phishing

Stalking is an extremely complex and widespread phenomenon, which potentially can produce severe psychological, physical and social effects. As a result of legislative labelling and defining attempts, in addition to interventions of psychiatry and scientific context, these behaviors are now known to the general population as well as at the institutional level. The research, which concentrated initially on the analysis of the different ways of running a campaign of persecution as well as on the stalker identity, later shifted its attention to the victim of such conduct. Stalking, infact, defines itself through its effects on the victims and their reactions: because of their distress, anxiety and fear, these behaviors, sometimes only harassing or annoying, become crimes or illicit activities. In a protection and prevention perspective, the study of victimological aspects of persecutory acts is fundamental, in terms of early recognition of risk situations and evaluation of main coping strategies. The authors, through a literature review on the topic, aim to highlight the importance of research in this field, which is still limited, in order to identify appropriate interventions to reduce the negative consequences of the phenomenon and to protect the victims. Riassunto Lo stalking è un fenomeno estremamente complesso e diffuso, potenzialmente in grado di produrre gravi conseguenze psi-cologiche, fisiche e sociali. In seguito a tentativi di classificazione e di definizione sotto il profilo giuridico, oltre che ad in-terventi della psichiatria e del mondo scientifico, queste condotte sono oggi note alla popolazione generale così come a livello istituzionale. La ricerca, concentratasi inizialmente sull'analisi delle diverse modalità di esecuzione di una campagna persecutoria oltre che sulla figura dello stalker, ha successivamente spostato la propria attenzione sul soggetto passivo di tali condotte. Lo stalking, infatti, si autodefinisce proprio attraverso gli effetti prodotti sulla vittima e le sue reazioni: sono l'angoscia, il timore e la paura di chi lo subisce che trasformano situazioni talvolta solamente moleste o fastidiose, in veri e propri illeciti o reati. In un'ottica di tutela e di prevenzione, fondamentale risulta lo studio degli aspetti vittimologici degli atti persecutori, in termini di riconoscimento precoce delle situazioni a rischio e di valutazione delle strategie di coping prevalenti. Gli autori, attraverso una rassegna della letteratura sul tema, intendono sottolineare l'importanza della ricerca in questo campo, attualmente ancora limitata, al fine di individuare gli interventi appropriati diretti ad attenuare le conseguenze negative del fenomeno e a tutelare le vittime. Parole chiave: stalking • vittime • conseguenze • tutela • strategie di difesa

- by chiara sgarbi
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- Stalking, Victims, Gender Based Violence and Sexual Harassment

Research Summary: W e provide the results of a 1997 national-level study of stalking among college women. Over an approximately seven-month period, 13.1 % of the women reported being stalked. Although physical harm was not common, the incidents typically lasted two months, involved frequent contact by offenders, and prompted victims to take protective actions. Lifestyle-routine activities, prior sexual victimization, and demographic characteristics affected the risk of victimization.

- by michael turner
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- Criminology, Social Psychology, Criminal Law, Sexuality

The current work reviews literature and studies on the stalking. Despite its nebulous nature and differing legal and clinical definitions of stalking, researchers and practitioners are referring to the same phenomenon. Stalking is chronic, consisting of a number of nuisance behaviors that appear consistent over countries and samples. Different categorizations of stalkers and their victims exist, but ex-partner stalkers are a distinctive category with respect to their prevalence, violence risk, and attrition rate. Stalking has deleterious effects on victims but some of the effects may be the result of stalking’s exacerbating of existing vulnerabilities. This work also serves as a framework for identifying gaps in current law and suggests directions for further work.

- by Orazio Vecchio
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- Stalking, Criminal law of stalking, Evolution of Stalking
- by Thaier Hamid
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- Computer Science, Technology, Facebook, Stalking

commento ad una decisione di legittimità sulle misure cautelari anti stalking
in Cassazione penale, fasc. 10, 2012 , p. 3469-3479

- by Pasquale Bronzo
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- Stalking

Desde a década de 80, os movimentos sociais vêm denunciando no Brasil o fenômeno da violência cometida contra a mulher. A Lei Maria da Penha, a Lei 11.340 de 7 de agosto de 2006 foi paradigmática, sendo a primeira lei a enfrentar verdadeiramente o problema, orientando acerca dos conceitos envolvidos, apontando políticas públicas e mecanismos judiciais. Contudo, um dos aspectos que tem sido alvo de muitas polêmicas é seu aspecto punitivo. Amo mesmo tempo em que vemos prevalecer na sociedade um sentimento de impunidade e da necessidade do acirramento das respostas penais, tem-se cada vez mais aumentado as críticas ao sistema de justiça criminal, que serve muito mais para duplicar os horrores diante de seu potencial destrutivo. O objetivo deste artigo é a partir tais contradições a partir da criminalização de duas condutas: a perturbação da tranquilidade de alguém, prevista no art. 65 da Lei da Contravenções Penais e o stalking, previsto na proposta do Novo Código Penal. Tais tipos se assemelham, alcançando a criminalização de condutas que em outro contexto dificilmente teriam uma resposta punitiva.

- by Luanna Tomaz
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- Violencia De Género, Stalking, Violência Doméstica, Lei Maria da Penha

The use of technology, including smartphones, cameras, Internet-connected devices, computers and platforms such as Facebook, is now an essential part of everyday life. Such technology is used to maintain social networks and carry out daily tasks. However, this technology can also be employed to facilitate domestic and family violence. Drawing on interviews undertaken with 55 domestic and family violence survivors in Brisbane, Australia, this article outlines survivors' experiences of technology-facilitated domestic and family violence. The frequency and nature of abusive behaviours described by the women suggest this is a key form of abuse deserving more significant attention.

- by Molly Dragiewicz
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- Criminology, Human Computer Interaction, Information Technology, Gender Studies

Previous studies of peer support for various types of violence against college students are heteronormative, being primarily concerned with the abuse of heterosexual women by heterosexual males. Using recent data from the Campus Quality of Life Survey conducted at a large residential college in the South Atlantic part of the US, the main objective of this paper is to help fill a major research gap by presenting data on two ways in which negative peer support contribute to sexual violence and stalking in a campus LGBTQ community. The results show that LGBTQ students are more likely to receive such support than heterosexual ones and that negative peer support predicts sexual assault and stalking among both types of students. Implications for further empirical and theoretical work are discussed, as well as some key policy issues. key words sexual assault • stalking • LGBTQ • peer support • college key messages • LGBTQ students report higher rates of sexual assault and stalking than heterosexual students. • LGBTQ students are more likely to receive negative peer support than are their heterosexual counterparts.

- by Walter DeKeseredy and +1
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- Sexual Violence, College Students, Stalking, Violence against LGBTQ

The film Mrs. Doubtfire, while funny and heartwarming, subtly- or not so subtly- promotes an anti-feminist and men's rights activist viewpoint. By sanitizing the behavior of a likeable but immature and often aggressive man, it pushes the audience to underestimate the troublesome character of many divorced men and puts the blame for their behavior on liberated women.

- by cassandra m michael
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- Gender Studies, Women's Studies, Film Studies, Film Analysis

This article focuses on the phenomenon of stalking against prostitutes. Psychological and relational features of this margin-alized social group will be explored. Studies have documented that prostitutes often show a personal history marked by child maltreatment and sexual abuse. These painful childhood experiences can influence lifestyle choices and constitute a risk for re-exposure to maltreatment and violence. An emblematic clinical case of a stalker/client and victim/escort will be discussed. The article highlights the need of an empirical investigation of the phenomenon to implement target interventions and better protection. Riassunto Il presente lavoro pone l'attenzione sul fenomeno dello stalking ai danni di prostitute. Attraverso la letteratura scientifica di riferimento si esploreranno gli aspetti psicologici e relazionali di questa emarginata categoria sociale. Dagli studi emerge come le prostitute spesso presentino una storia personale infantile caratterizzata da maltrattamenti ed abusi sessuali. Tali do-lorose esperienze infantili possono influire nelle scelte di vita generando il rischio di una riesposizione a situazioni di mal-trattamento e violenza. Si riporterà quindi un caso clinico emblematico di uno stalker/cliente e vittima/escort. Lo scopo del presente lavoro consiste nel far emergere la necessità di un approfondimento del fenomeno in termini empirici al fine di at-tuare forme di intervento mirate e di maggiore tutela.

- by MIRELLA MONTEMURRO
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- Prostitution, Stalking

International research has established that stalking is a prevalent problem with serious and often life-threatening consequences for victims. Stalking is also a unique form of violence due to its nature and diversity, making it difficult for criminal justice and health professionals to establish which perpetrators and victims have the greatest need for services and protection. Risk assessment is one way to address these problems but few tools exist. This article describes the development of the Guidelines for Stalking Assessment and Management (SAM), the first risk assessment instrument designed specifically for the stalking situation. Preliminary data are presented, indicating that the SAM has promise for use by professionals working with stalkers and their victims. Results indicated that interrater reliabilities for the SAM risk factors and total scores range from fair to good, and the structural reliability of the SAM is sound. Moreover, the SAM showed good concurrent validity when compared with two other measures of violence propensity: the Psychopathy Checklist Screening Version (PCL:SV) and the Violence Risk Appraisal Guide (VRAG). Limitations of the study are discussed, especially those related to the difficulties inherent in file-based research, and suggestions for future research are offered.

- by Stephen D Hart and +1
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- Psychology, Law, Violence, Risk assessment

The current work reviews literature on the nature of stalking. Despite its nebulous nature and differing legal and clinical definitions of stalking, researchers and practitioners are referring to the same phenomenon. Stalking is chronic, consisting of a number of nuisance behaviors that appear consistent over countries and samples. Different categorizations of stalkers and their victims exist, but ex-partner stalkers are a distinctive category with respect to their prevalence, violence risk, and attrition rate. Different samples and definitions and false victimization reports obscure reliable lifetime prevalence estimates, but these appear to be around 12%-16% among women and 4%-7% among men. Stalking has deleterious effects on victims but some of the effects may be the result of stalking's exacerbating of existing vul-nerabilities. Future research should focus on subgroups of stalkers and their victims , on cross-cultural investigations, and on the co-occurrence of stalking with other crimes.

- by Eric Blaauw and +2
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- Stalking

This article shows how domestic violence perpetrators can use coercive control against their children after their ex-partner has separated from them. Coercive control can include violence, threats, intimidation, stalking, monitoring, emotional abuse and manipulation, interwoven with periods of seemingly ‘caring’ and ‘indulgent’ behaviour as part of the overall abuse. Crucially, what this article provides is knowledge, hitherto
largely missing, about how children and young people can experience coercive control post-separation. The article draws on two separate data sets, one from the UK and one from Finland, which together comprise qualitative interviews with 29 children who had coercive control perpetrating fathers/father-figures. The data sets were separately thematically analysed, then combined using a qualitative interpretative meta-synthesis. This produced three themes regarding children's experiences: (1) dangerous fathering that made children frightened and unsafe; (2) ‘admirable’ fathering, where fathers/father-figures appeared as ‘caring’, ‘concerned’, ‘indulgent’ and/or ‘vulnerable-victims’ and (3) omnipresent fathering that continually constrained children's lives. Dangerous and ‘admirable’ fathering describe the behaviours of coercive control perpetrating fathers/father-figures, while omnipresent fathering occurred in children as a fearful mental and emotional state. Perpetrators could also direct performances of ‘admirable’ fathering at professionals and communities in ways that obscured their coercive control. Implications for policy and practice are discussed.
KEY PRACTITIONER MESSAGES:
• Children and young people can be direct victims/survivors of coercive control and they can experience it in much the same ways as adults do – feeling confused and afraid, living constrained lives, and being entrapped and harmed by the perpetrator.
• Coercive control can harm children and young people emotionally/psychologically, physically, socially and educationally.
• Robust measures are required to deal with coercive control perpetrating fathers/father-figures, in order to prevent them from using father-child relationships to continue imposing coercive control on children and ex-partners.

- by Dr Emma Katz
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- Domestic Violence, Child Abuse, Divorce, Stalking
- by Karine Grassi
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- Stalking, Mulheres, Violência Doméstica
- by Tommaso Guerini
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- Stalking, Atti Persecutori

Two hundred forty-one undergraduates described their experiences with unrequited love, both as pursuers (actors) and love interests (targets). As expected, targets and actors perspectives differed. As targets, participants reported being on the receiving end of more unwanted courtship tactics, violent and nonviolent, than they reported using as pursuers. Further, participants in the actor role—particularly men—tended to overreport receiving signals that their love interest was reciprocating, and to underreport receiving rejections. Meanwhile, targets—particularly women—claimed numerous attempts to reject, including explicitly stating “I am definitely not interested in you,” and indicated minimal positive reactions to the unwanted pursuit. Implications of these differences, and others, in perspectives for understanding difficulties in differentiating persistence from stalking are discussed.

Le molestie telematiche rappresentano un fenomeno frequente e degno di interesse scientifico e sociale, strettamente correlato al costante ed esponenziale progredire della tecnologia. Queste tipologie di condotte sono definite dalla letteratura cyberstalking, intendendo con questo termine, pur in assenza di una definizione univoca, l'utilizzo di internet, email o di altri dispositivi elettronici per molestare un'altra persona. Si tratta di una problematica rilevante, destinata a diventare sempre più complessa e pericolosa con l’aumento inarrestabile dell’utilizzo di Internet e delle tecnologie informatiche da parte di fasce sempre più ampie di popolazione. Un più facile e veloce accesso al cyberspazio comporta anche un maggior rischio di utilizzo erroneo o di abusi del mezzo, al fine di aggredire o intromettersi nella vita di altre persone, approfittando dell’anonimato e dell’assenza dei limiti presenti in un contesto reale. Sul piano della prevalenza, seppur numericamente limitati, gli studi empirici esistenti dimostrano una non trascurabile incidenza del fenomeno e una prevalente mancanza di consapevolezza da parte della popolazione generale. Il Report pubblicato dall’Attorney General statunitense nel 1999, stimava la presenza nel paese di circa 475.000 vittime di cyberstalking all’anno, mentre la Polizia riferiva la presenza nel 20% dei casi di molestie rilevati di forme di abuso via Internet e mezzi tecnologici in genereIn un’ottica, quindi, di prevenzione e di intervento sembra indispensabile approfondire e implementare la ricerca sul fenomeno, tenuto conto del fatto che raramente queste molestie restano limitate al mondo virtuale, essendo in grado di produrre effetti reali talvolta analoghi se non più gravi rispetto a quelli dello stalking offline.

- by chiara sgarbi
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- Cyberspace, Online Harassment, Stalking, Cyberstalking

In an attempt to see if gangstalking is a real phenomenon or a mental disease being suffered en masse, we look towards and analyze the available information. After comparing the various and recent influx of personal accounts online, estimates of the number of victims, brain scans, historic and modern evidence of gangstalking, and historic and modern evidence of energy weapon abuse on citizens as well as looking at court testimony and legal documents it is most likely that gangstalking is a real phenomenon that is being perpetrated by a sect of the federal government with local criminals and local agents doing most of the work and to take the fall if it is ever exposed. Despite the growing number of personal accounts online, little to no exposure is being given in the mainstream media, especially on television channels. The author suggests a class action lawsuit against the government to bring awareness to the public at large.

- by George Stewart
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- Schizophrenia, Stalking, Cyber Stalking, Psychotronics

Stalking behavior among some students with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) is of concern both for the individual being stalked as well as the student with ASDs. This manuscript reviews effective interventions based upon functional assessment and appropriate positive behavior supports. Specific interventions for addressing staking behavior by students with ASDs are analyzed and evaluated with suggestions for best practice for instructional procedures. Interventions covered are social skills groups, video modeling, self-management, video feedback, rule governed behavior, scripts, visual supports, counseling, psychopharmacology and reducing the amount of isolating interests and activities while increasing more opportunities for integration. Recommendations for future research are discussed.

- by Linda K . Haymes
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- Education, Students, Child, Behavior Therapy

Cyberstalking is practiced by Internet abusers to harass, victimize and to mock peers, teachers, co-workers, neighbors and others. While typically framed as an individual pursuit, we suggest that it can best be understood as a collective process, both as a result of internet users' reliance on platforms and third-party services, as well as their engagements with other internet users engaged in related data practices, including doxing. We discuss the Amy Boyer tragedy, a well-known case that led to changes in law designed to better protect individual privacy. Subsequently, the paper discusses the responsibility of data companies within the broad business dimension of Internet companies. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is suggested as a model to follow. Ethical leaders are people who care about the greater good of their employees, organization, and society rather than their own self-interests.

The aim of the research is to examine the negative impact cybercrimes pose to the society. The concepts of cybercrimes are introduced and different types of cybercrimes are explored as examples of some of the impacts which caused by cybercrimes activities. Results from this study show that, there are many negative impacts which the society suffer from the cybercrimes and why the computer or networking are tools target for the crimes. The discussions are made from the findings and finally the paper addresses different measures which can be taken to combat these cybercrimes so that people still enjoy using the technology rather than stop them to use it.

- by Juma Mshana
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- Information Security, Computer Security, Cybercrime, Child Sexual Exploitation

Current regime of sexual offences in India are gender biased, they contend male to be perpetrators and female to be victims of sexual offences. In the wake of social change, it is quintessential to expand the definitions provided for various categories of sexual offences, to include sexual offences of homosexual nature and recognition of woman as perpetrators to sexual offences. Sodomy criminalizes only a part of homosexual offences therefore not entirely effective. Criminal Law Amendment Bill, 2019 though paves positive step towards gender neutrality of sexual offences but it has not been enforced yet. Beside substantive changes, procedural changes need to be incorporated for proper disposal off gender neutral sexual offences. However, amendment in penal code is just one step towards gender neutrality of sexual offences. Effective change can be possible by collaborating law with judicial recognition of non penetrative rape, elimination of social stigma, generating awareness, and proper sex education. Index Terms-Gender-neutral sexual offence, Rape of men, Women perpetrators, Homosexual rape, Non penetrative rape.

- by Ali Ibrahim
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- Sexual Abuse, Sexual Harrassment and Abuse, Stalking, Voyeurism

Broszura informacyjna opracowana pod red. D. Woźniakowskiej-Fajst przez studentów Instytutu Profilaktyki Społecznej i Resocjalizacji, adresowana do osób pokrzywdzonych uporczywym nękaniem.

- by Dagmara Woźniakowska
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- Stalking

This study investigated the extent to which social support mediates negative effects of stalking and obsessive relational intrusion (ORI) victimization. A survey of 1,068 respondents
indicated that (a) ORI/stalking victimization is positively related to
and trauma; (b) five different types of coping responses are
symptoms; (c) four domains of social support reveal small but
with negative symptoms; and (d) females are more threatened by
than male victims, and male pursuers are more threatening than
equation modeling indicates that the influence of ORI/stalking on
mediated by the use of coping strategies and the adequacy of
speculates on the functional theoretical value of coping and
unwanted pursuit and stalking.

- by Carmen Lee
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- Stalking
- by Priyanka Gupta
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- Stalking, Cyber Stalking, Female Subjugation

This chapter explores stalking as a phenomenon that began in physical spaces but has now expanded into digital space with the advent of the internet and digital devices. This form of intimate partner violence is often misunderstood by lay persons as well as professionals within the criminal justice system, which furthers the negative impact for the largely female victims of this violence. In this chapter, definitions are first provided for stalking and cyberstalking before moving to examining the prevalence of, and motivations for, stalking and cyberstalking. Impacts of this behaviour are explored before examination of the issues in relation to seeking assistance from the criminal justice system and finally covering the informal measures that

- by Marika Guggisberg and +1
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- Intimate Partner Violence, Stalking, Cyber Stalking

Stalking may be defined as obsessive following (1) forcibly and continuously invading another's privacy (2)(3); behaviors which: are directed at a particular person; are felt by the object person to be unwanted and invasive; arouse fear and/or concern in the object person. (4) Mester, Birger and Margolin(5) referred to 3 types of interventions in response to stalking: police intervention, legal intervention and medical intervention . They also refer to possible mixed types of intervention strategies. In this presentation we will relate to legal aspects of stalking, taking into account social, clinical and policy related considerations. A focus will be made on the 2001 Israeli law for preventing threatening harassment, and the main tools it provides a subject with: turning to court for an injunction, complaining to the police in case an injunction has been violated. Other legal tools will also be discussed – such as damages claims related to privacy infringements, libel etc. In summary we will inquire whether these legal tools are effective in putting an end to disruptive stalking behaviors and to what extent should those legal possibilities play a part in an anti-stalking action plan for a stalking victim.

- by Oren Asman
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- Psychology, Stalking, Criminal law of stalking, european psychiatry
- by R. Murat Önok
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- Criminal Law, Stalking, Criminalization
- by Bran Nicol
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- Cultural Studies, Stalking

With the change of paradigm by modern society and technology, a new pattern of crime has been evolved. Though this crime is widely interpreted as sexual harassment, the lawmakers and criminologists give it a new name 'Stalking'. Unlike any other crimes, stalking is not new in nature but the varieties and dimensions of this crime are newly adopted. This article summarizes, the concept and variation of stalking along with development of anti-stalking legislation in different states. As it is believed that stalking can lead to violent assault, psychological damage and even homicide, the author highlights that stopping stalking may result in lessen or control such types of crime. To cop up with the time and circumstances, the law has been always changed and amended due to its innovation in the crime pattern and for over changing criminal psychology. With the change of time, different criminal laws have been prepared and amended for several times but there has been always lacking some other pragmatic criminal issues. Anti-stalking legislation is a new creation in law but it has been widely accessed and developed because of its distinguishable features other than normal crimes. Bangladesh is not an exception to fight with stalking, though it lacks anti-stalking legislation. Fortunate for us, we have been delivered a milestone judgment on sexual harassment by High Court Division which has also identify the existence and definition of stalking; though this definition has been prepared in the light of the Australian legislation. Still, this decision has made a great achievement in the history of criminal laws of Bangladesh.

- by Md Khalid Rahman
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- Criminal Law, Sexual Violence, Gender and Sexuality, Bangladesh

- by Camille Campbell, LMFT
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- Education, Students, Child, Behavior Therapy
- by Gad Barzilai
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- Critical Theory, Feminist Sociology, Law, Gender Studies

While both men and women can, and do, use violence against each other, men's violence against women is far more common, less justified, and more destructive than women's violence against men. One of the reasons for this asymmetry is that men do not fear retaliation for violence against women, whereas women do fear retaliation for their use of violence against men. The distribution of violence between the genders, then, is suboptimal. Society would be better off as a whole if more women were willing to engage in justified violence against men, and fewer men were willing to engage in unjustified violence against women. To that end, women's justified violence against men should be encouraged, protected, and publicized. This will require a reversal of the current trend in legal and social practices, which is to tolerate and encourage men's unjustified violence against women while discouraging and legally restricting women's violence against men. Even if encouraging an increase in women's justified violence against men may sometimes result in unjustified or disproportionate violence in individual situations, the overall effects of the redistribution of violence will be preferable to the current asymmetry.

- by Mary Anne Franks
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- Criminal Law, Criminal Justice, Domestic Violence, Violence

Media portrayals of crime have been linked to biased information processing and beliefs about society and personal risks of victimization. Much of this research has either focused on relatively holistic analyses of media consumption, or on the analysis of elements of only a few types of crime (e.g., murder, rape, assault). Research to date has overlooked how media portray stalking in interpersonal relationships. This study content analyzed 51 mainstream movies with prominent stalking themes to compare and contrast such depictions with the actual scientific data about stalking. By considering victim variables, stalker variables, relational variables, stalking behavior variables, victim response variables, and justice variables, this analysis illustrates how films have portrayed stalking as more gender equivalent, briefer, more deadly and sexualized, and more criminally constituted in stalker history and actions compared to actual stalking cases. Implications for the cultivation of attitudes about real-world stalking behaviors and recommendations for further research are discussed.

- by Julia M. and +1
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- Media Studies, Content Analysis, Gender, Stalking
- by Orit Kamir
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- Law and Literature, Monsters and Monster Theory, Law and Film, Stalking

Stalking is a well-recognized social phenomenon, one that particularly affects health care professionals, especially psychiatrists and other mental health workers; however, the nature and effects of stalking of psychiatrists have not been examined in detail. This study is a qualitative thematic analysis of the free-text responses of 2,585 psychiatrists in the United Kingdom (approximately 25% of all U.K. psychiatrists), almost 11 percent of whom described being stalked according to a strict research definition, and 21 percent of whom perceived themselves as having been stalked. It demonstrates that threat minimization, negative psychological impact, awareness of vulnerability, and difficulty obtaining help were major themes in how psychiatrists viewed their experiences of being stalked. It shows how some psychiatrists coped better than others and makes suggestions for appropriate professional support.

- by Sean Whyte
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- Law, Psychiatry, Anxiety Disorders, Fear

Valoración postural y riesgo de lesión músculo esquelética en trabajadores de una plataforma de perforación petrolera lacustre.

- by Teresa Portero and +1
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- Stalking