Thermoforming Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Elium, the first welding. The composite parts made from Elium resin can be developed and recycled by thermoplastic resin is designed for the manufacturing composite material parts with certain mechanical properties similar to that of thermosetting. The uniqueness of Elium is it behaves as a thermoplastic which is designed for thermoforming, recycling and depolymerization. The principle involved is coarsely crushing Elium resin and then heat depolarized as it can be recovered and purified into a resin with the similar properties as that of the virgin resin. Elium resin is a tremendous asset, especially in the manufacturing of wind turbines where non- recyclable epoxy resin is used in the manufacturing of blades

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- Thermoforming, Epoxy Resin, Thermoplastic Resin, Iaeme Ijaret

Elium, the first welding. The composite parts made from Elium resin can be developed and recycled by thermoplastic resin is designed for the manufacturing composite material parts with certain mechanical properties similar to that of thermosetting. The uniqueness of Elium is it behaves as a thermoplastic which is designed for thermoforming, recycling and depolymerization. The principle involved is coarsely crushing Elium resin and then heat depolarized as it can be recovered and purified into a resin with the similar properties as that of the virgin resin. Elium resin is a tremendous asset, especially in the manufacturing of wind turbines where nonrecyclable epoxy resin is used in the manufacturing of blades.

- by IAEME Publication
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- Thermoforming, Epoxy Resin, Thermoplastic Resin, Iaeme Ijaret
- by El Hadji Babacar Ly
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- Thermoforming, Biodegradability
- by Said Ahzi
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- Engineering, Modeling, Finite element method, Numerical Simulation
- by Ertan Günel
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- Materials Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Image Processing, Plasticity
- by Apurva Diwekar
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- Recycling, Plastic Technology, Thermoforming, Chemical Enggineering
- by M. Van Duin and +1
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- Materials Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Comparative Study, Free Radical
- by Fouad Erchiqui
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- Chemical Engineering, Viscoelasticity, Modeling, Equations of State
- by Ertan Günel
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- Materials Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Image Processing, Plasticity

A temperature and strain rate dependent model for the thermoforming process of amorphous polymer materials is proposed. The polymeric sheet is heated at a temperature above the glass transition temperature then deformed to take the mold shape by the means of an applied pressure. The applied process temperature is taken uniform throughout the sheet and its variation is due only to the adiabatic heating. The behavior of the polymeric material is described by a micromechanically-based elastic-viscoplastic model. The simulations are conducted for the poly(methyl methacrylate) using the finite element method. The polymer sheet thickness and the orientation of the polymer molecular chains show an important dependence on the process temperature, the applied pressure profile, and the contact forces with the mold surface. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007

- by Salim Belouettar
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- Engineering, Modeling, Finite element method, Numerical Simulation
- by Farhang Pourboghrat and +1
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- Engineering, Microstructure, Composite Materials, Finite Element

Plastics have been highly successful in replacing such conventional materials as metals, glass, and wood in a wide variety of applications due to their special property advantages such as high strength-to-weight ratio, corrosion resistance, versatility of part design, and ease of fabrication. The various plastic products are formed by processing polymers by one of the number of available techniques such as injection molding, compression molding, blow molding, profile extrusion, and sheet extrusion followed by stamping or thermoforming. In all these processes, the molten polymer is subjected to a wide range of shear rates and temperatures. During deformation, viscous heat is dissipated due to the friction between the highly viscous polymer melt and the various parts of the processing equipment that it comes in contact with. The viscous heat dissipated leads to a temperature rise, resulting in an offset of the setting of the extruder temperature profile with respect to throughput rate or screw speed. For all high output rate operations, it is essential to know the viscous heat generated in order to appropriately design the conventional extruder screw so as to minimize the temperature increase in the process of plastication and to optimize the extruder temperature profile with respect to the throughput rate or screw speed. Viscous heat estimation is also critical when processing heat- sensitive polymers so as to maintain the melt temperature well below the degradation point.

- by Dr Aroon Shenoy
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- Polymer Processing, Thermoforming, Extrusion Processing, Hot Melt Extrusion
- by Jens Risbo
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- Mechanical Engineering, Packaging, Film, Thermoforming
- by Keith D Hjelmstad and +1
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- Engineering, Modeling, Finite element method, Numerical Simulation
- by Sebastian Balos
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- Mechanical Engineering, Thermoforming
- by Murat Ates
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- Materials Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Materials Science, Materials
- by Curtis Lee and +2
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- Thermoforming, Contact angle, Moulding
- by nader zamani
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- Engineering, Finite element method, Thermoforming, For
- by Muhammad Riaz
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- Engineering, Microstructure, Composite Materials, Finite Element

The raised graphics obtained by thermoforming plastic membranes are standard items in educational and cultural activities geared to people with visual disability. Manufacturing this type of thermoformed tactile graphics calls for moulds, which are fairly expensive for medium and large production runs. Increasingly popular additive manufacturing or «3D printing» techniques are paving the way for the direct, speedy, and inexpensive production of tactile graphics. This article discusses a study on the technical and economic feasibility of using low-cost additive manufacturing technology to produce moulds for thermoformed tactile graphics

- by Jaume Gual and +1
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- Inclusive Design, Blindness, 3D printing, Additive Manufacturing
- by Muhammad Riaz
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- Engineering, Materials Science, Microstructure, Composite Materials

Controlled atmospheric pressure resin infusion (CAPRI) is a variation of the vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) process. The CAPRI process increases the fiber volume fraction of the preform prior to infusion via debulking and applies a reduced pressure gradient during infusion to minimize thickness gradients during processing. This study experimentally investigates the effect of debulking and reduced pressure gradient on the incoming material parameters, process behavior and final dimensional tolerances. The effect of debulking on fabric permeability and compaction behavior has been investigated and shows a significant impact on the infusion time and final fiber volume fraction. Several E-glass plain weave preforms have been infused and flow, pressure and thickness data has been recorded and compared to traditional VARTM processing. A previously developed model uses the experimentally obtained permeability data and good agreement of the flow behavior is observed, the CAP...

In this study, 5% and 15% in weight carbon fiber reinforced polypropylene (PP) sheets were formed under appropriate vacuum and temperature conditions by using truncated cone-shaped thermoforming mold. In addition to this, 5% in weight glass fiber reinforced High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) sheets were formed using truncated cone-shaped, cylindrical, and cubic shaped thermoforming molds by thermoforming. Composite sheets used in this work were produced with a laboratory-type plastic extruder which has a screw diameter of 50 mm. In production of HDPE composite sheets, as a reinforcing material, chopped glass fibers (E-glass) which were provided from glass fiber manufacturer SISECAM A.S. Company were used. Using the same procedure PP (Borealis BE50-7032) thermoplastic granules were used as a matrix material in production of carbon fiber composite sheets. In carbon fiber reinforced sheets, chopped fibers were added during manufacturing. After thermoforming, composite semi-products were ...

- by Ertuğrul Erdoğan
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- Materials Science, Thermoforming, Glass Fiber, Carbon Fiber
- by Fouad Erchiqui
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- Materials Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Thermodynamics, Viscoelasticity
- by Fouad Erchiqui
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- Materials Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Thermodynamics, Viscoelasticity
- by Ming Wei and +1
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- Engineering, Morphology, Grafting, Nanocomposite
- by John Vlachopoulos
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- Materials Science, Thermoforming

ABSTRACT Biocomposites from renewable resources have been attracting increasing attention over the last two decades, mainly for two major reasons: first, environmental concerns, and second, the realization that our petroleum resources are finite. Nowadays, biofiber-reinforced composites are seen as potential materials for many engineering applications. Unfortunately, there are still issues that limit their future applications including long-term performance and processing variability. This article gives an overview of the wide variety of biocomposite processing techniques as well as the factors (moisture content, fiber type, content as well as coupling agents, and their influence on composites properties) that affect the processes. Before processing biocomposites, semifinished product manufacturing is also a vital part, which is illustrated. Processing technologies for biofiber-reinforced composites are discussed on the basis of the thermoplastic matrix (compression molding, extrusion, injection molding, LFT-D method, and thermoforming) and thermosets (resin transfer molding, sheet molding compound) as well as other implemented processes, that is, thermoset compression molding and pultrusion. Furthermore, we include comparative studies between different processes regarding the biocomposites' structure–property relationships.Keywords:biofiber-reinforced plastic composites;moisture;fiber type;coupling agent;extrusion;injection molding;compression molding;thermoplastics;thermosets;pultrusion;thermoforming;resin transfer molding;sheet molding compound;LFT-D method

- by Omar Faruk
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- Thermoforming, Moisture, Injection Molding, Extrusion

This work reports the effects of thermoform molding process conditions on polyvinylchloride (PVC) and polyethylene (PE) double layer package materials. Mechanical and microstructural properties of the package material were examined by different test methods which are tensile properties, tear resistances and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, package materials, which are produced in different conditions by thermoform molding. Effect of different mold depths and process temperatures on the samples are determined by thermal aging process at 60°C in first, third, and seventh days. With increase in mold depth from 25 mm to 75 mm, there is a significant increase in tensile strength from ∼45 MPa to ∼55 MPa, thermoform temperature at 150°C. The highest elongation of the material was obtained thermoform temperature at 165°C as 80%, mold depth at 35 mm. Tensile strength and elongation (%) of the material generally decrease by aging time with changing of mold depth (25, 35, and 7...

- by Mustafa Öksüz
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- Materials Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Materials Science, Materials

- by selçuk erdoğan
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- Materials Science, Thermoforming, Glass Fiber, Carbon Fiber
- by Tuan Hoang
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- Thermoforming, Contact angle, Moulding

Thermo-mechanical behaviors of thin thermoplastic sheets under thermoforming conditions are generally studied in the frameworks of hyperelasticity and large deformations. The boundary conditions of the mechanical problem which represents the shaping operation are defined by the clamping configuration of the free edges of the sheet. By heating a flat thermoplastic sheet of totally or partially constrained edges during a thermoforming process, incontrollable changes of the initial boundary conditions manifest by buckling and warpage. Without consideration of the real process conditions, the mechanical problem risks to be ill posed. The current study focuses on representative unidirectional stretching tests under isothermal conditions conducted on high impact polystyrene (HIPS) specimens with free lateral edges. The aim is to identify the parameters of the Mooney-Rivlin hyperelastic model which is generally admitted in the case of the HIPS for temperatures above the glass transition. To measure the non-negligible out-of-plane deformations which manifest during the stretching operation, a hybrid numerical-experimental approach is introduced. This approach combines kinematic fields measured by the stereo digital image correlation (stereo-DIC) technique and a finite element model updating (FEMU) procedure. First, a dataset of displacement fields measured during stretching tests at controlled temperatures and strain rates is constructed. Second, sequential quadratic programming (SQP) based inverse identification procedure is implemented to minimize an objective function which combines the experimental and numerical displacement fields. A case of study is presented to test the limits of the hybrid numerical-experimental approach under incremental stretching levels. The optimization results indicate that the extent of the kinematic fields compared to the effective size of the tested specimen and the excessive stretching of the stereo-DIC speckle are the major limits to the applicability of the approach. The conducted study constitutes a preliminary step towards more accurate consideration of real boundary conditions to simulate thermoforming of thin thermoplastic sheets.

- by Aniket Ghosh Dastidar
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- Digital Image Correlation, Inverse Problems, Thermoforming, Hyperelasticity
- by Fouad Erchiqui
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- Materials Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Viscoelasticity, Modeling
- by Maria Sarto
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- Production, Electromagnetic Interference, Chemicals, Electromagnetic Radiation