Welfare regime typologies Research Papers (original) (raw)

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- Welfare State, Varieties of Capitalism, Welfare regime typologies

Wie postsozialistische Wohlfahrtsregime angemessen begriffen und typologisch eingeordnet werden können, bleibt umstritten. Entsprechende Versuche seit Beginn der 1990er Jahre reichen von „marktsozialistisch“ (Kornai 2001), „sozialdemokratisch“ über „(postkommunistisch) konservativ korporatistisch“ bzw. „bismarckisch“(Deacon 1992; Kovacs 2003; J. Szalai 2005) bis hin zur Diagnose („gemäßigt“) „liberaler Regime“ in Mittelost- und Osteuropa (Götting 1998; Ferge 2001; E. Szalai 2005).

- by raj kollmorgen
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- Welfare State, Post-Socialism, Post-Communism, Europe

In the 30 or so years since the publication of Gosta Esping-Andersen's Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism a number of rival welfare state typologies have emerged. This article has two broad aims. First, we review the reviews of welfare state typologies, pointing to issues of often unclear case selection and a wide range of concepts, variables, and methods, resulting in a variety of worlds of welfare and their constituent nations. We show that there is a great variety in the welfare modelling business at two different levels. Reviews vary significantly in terms of the number and composition of included studies, which has made it difficult to sum up the "state of the art." Individual studies included in the reviews also vary significantly in terms of issues such as aims, concepts, variables, and methods. Second, we produce a new review, which adds value as it is based on a clearer search strategy, and includes more recent material that was not available in earlier reviews. This finds that there is a great variety in terms of process (concepts, variables, methods, and number of countries) and findings (the number and composition of "worlds"). We argue that the country classification seems to show less consensus that previous reviews, with fewer "pure" nations (i.e., agreement between studies). We suggest that in order to provide a clear point of engagement, future reviews need to pay more attention to a clear and explicit search strategy, including issues such as inclusion criteria.

- by Erdem Yörük and +1
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- Social Policy, Welfare State, Comparative Welfare Systems, History of Social Welfare

This paper assesses the impact of welfare state regimes on creation of genderequality which is understood as equal economic opportunities and greater reconciliation of work and family between sexes. It identifies which welfare regimesupports women the most in both dimensions. It uses the Esping-Andersen’s typology of welfare regimes (1990) to segregate welfare regimes according to promotion of genderequal economic opportunities and their ability to reconciliation of work and family life.The paper investigates the outcomes of different indicators that affect presence of gender equality across welfare clusters (15 OECD countries), furthermore three casestudies of welfare regime characteristics and their linkage to presence of gender equalpolicies is investigated. These cases are: Sweden (socialdemocratic regime), Germany(corporatist-statist regime) and the United States (liberal welfare regime).At the final stage, clusters are examined under the Hierarchical Cluster Analysis(HCA) to confirm dissimilarities of welfare characteristics towards creation of gender-equal economic and reconciliation of work and family. As the result of this researchpaper, further strengthened by HCA statistical investigation, the socialdemocratic cluster emerged as the most equal in creation of gender equal opportunities in bothdimension. The liberal cluster lags in underdeveloped policies of work and family reconciliation, while corporatist-statist suffers from inability to create equal economic opportunities, further negatively strengthened by minimal state welfare provision towards reconciliation of work and family responsibilities.

- by Marietta Kiss
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- Business, Welfare State, Public Policy - Social Welfare Policy, PhD Thesis

This essay investigates how the degeneration of state socialist regimes and the transition to market-Leninist political economies in China and Vietnam have shaped institutional arrangements governing welfare and its stratification effects. Engaging recent theoretical literature on welfare regimes, the article explores how the evolution of specific combinations of political and economic institutions in China and Vietnam has affected the production and reproduction of welfare and stratification. The common assumption that welfare regimes reflect the structured interests of dominant political and economic actors and thus serve to reproduce that regime is found to invite an excessively static perspective. Instead this essay argues that welfare regimes and stratification in contemporary China and Vietnam require an appreciation of their properties under state-socialism and how specific paths of extrication affected their degeneration and subsequent development under a new form of political economy. The essay also probes the significance of observed differences in China and Vietnam's political structure in light of suggestions that Vietnam's more pluralistic political system has made its welfare regime more redistributive than China's. An alternative perspective suggests China's wealth obviates the significance of such differences.

- by Jonathan D. London
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- Social Policy, Welfare State, Contemporary China, Welfare regime typologies

ÖZ
5510 sayılı Kanun çerçevesinde uygulanmak olan “beş puanlık işveren hissesi prim desteği” 29.05.2013 tarihinde yürürlüğe giren 6486 sayılı Kanun ile yapılan değişiklik sonrasında genişletilmiş bulunmaktadır. Buna göre yurt dışındaki işyerlerinde çalıştırılmak için işverenlerce götürülen çalışanlar için beş puanlık teşvikten yararlanmak mümkündür. Ancak bu işçilerin Türkiye ile sosyal güvenlik sözleşmesi bulunmayan yada sözleşmelerin uzun vadeli sigorta kollarını kapsamadığı ülkelerdeki işyerlerine götürülmüş olması gerekmektedir. Sosyal Güvenlik Kurumu’nca yapılan denetimlerde, çalıştırdığı kişileri sigortalı olarak bildirmediği veya bildirilen sigortalının işyerinde fiilen çalışmadığının tespit edilmesi, başka bir deyişle sahte sigortalı olarak bildirildiğinin anlaşılması halinde, işverenler bir yıl süreyle bu maddeyle sağlanan destek unsurlarından uzaklaştırılacaktır.

- by Bünyamin ESEN
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- Social Policy, Tax Law, Welfare State, Pensions and retirement income

Typologies have represented an important tool for the development of comparative social policy research and continue to be widely used in spite of growing criticism of their ability to capture the complexity of welfare states and their internal heterogeneity. In particular, debates have focused on the presence of hybrid cases and the existence of distinct cross-national pattern of variation across areas of social policy. There is growing awareness around these issues, but empirical research often still relies on methodologies aimed at classifying countries in a limited number of unambiguous types. This article proposes a two-step approach based on fuzzy-set-ideal-type analysis for the systematic analysis of hybrids at the level of both policies (step 1) and policy configurations or combinations of policies (step 2). This approach is demonstrated by using the case of childcare policies in European economies. In the first step, parental leave policies are analysed using three methods – direct, indirect, and combinatory – to identify and describe specific hybrid forms at the level of policy analysis. In the second step, the analysis focus on the relationship between parental leave and childcare services in order to develop an overall typology of childcare policies, which clearly shows that many countries display characteristics normally associated with different types (hybrids and. Therefore, this two-step approach enhances our ability to account and make sense of hybrid welfare forms produced from tensions and contradictions within and between policies.

- by Rossella Ciccia
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- Comparative Politics, Social Policy, Welfare State, Early Childhood Education

The state, market, and families are the major players in mitigating human needs, though the state possesses fundamental responsibility about the redistribution process of the resources. However, the role of the state, market, and families varies among societies depending on the political ideology, economic strength, social structure and efficiency of the market. This paper examines the Esping-Andersen‟s analysis in the comparative social policy of today‟s world and its relevance to the emerging social protection approaches of the developing countries focusing on the welfare provisions of Bangladesh. The paper attempts to locate the pursuit of welfare system of Bangladesh in the light of welfare regimes model and concludes that Bangladesh has a distinct path dependency of welfare provisions which are not identical to the welfare regimes paradigm. The paper offers insight for the least developed and developing countries in understanding their welfare systems from the viewpoint of the regime approach.

- by Md Abdul Jalil
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- Welfare State, Developing Countries, Bangladesh, Welfare regime typologies

Purpose-The objective of this paper is to understand changes and progress of the Korean childcare regime by examining the evolutional process of childcare initiatives that were developed since the Japanese colonial rule. Design/methodology/approach-This study employed a qualitative-based research design with a particular emphasis on explanatory research. Meanwhile, the data were gathered through the peer-reviewed literature and reports. Findings-The findings indicate that Korea has had three types of childcare regimes: effective-informal, productivist and inclusive-liberal orientation. It also pinpoints that while the care regime development followed the European regime, the egalitarian society, which is a social prerequisite for modern welfare state-building, has not yet been fully established. This paradoxical situation eventually impedes the development of universal childcare aimed at promoting gender equality and a work-life balance. Originality/value-This article offers a model and characteristics of the Korean childcare regime dating back to the Japanese colonial period up until the Moon Jae-In administration, where it still receives less attention in most of the social policy literature (see Table 1).

Over the past twenty years, minimum income schemes (MIS) have undergone major transformations in their functions and role. From mainly residual instruments that aimed to guarantee minimum income support and to prevent extreme marginality, in most countries they now have an "ambiguous" function of providing income support and favouring social and labour market inclusion. Against this background, this article provides an analytical grid that allows describing the different features of last-resort safety nets across Europe, building on the definition of key main dimensions of variation of MISs in Europe-generosity, eligibility and conditionality requirements, institutional configuration, active inclusion profiles. Then, it introduces a new typology of MIS in Europe, building on a new dataset with data on expenditures and coverage collected from National Statistical Offices.

- by Marcello Natili
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- Poverty, Activation And Workfare, Social Inclusion, Welfare regime typologies

The main purpose of this article is twofold: (1) an examination of welfare regimes using a bottom-up approach, which enables a comprehensive analysis of welfare production based on recipients perceptions; and (2) an examination of more than one type of welfare-mix coexisting inside the national level across policy sectors. A classification of welfare regimes is carried out following a bottom-up approach and relying on the basis of the importance of welfare providers to satisfy social risks and promote well-being. Three traditional (e.g., state, market, family) and one alternative welfare provider (e.g., community) are considered. Data is collected through twenty semi-structured interviews in seven marginalised communities of Puerto Rico. The results show five configurations of intra-national welfare-mixes across the following welfare areas: housing, nourishment, health, education, maternity/paternity, disability, work-unemployment and older-age. This paper contributes to the theoretical proposals of intra-national welfare regimes, and alternatives providers in the welfare-mix.

- by Rossella Ciccia
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- Sociology, Psychology, Comparative Politics, Statistics

- by Rossella Ciccia
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- Sociology, Psychology, Comparative Politics, Statistics

This study examines the efficiency and distributional effects of selected labour market institutions in Albania, a rather under-researched country. An initial overview of the post-communist developments articulates why Albania has the poorest labour market performance among other South East European countries. Using a set of mixed qualitative and descriptive quantitative methods we find evidence of inefficient segmental effects and a predatory structure of labour market institutions which noticeably diverge from the efficient institutions point of reference. The institutional/welfare regime at the cross-national level points out at a relationship between the labour market institutional framework and labour market performance, as measured by unemployment. At the country level, a disproportional relationship between the ‘de jure’ labour market regulation and unemployment is identified, which is also moderated by the interaction between labour market and economic institutions.

- by Elvisa Drishti and +1
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- Unemployment, Albania, Welfare regime typologies, Labour Market Institutions

What drives social policy development? Most of the literature addressing this issue focuses on the economic crisis and the increase in left power as its causation. On the basis of the Indonesian case, this paper engages in a debate about the clouts of clientelism and familial ethics in shaping social policy path development. This article claims that the quick replacement of productivist welfare regimes with the more inclusive system after Asian Financial Crisis is motivated by increased elites' interest in repositioning their clientelistic network within a public institution. This is occurring while familial precepts are being used as effective moral politics in encouraging kinship networks to internalize social risks during the regime replacement process. Overall, the case of Indonesia reflects the common characteristic of welfare regimes development in East Asian countries where efforts to modernize social policy are conditioned under a situation where democracy is not well-established and the post-modern family structure has not fully matured either. Consequently, the development of social policy to a large extent is still confined within a huge clientelistic influence and implemented under the familial ideology. This situation has ultimately retarded welfare state development.

This article investigates the confessional resource dependent welfare regimes of the Middle East and North Africa. It emphasizes the elite-captured nature of resources as well as the dependence of these regimes on oil and gas revenues or the acquisition from state-assets. The article pays a special attention to religious and other non-state actors in the administration and delivery of social protection. By examining key institutional features in Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Libya, Jordan, Morocco, Syria, Yemen and Tunisia, the article also highlights the ways in which differential sets of social protection institutions succeeded in ensuring social peace and loyalty to the regimes. In addition, by identifying shortcomings and strengths in the administration of public goods, the article highlights the prospects for future and more successful reforms. In the conclusions, the «politics of anger» that led to the Arab Spring of 2011 is briefly elucidated.

- by Alfio Cerami
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- Comparative Politics, Public Administration, International Political Economy, Egypt

This article uses a new method for policy analysis, fuzzy-set theory, which is a framework that allows for a precise opera- tionalization of theoretical concepts. Fuzzy-set theory is used to assess the conformity of the Nordic countries to a pre-conceptualized ideal- typical Nordic welfare model. This permits us to assess recent welfare reform and judge whether changes are of a qualitative or quanti- tative nature, i.e. whether reform amounts to differences in kind or degree. Comparing the development of benefits in kind and cash within three welfare areas (families, the unemployed and the elderly) during the 1990s and across the Nordic countries gives us an opportunity to assess patterns of welfare reform. The patterns of welfare reform are complex, but fuzzy-set theory permits the study of diversity. Despite numerous changes, all the countries still belong to the Nordic welfare model, although to varying degrees. Generally, Finland and Sweden have implemented more cut-backs than Denmark and Norway, and all countries have both expanded and contracted welfare programmes. Resilience at the national level thus masks a differential development between welfare areas and within welfare programmes. Tentatively, it seems that welfare policies operate within upper and lower limits which in turn are likely to vary over long time periods and among different types of welfare states; the most generous programmes are liable to cut- backs and the least generous programmes to improvements.

The article presents the prevalence of a regular support in childcare from grandparents in countries belonging the conservative model of family policy. The author explores the interdependence between the extent of institutional support in childcare and the prevalence of regular care provided by grandparents to grandchildren. It turns out that the prevalence of grandparental support in childcare is significant but very diverse in the analyzed group of countries. The lower is the generosity of parental leave and the weaker is the access to institutional forms of care for children in preschool, the more common is grandparental support.

- by Anna Kurowska
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- Welfare State, Welfare regime typologies, Childcare, Grandparents