Water economics Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

The agricultural sector has strategic priorities in terms of nutrition. Increasing demand for food because of population growth in the world increases the need for agricultural products and obligates the sustainability of agricultural enterprises, the agricultural sector. Agricultural sustainability; economic, technical, central, legal and social. Each of these sub-components is important for the success and sustainability of the agricultural sector. Although economic sustainability has been accepted as part of overall sustainability in the literature, technical sustainability is important at the core of economic success. Agricultural production practices, amounts and combinations of inputs used, production technology used and production technique applications can be defined as components of technical sustainability. The fact that the amount of input used in production is above the optimal use has an adverse effect on environmental sustainability and economic sustainability. The fact that the amount of input used is lower than the optimal usage will cause resources to be inadequate, low yield and low income. Factors such as soil structure, climatic factors, and water supply that affect the production success limit agricultural production. Water, one of the agricultural inputs, has an indispensable prescription for agricultural production. Because agricultural products are, biological structures and all biological materials require water. Irrigated farming is important in terms of meeting human needs as it increases productivity, and dry farming is important for environmental, technical and economic sustainability.

Megaproject Planning and Management: Essential Readings contains the seminal articles from the growing body of research on megaproject planning and management along with an original introduction by the editor, Bent Flyvbjerg. The leading and most cited authority in the field, Flyvbjerg has used crowdsourcing and 25 years of experience to cherry-pick from several hundred articles and books the writings that define the field. This volume will be an indispensable source for those wishing to speak with authority about how megaprojects are prepared, delivered, and fought over. The target audience is students, academics, practitioners, and media pundits alike, as well as communities affected by megaprojects.

- by Bent Flyvbjerg
- •
- Critical Theory, Entrepreneurship, Organizational Behavior, Information Systems

Water supply in southern part of Lamongan Regency, i.e. Mantup District (Mantup Village), Tikung District (Takeranklating and Bakalanpule Village), and Kembangbahu District (Puter Village) will be served by PDAM from Mojolamong Regional Water Supply System. About 70% villagers in these rural area use groundwater well and others sources of water, while the rest 30% get their water from Hippam. PDAM of Lamongan Regency purchased treated water from Mojolamong Regional Water Supply System and then distribute it to the customer. One of basic principle in the determination of water tariff is full cost recovery, i.e. calculating all basic costs collected from investation, operation, and maintenance, so that the earned income can replace all cost have been spent. Study result show that water tariff rate based on full cost recovery with 9.48% of MARR generated NPV value on Rp.2,876,367,948 (NPV>0), IRR value at 10.74% (IRR≥MARR), and Payback Period through 19 years operation is determined with water tariff at Rp.3,700/m3.

- by Ali Masduqi
- •
- Water Treatment, Water Supply, Water economics, Lamongan

Water being a common resource is expected to provide present as well as future generations with the benefits of its free venture both economically and democratically. However, an imbalance has been created between its demand and supply due to increasing population pressure accompanied with uneven distribution of resources. While traditionally, it was used to satisfy basic drinking needs and produce food, however, urbanized society is demanding it for several other consumptive purposes ranging from maintenance of lawns and gardens to generation of hydropower and energy. Consequently, per person availability of water for use is declining. At global level, approximately 768 million people lack access to improved water resource and this poor access is associated with problems of health, food crisis, lost productivity as well as poor school attendance especially for females. The sustainable development goals (SDGs) globally have recognized the importance of improved access of water in sustaining life and achieving other SDGs. India being a developing country looks at its national development through fulfillment of the SDGs, improved access to water being one of them. Water Infrastructure is a crucial step in meeting the gap between potential and actual access. Since water sustains every dimension of economic life ranging from agriculture to hotels and restaurants, investment in water infrastructure provides the necessary connectivity from its multiple sources to the various usages, thus enhancing its accessibility. The paper traces the crucial role of investment in water infrastructure in improving water access and attaining development in context of India.

The establishment of decentralized drinking water systems in urban areas is technically and financially feasible, and these ‘off-grid’ systems can complement investment in traditional piped water systems. However, users often see ‘off-grid’ systems as the second-best option, compared to citywide piped water systems. Thus, although they are designed to improve access to water and reduce inequality, they can be perceived by users as infrastructural manifestations of extant inequality. In this paper, we present original research on the perceptions of users in Cimahi, Indonesia, surrounding their access to water and willingness to use and maintain ‘off-grid’ infrastructure. The majority of respondents used groundwater and packaged water as their primary water sources, and paid approximately twice the maximum tariff of piped water service. We interpreted the survey data with the theory of planned behavior framework and determined that respondents demonstrated a willingness to pay fees fo...

Although poor water quality is recognized as a public health threat, it has been little investigated in Sudan. In this paper, water sources in Gezira State, Greater Wad Medani locality, have been categorized as safe, intermediate safe and high-risk unsafe sources using the compartment bag test (CBT) to detect E. coli, which is an indicator of fecal contamination of water. The CBT is simple, portable and self-contained, and it can be done in the field environment. A total of 122 samples were collected from different water sources and included rivers, water treatment plant, boreholes/tube wells, hand pumps, public water taps, public water coolers, public elevated water tanks and household elevated water tanks. It was found that 69% (84/122) of investigated water sources were safe to drink. The sources most likely to be contaminated were those close to industrial points and factories or open sources exposed to pollution. The result showed that the highest level of contamination of water sources (high risk and unsafe) was observed in rural area (9.1%) followed by urban (5.7%) and peri-urban (1.6%). Frequent and routine qualitative analysis of water sources using CBT is recommended to improve human health and hence the country's development.

The European Water Framework Directive encourages pricing policy reforms in order to protect the environmental quality of water and promote its efficient use. This paper deals with two aspects of efficiency, namely economic and environmental efficiency, analyzed for different pricing methods. Volumetric pricing methods are compared with other indirect schemes (‘per area’, on ‘input’, on ‘output’ and ‘quota’) under three different water saving scenarios. The Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) technique is used to assess the eco-efficiency of an eventual water pricing reform in the irrigated agricultural system of Capitanata, in Italy. Overall, findings point out that a pricing system based on ‘per area’ and ‘output’ will lead to the highest eco-efficiency, although this is not valid under any water pricing charge. The enforcement of water saving via pricing does not imply a higher eco-efficiency, mainly in the case of environmental efficiency. The use of the DEA approach appears useful ...

Resumen: Recent research has examined the relationship between natural resources and economic growth. Considered vitally important, not only for humanity s well-being but also for ecosystem integrity, the relationship between water use and economic growth has traditionally garnered little attention by analysts. This paper studies water use trends from 1900 to 2000 throughout the world, and their main determinants. To do this, we first analyse historical water use trajectories. Second, to proceed with the determinants of water use, ...

- by Maria J. Beltran
- •
- Water economics, Water Markets

From late 2013 until the beginning of 2015, the metropolitan region of São Paulo, Brazil, experienced a severe water shortage. During that period, economic incentives were implemented by the regional water provider in a successful attempt to reduce water consumption. We aimed to investigate whether such incentives, as well as the experience of a scarcity period itself, had a persistent impact on consumer behaviour after the water crisis was over. This study was conducted by means of a hierarchical linear model with three levels (HLM3) to verify if the reduction effect remained in the midterm and a regression using panel data to understand which factors influenced water consumption behaviour change before, during, and after the local severe water drought. The results indicate that the average water consumption level subsequent to the rain scarcity period was significantly lower than before and that, in addition to the economic incentives, the severity of the scarcity event explained ...

- by TheGamer AlexSamios
- •
- Water economics

As demands for limited natural resources increase, developing management institutions that ensure the sustainability of such resources is essential. Many natural resources are Common Pool Resources (CPRs), managed under different... more

- by Kaveh Madani
- •
- Environmental Economics, Game Theory, Water resources, Agent Based Simulation