Arthashastra (original) (raw)
Das Arthashastra (Sanskrit अर्थशास्त्र arthaśāstra, n., Zusammensetzung aus artha „Ziel, Zweck; Wohlstand, Reichtum“ und śāstra „Lehrbuch“) ist ein Staatsrechtslehrbuch des Alten Indien. Es wurde Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts vom indischen Wissenschaftler Rudrapatna Shyamashastri (1868–1944) aufgefunden und 1909 veröffentlicht. Es gilt als das bedeutendste Werk der altindischen Staatstheorie und eines der großen Werke der politischen Weltliteratur. Artha ist neben Kama (Lust), Dharma (kosmische Ordnung) und Moksha (Erlösung) eines der „vier legitimen Ziele“ im Leben eines Hindu.
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| dbo:abstract | Arthašástra je staroindický spis pojednávající o vojenské strategii, ekonomice, soudnictví, řízení a vedení státu. Jeho autorem je patrně Čánakja, který byl učitelem v Takšašíle a později věrným rádcem maurjovského krále Čandragupty. Hlavní myšlenkou Arthašástry je politický pragmatismus a obhajoba absolutismu, proto bývá srovnávána s Vladařem - dílem Machiavelliho nebo dílem vojevůdce Sun-c' Umění války. Zabývá se špionáží, agenty provokatéry, propagandou, politickými vraždami či mučením, ale na druhou stranu stále zdůrazňuje povinnost panovníka pečovat o blaho poddaných a říše. Podává návody, jak se chovat v době epidemií či hladomoru, ale například i nejstarší právní předpisy o ochraně zvířat. (cs) Das Arthashastra (Sanskrit अर्थशास्त्र arthaśāstra, n., Zusammensetzung aus artha „Ziel, Zweck; Wohlstand, Reichtum“ und śāstra „Lehrbuch“) ist ein Staatsrechtslehrbuch des Alten Indien. Es wurde Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts vom indischen Wissenschaftler Rudrapatna Shyamashastri (1868–1944) aufgefunden und 1909 veröffentlicht. Es gilt als das bedeutendste Werk der altindischen Staatstheorie und eines der großen Werke der politischen Weltliteratur. Artha ist neben Kama (Lust), Dharma (kosmische Ordnung) und Moksha (Erlösung) eines der „vier legitimen Ziele“ im Leben eines Hindu. (de) The Arthashastra (Sanskrit: अर्थशास्त्रम्, IAST: Arthaśāstram) is an Ancient Indian Sanskrit treatise on statecraft, political science, economic policy and military strategy. Kautilya, also identified as Vishnugupta and Chanakya, is traditionally credited as the author of the text. The latter was a scholar at Takshashila, the teacher and guardian of Emperor Chandragupta Maurya. Some scholars believe them to be the same person, while a few have questioned this identification. The text is likely to be the work of several authors over centuries. Composed, expanded and redacted between the 2nd century BCE and 3rd century CE, the Arthashastra was influential until the 12th century, when it disappeared. It was rediscovered in 1905 by R. Shamasastry, who published it in 1909. The first English translation, also by Shamasastry, was published in 1915. The Sanskrit title, Arthashastra, can be translated as "political science" or "economic science" or simply "statecraft", as the word artha (अर्थ) is polysemous in Sanskrit; the work has a broad scope. It includes books on the nature of government, law, civil and criminal court systems, ethics, economics, markets and trade, the methods for screening ministers, diplomacy, theories on war, nature of peace, and the duties and obligations of a king. The text incorporates Hindu philosophy, includes ancient economic and cultural details on agriculture, mineralogy, mining and metals, animal husbandry, medicine, forests and wildlife. The Arthashastra explores issues of social welfare, the collective ethics that hold a society together, advising the king that in times and in areas devastated by famine, epidemic and such acts of nature, or by war, he should initiate public projects such as creating irrigation waterways and building forts around major strategic holdings and towns and exempt taxes on those affected. The text was influenced by Hindu texts that such as the sections on kings, governance and legal procedures included in Manusmriti. (en) Arthaŝastra (Arthaśāstra) estas antikva lernolibro de Barato pri regado, ekonomiko, politiko kaj milita strategio, en kiu sia verkinto estas nomata Kaŭtilja kaj Viŝnugupta. Oni tradicie identigas tiun-ĉi kun Ĉanakja, ĉefministro de la unua maŭria imperiestro. Se tio estus vera, Arthaŝastra estus verkita je la 4-a jarcento a. K. Tamen, iuj similecoj kun smrtis and aliaj referencoj, kiuj estus anakronismaj en tiu jarcento, pensigas, ke tiu libro estus verkita inter la 2a kaj la 4-a jarcento p. K., sed inspirita de pli antikva verko. Thomas Burrow (fakulo pri Barato kaj profesoro pri sanskrito en la Universitato de Oksfordo de 1944 ĝis 1976) opinias, ke Ĉanakja kaj Kautilya estis du malsamaj uloj. (eo) El Artha-shastra es un antiguo tratado indio acerca del arte de gobernar, la política económica y la estrategia militar. El texto identifica a su autor por los nombres de Kautiliay Visnú Gupta,que tradicionalmente se identifica con Chanakia Pandit (c. 350-283 a. C.),que fue un brahmán y un escritor erudito hinduista de Taksila y más tarde fue primer ministro del Imperio mauria. (es) L’Arthashâstra (sanskrit IAST : Arthaśāstra) est un traité ancien de politique, d'économie et de stratégie militaire, écrit en sanskrit, datant sans doute du IVe siècle avant l'ère commune. Le mot peut se traduire par Traité de l'intérêt. L'ouvrage, attribué à Kautilya, est considéré comme « un monument exceptionnel de la pensée politique ancienne ». (fr) Arthashastra (IAST: Arthaśāstra) adalah India Kuno tentang administrasi negara, kebijakan ekonomi dan strategi militer yang konon ditulis oleh Kautilya dan Viṣhṇugupta, yang secara tradisional diidentifikasi sebagai Cāṇakya (c. 350–283 BC), seorang sarjana di dan kemudian menjadi perdana menteri Kemaharajaan Maurya. Identifikasi Kautilya atau Vishnugupta dengan perdana menteri Maurya, Chānakya, akan menentukan masa penulisan Arthaśāstra sekitar abad ke-4 SM. Meski demikian, kesamaan dengan berbagai smrti dan kitab referensi lainnya akan menimbulkan anakronisme sehingga kemungkinan Arthaśāstra ditulis dari abad ke-2 hingga ke-4 M. K.C. Ojha mengemukakan pandangan bahwa penyamaan Vishnugupta dengan Kautilya disebabkan karena kesalahan dalam mengenali editor dan penulisnya sehingga ia berpendapat bahwa sesungguhnya Vishnugupta adalah redaktur karya yang murni ditulis oleh Kautilya. Thomas Burrow berpendapat bahwa Chānakya and Kautilya sesungguhnya adalah dua orang yang berbeda. (in) 実利論（じつりろん）またはアルタシャーストラ（サンスクリット語 अर्थशास्त्र Arthaśāstra）とは、古代インドの帝王学の総称。 (ja) 아르타샤스트라(산스크리트어: अर्थशास्त्र)는 공공 행정과 경제 정책, 군사 전략에 관한 보고서이다. 카우틸랴(Kautilya)와 비쉬누굽타(Viṣhṇugupta)에 의해 쓰여졌다. 그들은 전통적으로 탁실라 대학의 교수였고 후에 마우리아 제국의 황제가 된 찬드라굽타(c. 350–-283 BCE)의 스승으로 확인된다. (ko) L'Arthaśāstra è un antico trattato indiano di scienze politiche, economiche e strategia militare. Tradizionalmente il suo autore è identificato in Kauṭilya (350–283 a.C.), «l'Insidioso», patronimico del nome personale Cāṇakya,detto anche Viṣṇugupta, erudito brahmano e mentore di Candragupta Maurya, fondatore dell'Impero Maurya. (it) De Arthashastra (Sanskriet: Arthaśāstra, van artha, macht en śāstra, verhandeling) is een Indiase verhandeling over staatkunde uit de antieke Oudheid. Wanneer het werk precies geschreven werd is onbekend, maar volgens de traditie was de auteur Kautilya of Chanakya, leraar, mentor en minister van keizer Chandragupta Maurya (regeerde 320-297 v.Chr.), stichter van het Mauryarijk. De bewaard gebleven versie van het werk is echter een bewerking door de schrijver , die rond de 3e eeuw n.Chr. leefde. De Arthashastra is een handleiding voor een autoritaire vorst die bereid is tot het uiterste te gaan om aan de macht te blijven. Het werk beschrijft hoe de vorst door middel van een sterk gecentraliseerde staatsvorm zijn macht kan handhaven en zowel de eigen bevolking als naburige staten onder de duim kan houden. De Arthashastra handelt in detail over de belastinginning en hoe de vorst deze zoveel mogelijk naar zich toe kan trekken. Ook adviseert de tekst de vorst een grootschalig netwerk van spionnen in te zetten om zowel de stemming van de bevolking te peilen als zijn naaste adviseurs en ministers in de gaten te houden. Buurstaten worden geacht onderworpen te worden als ze zwakker zijn en met diplomatie bespeeld te worden als ze te sterk zijn om onderworpen te worden. Historici zien de Arthashastra als een belangrijke bron over de bestuurlijke opbouw van het Mauryarijk en andere staten uit de Indiase Oudheid. Het is echter onduidelijk of het een normatieve of beschrijvende tekst is en daarmee in hoeverre de ideeën uit de tekst in praktijk ten uitvoer gebracht konden worden. Vanwege het uitgangspunt dat de vorst al het mogelijke dient te doen om aan de macht te blijven, is Kautilya wel met Machiavelli vergeleken en de Arthashastra met De vorst. (nl) Arthashastra, (: Arthaśāstra) statsvetenskapligt verk, författat av Chanakya, kung Chandragupta Mauryas läromästare, troligen mot slutet av 300-talet f.Kr. Verket är indelat i femton böcker. Verkets innehåll har klara beröringspunkter med vad Niccolo Machiavelli många sekler senare beskrev i Fursten (Il Principe) (sv) Arthaśastra (hindi अर्थशास्त्र ग्रन्थ) – pochodzący z IV wieku p.n.e. indyjski traktat (śastra) autorstwa Kautilji, spisany sanskrytem. Arthaśastra składa się z 15 ksiąg. (pl) Артхаша́стра (IAST: Arthaśāstra — настанови про користь) — політико-економічний трактат Стародавньої Індії (4 століття до н. е.). Авторство Артхашастри приписується Каутільї, міністру Чандрагупти. Артхашастра висвітлює теорію і практику управління державою, дає уявлення про деспотичне правління імператора і функції його бюрократичного апарату — міністрів, радників, управителів провінцій та ін. чиновників. Артхашастра описує звичаї, судову систему і закони, дипломатію, воєнне мистецтво і науки, з яких основною вважає науку державного управління. Значне місце Артхашастрі приділяє землеробству, ремеслу, торгівлі тощо. (uk) Artaxastra, Artasastra ou Arthashastra (AITS: Arthaśāstra) é um antigo tratado indiano sobre estadismo, política econômica e estratégia militar escrito em sânscrito. Seu autor é Cautília (Kauṭilya), também chamado de Vichnugupta (Viṣṇugupta) e Chanakya (c. 350−283 a.C.), que foi um estudioso em Taxila e o professor e guardião do imperador Chandragupta Máuria, o fundador do Império Máuria. O texto foi influente até o século XII, quando desapareceu. Foi redescoberto em 1904 por , que publicou-o em 1909. descreve o Artaxastra como "um livro de realismo político, um livro de análise de como o mundo político realmente funciona e não de como ele deveria funcionar, um livro que revela, para um rei, quais medidas calculistas e às vezes brutais ele deve tomar para preservar o Estado e o bem comum." Centralmente, o Artaxastra argumenta como, em uma autocracia, uma economia sólida e eficiente pode ser gerenciada. Discute a ética da economia e os deveres e obrigações de um rei. O escopo do Artaxastra é, contudo, muito mais amplo que estatismo, e oferece um esboço de todo o quadro jurídico e burocrático para gerir um reino, com uma riqueza detalhes culturais descritivos sobre tópicos como a mineralogia, mineração e metais, agricultura, pecuária, medicina e o uso de animais selvagens. O Artaxastra também foca sobre assuntos de bem-estar (por exemplo, redistribuição da riqueza durante uma fome) e ética coletiva que mantêm uma sociedade unida. (pt) «Артхаша́стра» (IAST: Arthaśāstra) — древнеиндийский политический и экономический трактат, составителем которого считается Каутилья (Кауталья или Вишнагупта) — главный советник императора Чандрагупты Маурьи (321—297 года до н. э.). Название произведения может быть переведено различно. Оно состоит из двух слов: артха, что обозначает материальные ценности и власть над ними (одна из четырёх пурушартх), и шастра — санскритское слово, обозначающее правила, науку, трактат. (ru) 政事论（梵語：Artha-śāstra），又譯爲政治論、實利論、政治经济理论，是古代印度以梵语书写的关于治国、经济政策和军事战略的，屬於印度教的論典部分。其作者可能不止一人，传统上认为为孔雀王朝政治家考底利耶所作。 (zh) |
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| dbp:quote | Tax collection and ripe fruits As one plucks one ripe fruit after another from a garden, so should the king from his kingdom. Out of fear for his own destruction, he should avoid unripe ones, which give rise to revolts. (en) Behaviour of a Weak King One should neither submit spinelessly nor sacrifice oneself in foolhardy valour. It is better to adopt such policies as would enable one to survive and live to fight another day. (en) Femme fatale as a secret agent To undermine a ruling oligarchy, make chiefs of the [enemy's] ruling council infatuated with women possessed of great beauty and youth. When passion is roused in them, they should start quarrels by creating belief in one and by going to another. (en) Avoid War One can lose a war as easily as one can win. War is inherently unpredictable. War is also expensive. Avoid war. Try Upaya . Then Sadgunya . Understand the opponent and seek to outwit him. When everything fails, resort to military force. (en) सुखस्य मूलं धर्मः । धर्मस्य मूलं अर्थः । अर्थस्य मूलं राज्यं । राज्यस्य मूलं इन्द्रिय जयः । इन्द्रियाजयस्य मूलं विनयः । विनयस्य मूलं वृद्धोपसेवा॥ The root of happiness is Dharma , the root of Dharma is Artha , the root of Artha is right governance, the root of right governance is victorious inner-restraint, the root of victorious inner-restraint is humility, the root of humility is serving the aged. (en) Crime and punishment It is power and power alone which, only when exercised by the king with impartiality and in proportion to guilt either over his son or his enemy, maintains both this world and the next. The just and victorious king administers justice in accordance with Dharma , Sanstha , Nyaya and Vyavahara . (en) Arthashastra and state We should never forget that the Arthashastra means by the "state" an order of society which is not created by the king or the people, but which they exist to secure. These authors regarded the "state" – if that word might be used here – as essentially a beneficial institution for protection of human life and welfare and for the better realization of the ideals of humanity. (en) |
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| dbp:source | — Kautilya, Chanakya Sutra 1-6 (en) —Stocking the Treasury, Arthashastra 5.2.70 (en) — Arthashastra 11.1 (en) — Arthashastra 3.1 (en) — Jan Gonda (en) —Arthashastra 7.15.13-20, 12.1.1-9 (en) —Arthashastra Books 2.10, 6-7, 10 (en) |
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| rdfs:comment | Das Arthashastra (Sanskrit अर्थशास्त्र arthaśāstra, n., Zusammensetzung aus artha „Ziel, Zweck; Wohlstand, Reichtum“ und śāstra „Lehrbuch“) ist ein Staatsrechtslehrbuch des Alten Indien. Es wurde Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts vom indischen Wissenschaftler Rudrapatna Shyamashastri (1868–1944) aufgefunden und 1909 veröffentlicht. Es gilt als das bedeutendste Werk der altindischen Staatstheorie und eines der großen Werke der politischen Weltliteratur. Artha ist neben Kama (Lust), Dharma (kosmische Ordnung) und Moksha (Erlösung) eines der „vier legitimen Ziele“ im Leben eines Hindu. (de) El Artha-shastra es un antiguo tratado indio acerca del arte de gobernar, la política económica y la estrategia militar. El texto identifica a su autor por los nombres de Kautiliay Visnú Gupta,que tradicionalmente se identifica con Chanakia Pandit (c. 350-283 a. C.),que fue un brahmán y un escritor erudito hinduista de Taksila y más tarde fue primer ministro del Imperio mauria. (es) L’Arthashâstra (sanskrit IAST : Arthaśāstra) est un traité ancien de politique, d'économie et de stratégie militaire, écrit en sanskrit, datant sans doute du IVe siècle avant l'ère commune. Le mot peut se traduire par Traité de l'intérêt. L'ouvrage, attribué à Kautilya, est considéré comme « un monument exceptionnel de la pensée politique ancienne ». (fr) 実利論（じつりろん）またはアルタシャーストラ（サンスクリット語 अर्थशास्त्र Arthaśāstra）とは、古代インドの帝王学の総称。 (ja) 아르타샤스트라(산스크리트어: अर्थशास्त्र)는 공공 행정과 경제 정책, 군사 전략에 관한 보고서이다. 카우틸랴(Kautilya)와 비쉬누굽타(Viṣhṇugupta)에 의해 쓰여졌다. 그들은 전통적으로 탁실라 대학의 교수였고 후에 마우리아 제국의 황제가 된 찬드라굽타(c. 350–-283 BCE)의 스승으로 확인된다. (ko) L'Arthaśāstra è un antico trattato indiano di scienze politiche, economiche e strategia militare. Tradizionalmente il suo autore è identificato in Kauṭilya (350–283 a.C.), «l'Insidioso», patronimico del nome personale Cāṇakya,detto anche Viṣṇugupta, erudito brahmano e mentore di Candragupta Maurya, fondatore dell'Impero Maurya. (it) Arthashastra, (: Arthaśāstra) statsvetenskapligt verk, författat av Chanakya, kung Chandragupta Mauryas läromästare, troligen mot slutet av 300-talet f.Kr. Verket är indelat i femton böcker. Verkets innehåll har klara beröringspunkter med vad Niccolo Machiavelli många sekler senare beskrev i Fursten (Il Principe) (sv) Arthaśastra (hindi अर्थशास्त्र ग्रन्थ) – pochodzący z IV wieku p.n.e. indyjski traktat (śastra) autorstwa Kautilji, spisany sanskrytem. Arthaśastra składa się z 15 ksiąg. (pl) «Артхаша́стра» (IAST: Arthaśāstra) — древнеиндийский политический и экономический трактат, составителем которого считается Каутилья (Кауталья или Вишнагупта) — главный советник императора Чандрагупты Маурьи (321—297 года до н. э.). Название произведения может быть переведено различно. Оно состоит из двух слов: артха, что обозначает материальные ценности и власть над ними (одна из четырёх пурушартх), и шастра — санскритское слово, обозначающее правила, науку, трактат. (ru) 政事论（梵語：Artha-śāstra），又譯爲政治論、實利論、政治经济理论，是古代印度以梵语书写的关于治国、经济政策和军事战略的，屬於印度教的論典部分。其作者可能不止一人，传统上认为为孔雀王朝政治家考底利耶所作。 (zh) Arthašástra je staroindický spis pojednávající o vojenské strategii, ekonomice, soudnictví, řízení a vedení státu. Jeho autorem je patrně Čánakja, který byl učitelem v Takšašíle a později věrným rádcem maurjovského krále Čandragupty. (cs) The Arthashastra (Sanskrit: अर्थशास्त्रम्, IAST: Arthaśāstram) is an Ancient Indian Sanskrit treatise on statecraft, political science, economic policy and military strategy. Kautilya, also identified as Vishnugupta and Chanakya, is traditionally credited as the author of the text. The latter was a scholar at Takshashila, the teacher and guardian of Emperor Chandragupta Maurya. Some scholars believe them to be the same person, while a few have questioned this identification. The text is likely to be the work of several authors over centuries. Composed, expanded and redacted between the 2nd century BCE and 3rd century CE, the Arthashastra was influential until the 12th century, when it disappeared. It was rediscovered in 1905 by R. Shamasastry, who published it in 1909. The first English tr (en) Arthaŝastra (Arthaśāstra) estas antikva lernolibro de Barato pri regado, ekonomiko, politiko kaj milita strategio, en kiu sia verkinto estas nomata Kaŭtilja kaj Viŝnugupta. Oni tradicie identigas tiun-ĉi kun Ĉanakja, ĉefministro de la unua maŭria imperiestro. Se tio estus vera, Arthaŝastra estus verkita je la 4-a jarcento a. K. Tamen, iuj similecoj kun smrtis and aliaj referencoj, kiuj estus anakronismaj en tiu jarcento, pensigas, ke tiu libro estus verkita inter la 2a kaj la 4-a jarcento p. K., sed inspirita de pli antikva verko. (eo) Arthashastra (IAST: Arthaśāstra) adalah India Kuno tentang administrasi negara, kebijakan ekonomi dan strategi militer yang konon ditulis oleh Kautilya dan Viṣhṇugupta, yang secara tradisional diidentifikasi sebagai Cāṇakya (c. 350–283 BC), seorang sarjana di dan kemudian menjadi perdana menteri Kemaharajaan Maurya. (in) Artaxastra, Artasastra ou Arthashastra (AITS: Arthaśāstra) é um antigo tratado indiano sobre estadismo, política econômica e estratégia militar escrito em sânscrito. Seu autor é Cautília (Kauṭilya), também chamado de Vichnugupta (Viṣṇugupta) e Chanakya (c. 350−283 a.C.), que foi um estudioso em Taxila e o professor e guardião do imperador Chandragupta Máuria, o fundador do Império Máuria. O texto foi influente até o século XII, quando desapareceu. Foi redescoberto em 1904 por , que publicou-o em 1909. descreve o Artaxastra como "um livro de realismo político, um livro de análise de como o mundo político realmente funciona e não de como ele deveria funcionar, um livro que revela, para um rei, quais medidas calculistas e às vezes brutais ele deve tomar para preservar o Estado e o bem comum. (pt) De Arthashastra (Sanskriet: Arthaśāstra, van artha, macht en śāstra, verhandeling) is een Indiase verhandeling over staatkunde uit de antieke Oudheid. Wanneer het werk precies geschreven werd is onbekend, maar volgens de traditie was de auteur Kautilya of Chanakya, leraar, mentor en minister van keizer Chandragupta Maurya (regeerde 320-297 v.Chr.), stichter van het Mauryarijk. De bewaard gebleven versie van het werk is echter een bewerking door de schrijver , die rond de 3e eeuw n.Chr. leefde. De Arthashastra is een handleiding voor een autoritaire vorst die bereid is tot het uiterste te gaan om aan de macht te blijven. Het werk beschrijft hoe de vorst door middel van een sterk gecentraliseerde staatsvorm zijn macht kan handhaven en zowel de eigen bevolking als naburige staten onder de dui (nl) Артхаша́стра (IAST: Arthaśāstra — настанови про користь) — політико-економічний трактат Стародавньої Індії (4 століття до н. е.). Авторство Артхашастри приписується Каутільї, міністру Чандрагупти. Артхашастра висвітлює теорію і практику управління державою, дає уявлення про деспотичне правління імператора і функції його бюрократичного апарату — міністрів, радників, управителів провінцій та ін. чиновників. (uk) |
| rdfs:label | Arthashastra (en) Arthašástra (cs) Arthashastra (de) Arthaŝastra (eo) Artha-shastra (es) Arthasastra (in) Arthashâstra (fr) Arthaśāstra (it) 実利論 (ja) 아르타샤스트라 (ko) Arthashastra (nl) Arthaśastra (pl) Artaxastra (pt) Артхашастра (ru) Arthashastra (sv) Артхашастра (uk) 政事论 (zh) |
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