Cowlesite (original) (raw)

A valid IMA mineral species

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About CowlesiteHide

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Formula:

CaAl2Si3O10 · 6H2O

Crystal System:

Orthorhombic

Name:

Named in 1975 in honor of John Cowles (9 January 1907, Nebraska, USA - 13 December 1985, Oregon, USA) of Rainier, Oregon, amateur mineralogist and enthusiastic zeolite collector, whose deep interest in zeolite mineralogy led him to discover new localities for ferrierite, dachiardite, erionite and the co-type locality for cavansite. Pronounced kōl-sait.

Co-Type Localities:

Monte Lake, Kamloops Mining Division, British Columbia, Canada
Unnamed wash, adjacent to State Route 177, Superior area, Pinal County, Arizona, USA
North Table Mountain, Golden, Golden Mining District, Jefferson County, Colorado, USA
Neer Road, Goble, Columbia County, Oregon, USA
Beech Creek Quarry, Mount Vernon, Grant County, Oregon, USA

Zeolite Group.

Unlike other zeolites, cowlesite has a very limited compositional range (Vezzalini et al., 1992).

The crystal structure resisted its determination by X-ray diffraction methods for a very long time, and only in 2020 the structure could be finally solved by electron diffraction under cryo conditions (Mugnaioli et al., 2020).

Cowlesite is the only two-dimensional (2D) zeolite known in nature. Under vacuum, it transforms in a few seconds to a 3D zeolite framework. The latter has a much reduced unit-cell paramater c, 25.586(3) Å.

A _C_-centered monoclinic polymorph with parameters a = 23.8(5), b = 25.8(5), c = 15.9(3) Å, β = 99.5°, and space group Cm was also found by electron diffraction (Mugnaioli et al., 2020).

Cowlesite can be visually similar to thomsonite, but distinguished by surface characteristics and cleavage. Vug linings of thomsonite appear smooth due to the flat crystal terminations. In contrast, linings of cowlesite appear rough, under 30x magnification, due to sharply pointed blades. In addition, thomsonite intergrowths are tough and relatively hard, while cowlesite intergrowths are easily cleaved and soft, similar to gypsum.

Unique IdentifiersHide

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Long-form identifier:

mindat:1:1:1145:3

00c32d5e-d5e4-4c1a-a0e2-58f5fe02e713

IMA Classification of CowlesiteHide

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IMA Formula:

Ca(Al2Si3)O10 · 5-6H2O

Type description reference:

Classification of CowlesiteHide

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9.GG.05

9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
G : Tektosilicates with zeolitic H2O; zeolite family
G : Unclassified zeolites

77.1.5.8

77 : TECTOSILICATES Zeolites
1 : Zeolite group - True zeolites

16.9.28

16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
9 : Aluminosilicates of Ca

Mineral SymbolsHide

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As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

Symbol Source Reference
Cow IMA–CNMNC Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43

Physical Properties of CowlesiteHide

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Density:

2.14(2) g/cm3 (Measured) 2.05 g/cm3 (Calculated)

Optical Data of CowlesiteHide

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RI values:

_n_α = 1.505 - 1.513 _n_β = 1.509 - 1.516 _n_γ = 1.509 - 1.518

δ = 0.004 - 0.005

Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.

Optical Extinction:

X = a; Y = b; Z = c.

Chemistry of CowlesiteHide

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Mindat Formula:

CaAl2Si3O10 · 6H2O

Common Impurities:

Fe,Na,K

Crystallography of CowlesiteHide

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Crystal System:

Orthorhombic

Class (H-M):

m m m _(_2/_m_2/_m_2/m ) - Dipyramidal

Cell Parameters:

a = 23.116(8) Å, b = 24.891(7) Å, c = 30.468(2) Å

Ratio:

a:b:c = 0.929 : 1 : 1.224

Unit Cell V:

17,530.69 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)

Morphology:

Type material:
Simple blades, showing only three forms: {010}, {001}, and {101}. Crystals can exceed 0.3 mm in length and 0.1 mm in width, but thicknesses are less than 2 μm.

Comment:

Space group Ccme (non-standard setting of space group Cmce). Originally reported cell: a 11.27, b 15.25, c 12.61 Å. Originally, a doubled cell with a 23.3, b 30.6, c 25.0 A is also reported (Vezzalini et al., 1992); this was later found to be the true cell..

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

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Powder Diffraction Data:

d-spacing Intensity
15.2 Å (100)
3.81 Å (35)
2.964 Å (35)
2.934 Å (25)
3.052 Å (20)
5.08 Å (17)
7.62 Å (15)

Comments:

The perfect cleavage makes it impossible to obtain a suitable XRD powder by ordinary grinding with a mortar and pestle.

Geological EnvironmentHide

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Type Occurrence of CowlesiteHide

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Co-Type Localities:

Monte Lake, Kamloops Mining Division, British Columbia, Canada
Unnamed wash, adjacent to State Route 177, Superior area, Pinal County, Arizona, USA
North Table Mountain, Golden, Golden Mining District, Jefferson County, Colorado, USA
Neer Road, Goble, Columbia County, Oregon, USA
Beech Creek Quarry, Mount Vernon, Grant County, Oregon, USA

General Appearance of Type Material:

Sometimes visually similar to thomsonite. Thin cavity linings, to 0.5 mm thick, growing as radially oriented blades. As sprays of blades up to 2 mm, and rarely as sprays of delicate, single blades. Blades always < 2 μm thick.

Place of Conservation of Type Material:

University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA, 6720, 6721.
National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA, 135026.

Geological Setting of Type Material:

In amygdules in basalt. Also in scoria.

Associated Minerals at Type Locality:

Reference:

Wise, W.S. and Tschernich, R.W. (1975) Cowlesite, a new Ca-zeolite: American Mineralogist, 60, 951-956.

Synonyms of CowlesiteHide

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Other Language Names for CowlesiteHide

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Relationship of Cowlesite to other SpeciesHide

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Other Members of this group:

Alflarsenite NaCa2Be3Si4O13(OH) · 2H2O Mon. 2 : _P_21
Amicite K2Na2Al4Si4O16 · 5H2O Mon. 2
Ammonioleucite (NH4)(AlSi2O6) Tet. 4/m : _I_41/a
Analcime Na(AlSi2O6) · H2O Tric. 1 : _P_1
Bellbergite (K,Ba,Sr)2Sr2Ca2(Ca,Na)4[Al3Si3O12]6 · 30H2O Hex.
Bikitaite LiAlSi2O6 · H2O Tric. 1 : _P_1
Boggsite Ca8Na3(Si,Al)96O192 · 70H2O Orth. m m m _(_2/_m_2/_m_2/m ) : I m m a
Brewsterite Subgroup Zeolite Group.
Chabazite-Levyne Subgroup M[Al2Si4O12] · 6H2O
Chiavennite CaMnBe2Si5O13(OH)2 · 2H2O Mon. 2/m : _P_21/b
Clinoptilolite Subgroup M3-6(Si30Al6)O72 · 20H2O
Dachiardite Subgroup Zeolite Group.
Direnzoite NaK6MgCa2(Al13Si47O120) · 36H2O Orth. m m m _(_2/_m_2/_m_2/m ) : P m m n
Edingtonite Ba[Al2Si3O10] · 4H2O Orth. 222 : _P_212121
Epistilbite CaAl2Si6O16 · 5H2O Mon.
Erionite Subgroup M2[Al4Si14O36] · 15H2O
Faujasite Subgroup M3.5[Al7Si17O48] · 32H2O
Ferrierite Subgroup Zeolite Group.
Ferrochiavennite Ca1-2Fe[(Si,Al,Be)5Be2O13(OH)2] · 2H2O Mon. 2/m : _P_21/b
Flörkeite (K3Ca2Na)[Al8Si8O32] · 12H2O Tric. 1 : _P_1
Garronite Subgroup
Gaultite Na4Zn2Si7O18 · 5H2O Orth. m _m_2 : F d _d_2
Gismondine Subgroup Zeolite Group.
Gmelinite Subgroup In 1997, gmelinite was split into Gmelinite-Ca, Gmelinite-Na and Gmelinite-K.
Gobbinsite Na5(Si11Al5)O32 · 11H2O Orth. m m m _(_2/_m_2/_m_2/m ) : P n m a
Goosecreekite Ca[Al2Si6O16] · 5H2O Mon. 2 : _P_21
Gottardiite Na3Mg3Ca5Al19Si117O272 · 93H2O Orth. m m m _(_2/_m_2/_m_2/m ) : C m c a
Heulandite Subgroup (Na/Ca/K)5-6[Al8-9 Si27-28 O72] · nH2O
Hsianghualite Ca3Li2(Be3Si3O12)F2 Iso. 432 : _I_4132
Kirchhoffite Cs(BSi2O6) Tet. 4/m m m _(_4/_m_2/_m_2/m ) : _I_41/a c d
Laumontite CaAl2Si4O12 · 4H2O Mon. 2/m : _B_2/m
Loomisite Ba[Be2P2O8] · H2O Mon. m
Lovdarite K2Na6Be4Si14O36 · 9H2O Orth. m _m_2
Maricopaite Pb7Ca2(Si,Al)48O100 · 32H2O Orth.
Martinandresite Ba2(Al4Si12O32) · 10H2O Orth. m m m _(_2/_m_2/_m_2/m ) : P m m n
Mazzite Subgroup Zeolite Group.
Merlinoite (K,Na)5(Ca,Ba)2Al9Si23O64 · 23H2O Orth. m m m _(_2/_m_2/_m_2/m ) : I m m m
Montesommaite (K,Na)9Al9Si23O64 · 10H2O Orth. m _m_2 : F d _d_2
Mordenite (Na2,Ca,K2)4(Al8Si40)O96 · 28H2O Orth.
Mutinaite Na3Ca4Si85Al11O192 · 60H2O Orth. m m m _(_2/_m_2/_m_2/m ) : P n m a
Nabesite Na2BeSi4O10 · 4H2O Orth. 222 : _P_212121
Natrolite Subgroup A subgroup of the Zeolite Group.
Offretite KCaMg(Si13Al5)O36 · 15H2O Hex. 6_m_2 : _P_6_m_2
Pahasapaite Li8(Ca,Li,K)10.5Be24(PO4)24 · 38H2O Iso. 23 : _I_23
Parthéite Ca2(Si4Al4) O15 (OH)2 · 4H2O Mon. 2/m : _B_2/b
Paulingite Subgroup Paulingite was originally described in 1960.
Perlialite K9Na(Ca,Sr)[Al2Si4O12]6 · 15H2O Hex. 6/m m m _(_6/_m_2/_m_2/m ) : _P_6/m m m
Phillipsite Subgroup Zeolite Group.
Pollucite (Cs,Na)2(Al2Si4O12) · 2H2O Iso. m_3_m _(_4/_m_32/m ) : I a_3_d
Roggianite Ca2Be(OH)2Al2Si4O13 · 2.5H2O Tet. 4/m m m _(_4/_m_2/_m_2/m ) : _I_4/m c m
Stilbite Subgroup M6-7[Al8-9Si27-28O72] · nH2O
Terranovaite (Na,Ca)8(Si68Al12)O160 · 29H2O Orth.
Thomsonite Subgroup The large majority of "thomsonite" is thomsonite-Ca.
Tschernichite (Ca,Na2)[Al2Si4O12] · 4-8H2O Tet. 4/m m m _(_4/_m_2/_m_2/m ) : _P_4/m m m
Tschörtnerite Ca4(Ca,Sr,K,Ba)3Cu3[Al3Si3O12]4(OH)8 · nH2O Iso. m_3_m _(_4/_m_32/m ) : F m_3_m
UM1996-38-SiO:AlCaHNa Na-Ca-Al-Si-O-H
UM1999-33-SiO:AlHKNa K7Na5Al12Si20O64 · 24H2O
UM2002-40-SiO:AlCaHKMgNa (Mg,Ca,Na,K)7.5(Al12.8Si51.2)O128 · 65H2O Tet. 422 : _P_4122
Unnamed (Ca analogue of Merlinoite) (Ca,K,Na)5(Ca,Ba)2Al9Si23O64 · 23H2O ?
Wairakite Ca(Al2Si4O12) · 2H2O Mon. 2/m : _B_2/m
Weinebeneite CaBe3(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O Mon. m : B b
Wenkite (Ba,K)4(Ca,Na)6[(Si,Al)20O39(OH)2](SO4)3 · 0.5H2O Hex. 6_m_2 : P_62_m
Willhendersonite KCa[Al3Si3O12] · 5H2O Tric. 1 : _P_1
Yugawaralite CaAl2Si6O16 · 4H2O Mon. m : P b

Common AssociatesHide

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Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:

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9.GG.10 Mountainite KNa2Ca2[Si8O19(OH)] · 6H2O Mon. 2/m : _P_2/b

Other InformationHide

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Health Risks:

No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

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References for CowlesiteHide

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Reference List:

Coombs, Douglas S., Alberti, Alberto, Armbruster, Thomas, Artioli, Gilberto, Colella, Carmine, Galli, Ermanno, Grice, Joel D., Liebau, Friedrich, Mandarino, Joseph A., Minato, Hideo, Nickel, Ernest H., Passaglia, Elio, Peacor, Donald R., Quartieri, Simona, Rinaldi, Romano, Ross, Malcolm I., Sheppard, Richard A., Tillmanns, Ekkehart, Vezzalini, Giovanna (1997) Recommended nomenclature for zeolite minerals; report of the Subcommittee on Zeolites of the International Mineralogical Association, Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names. The Canadian Mineralogist, 35 (6) 1571-1606

Mugnaioli, E., Lanza, A. E., Bortolozzi, G., Righi, L., Merlini, M., Cappello, V., Marini, L., Athanassiou, A., Gemmi, M. (2020): Electron diffraction on flash-frozen cowlesite reveals the structure of the first two-dimensional natural zeolite. ACS Central Science, 6, 1578-1586.

Localities for CowlesiteHide

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This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.

Locality ListHide

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- This locality has map coordinates listed. - This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. - Good crystals or important locality for species. - World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.

Antarctica
Eastern Antarctica Victoria Land Mount Adamson AmMin 82:423 +1 other reference
Western Antarctica Antarctic Peninsula South Shetland Islands King George Island Admiralty Bay Ezcurra Inlet Mozer (2012)
Australia
New South Wales Gloucester Co. Barrington Tops Barrington Cowlesite locality Graham et al. (2002)
Victoria Baw Baw Shire Jindivick Basalt quarry Haupt (1989) +1 other reference
Mornington Peninsula Shire Flinders area Cairns Bay Tschernich (1992)
Austria
Lower Austria Krems-Land District Mühldorf Trandorf Exel (1993)
Canada
British Columbia Kamloops Mining Division Ferrierite Cliffs Tschernich (1992)
Monte Lake (TL) Mineralogist +3 other references
Westwold Douglas Lake Road Tschernich (1992)
Ontario Hastings County Town of Bancroft Dungannon Township Davis Hill Tschernich (1992)
Québec Laurentides Argenteuil RCM Wentworth Laurel Unnamed roadcut (Locality 48 of Van Velthuizen et al) Tschernich (1992) +1 other reference
Costa Rica
Alajuela Province Sarchí Canton Poás Volcano Rodríguez et al. (2017)
Guanacaste Province La Cruz Canton Micro Probe Vol. 7 No. 7 Spring 1993
Liberia Canton Quebrada Grande Micro Probe Vol. 7 No. 7 Spring 1993
San José Province Acosta Canton Guaitil District La Cruz Zeledón (2004)
Puriscal Canton Candelarita District Pedernal Road cuts Micro Probe Volume VII Number 7 Spring ... +1 other reference
Quebrada Grande de Desamparaditos de Puriscal Zeledón (2004)
Czech Republic
Central Bohemian Region Mladá Boleslav District Bela pod Bezdezem Lysá hora (Hill) Ing. O. Janeček - New localities of ...
Liberec Region Česká Lípa District Cvikov Bartelův Hill Personal reference Libor Hrůzek
Prysk Horní Prysk Ovčácký Hill Pauliš et al. (2014)
Svojkov L.Hrůzek
Zákupy Lasvice Lipka Hill L.Hrůzek-Personal reference
Žandov Heřmanice Pauliš et al. (2018)
Unnamed hill Pauliš et al. (2018)
Ústí nad Labem Region Děčín District Česká Kamenice Petr Fuchs 2007
Hackenberg Levyn a další zeolity z Hackenbergu u ...
Jehla (Nolde; Kleine Nolde) Pauliš et al. (2015) +1 other reference
Jiřetín pod Jedlovou Konopáč Hill Pauliš et al. (2017)
Kunratice Kunratice-Eschlers Bergl L.Hrůzek +1 other reference
Kunratice-Malá hůrka (Kröhberg) O.Janeček
Kunratice-Rollberg L.Hrůzek +1 other reference
Kytlice Malá Tisová L.Hrůzek
Ústí nad Labem District Chuderov Žežice Rychlý
Faroe Islands
Sandoy Region Sandoy Dalur Dalsnipa Tschernich (1992)
Streymoy Region Streymoy Oyrareingir Sátan Quarry (Hundsarabotnur quarry) Betz (1981) +1 other reference
Germany
Bavaria Upper Palatinate Tirschenreuth District Pechbrunn Großer Teichelberg (Teichelberg; Teichlberg) Keck (1993)
Hungary
Pest County Szentendre District Pilisszentlászló Pálbükk GEODA 2005/3 +1 other reference
Iceland
Hvalfjörður Selbekk et al. (2004)
Northeastern Region Dalvíkurbyggð Dalvík Ytrík Zeolite collection of Volker Betz
Fjallabyggð Siglufjörður Sauðanes Zeolite collection of Volker Betz
Western Region Borgarbyggð Hvammur Mjöadalsa Betz (1981)
Sveitarfélagið Stykkishólmur Stykkishólmsbær Stykkishólmur Haukabrekka Alessandro Cantamessa collection & ...
Westfjords Strandabyggð Kollafjörður Road 68 Road cut near Hraun Zeolite collection of Volker Betz
Italy
Sardinia Oristano Province Montresta Bortolozzi et al. (2007)
Sassari Province Nulvi Bortolozzi et al. (2007)
Japan
Nagasaki Prefecture Hirado City Ikitsukijima Fujimoto et al. (1990)
Iki City Iki Islands Chojabaru Yamada (2004)
Shimane Prefecture Oki District Okinoshima Oki Islands Nishinoshima Kuniga Matsubara (1978)
New Zealand
Auckland Region Muriwai Collins Bay Collection of RJ Martin correlated to ...
Waiwera Waiwera Beach ? Zeolites of the Word by Rudy ...
Canterbury Region Christchurch City Banks Peninsula Lyttelton Gollans Bay Quarry Thornton (Ed.)
Marlborough Region Middlehurst Station J. Thornton. Zeolites and other minerals on Middlehurst Station. Essence of Microscope (NZ)
Upcot Station Essence of Micro-Scope
Northland Region Far North District Kawerua Collection of RJ Martin
Kaipara District Aranga Aranga Quarry (Stone's Quarry; Hood Road Quarry) Railton et al. (1990)
Donnellys Crossing Waima River NZ Zeolite list and locations. Neville ...
Maunganui Bluff Collection of Rod Martin
Russia
Chelyabinsk Oblast Vishnevye Mountains Kobelikha Mt. Unnamed quarry Nishanbaev et al. (2016)
Murmansk Oblast Lovozero Massif ...
Spain
Canary Islands Las Palmas Province Lanzarote Yaiza Playa Blanca Punta del Aguila Lapis 2001 et al. (reference via Ferdinando Giovine) +1 other reference
UK
Northern Ireland Co. Antrim Antrim Lady Hill Quarry Trevor Boyd Collection
Parkgate Quarry Trevor Boyd Collection
Ballyclare Craighill Quarry Trevor Boyd Collection
Green Road Quarry (Ballyclare Old Quarry) n° 322 +4 other references
Dunseverick rruff.geo.arizona.edu (n.d.) +2 other references
Glenarm Minnis North Trevor Boyd (Ferdinando Giovine collection)
Islandmagee Gobbins Hills Port www.habitas.org.uk (n.d.)
Larne Glynn (Glynn Hill) Magheramorne Basalt quarry Artioli et al. (1994)
Portrush Islandmore upper Zeolite colletion of Volker Betz
Waterfoot Fallowvee Trevor Boyd Collection +1 other reference
Scotland Highland Eilean á Chèo Isle of Skye Duirinish Dunvegan Moonen Bay Green et al. (1996)
Oisgill Bay
Trotternish Loch Snizort Kingsburgh Kingsburgh Quarry Day (1999)
USA
Arizona Pinal County Superior Picketpost Mountain area Arnett Creek Luetcke (n.d.)
Superior area adjacent to State Route 177 Unnamed wash (TL) Wise et al. (1975) +1 other reference
Colorado Jefferson County Golden Mining District Golden North Table Mountain (TL) Rocks & Minerals 79:4 +1 other reference
Southeast Quarry Jason Evans collection
South Table Mountain Wilson (1988)
Idaho Adams County Pinehurst Ream (1995)
Idaho County Skookumchuck Creek US highway 95 roadcut (219) Ream (2004)
Nevada Clark County Las Vegas Mining District Lake Las Vegas basalt outcrop MarekC Collection June 2017
Oregon Columbia County Goble Neer Road (TL) Micro Probe Vol. 6 No. 5 Fall 1987 +2 other references
Grant County Mount Vernon Beech Creek Quarry (TL) Mineralogist +3 other references
North Fork John Day River Deer Creek Tschernich (1992)
Ritter Roadside Quarry Micro Probe Volume VII Number 8 Fall ...
Upper Ritter Quarry Micro Probe Volume VII Number 8 Fall ...
Jackson County Lost Creek Reservoir Highway 62 roadcut K. Starnes
Lake County Adel Micro Probe Vol. 7 No. 9 Spring 1994 +1 other reference
Wallowa County Joseph Aneroid Lake Pete's Point Micro Probe Volume VI Number 4
Wheeler County Spray Burnt Cabin Creek Micro Probe Vol. 6 No. 4 +1 other reference
Harper Mountain Micro Probe Volume VII Number 3 Spring ...
Tamarack Creek Rudy Tschernich Zeolite Collection
Washington Clark County Yacolt Big Tree Creek Micro Probe Volume VI Number 4
Cowlitz County Wolf Point 200 / 237 Road Quarry Micro Probe Vol. 7 No. 10
Grays Harbor County Porter Five Mile Quarry (Upper Lytle Quarry) Rudy Tschernich Zeolite Collection
Four Mile Quarry Micro Probe Vol. 7 No. 5 Spring '92
Thurston County Olympia Capital Peak (Capitol Forest) Unnamed Zeolite occurrence Wise et al. (1975) +1 other reference