Lunar Landing Research Vehicle (original) (raw)
Das Lunar Landing Research Vehicle (kurz LLRV, engl. für Mondlandungs-Versuchsgerät) und das Lunar Landing Training Vehicle (kurz LLTV, engl. für Mondlandungs-Trainingsgerät) sind vom Dryden Flight Research Center der NASA im Rahmen des Apollo-Programmes entwickelte Fluggeräte zur Erforschung und Einübung einer manuell gesteuerten Landung auf dem Mond. Ihr spartanischer Aufbau als unverkleidetes Aluminiumrohr-Gestell brachte ihnen den Spitznamen „Flying Bedstead“ („Fliegendes Bettgestell“) ein.
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| dbo:abstract | Lunar Landing Research Vehicle (LLRV, volně „prostředek výzkumu přistání na Měsíci“) byl létající trenažér, na kterém astronauti programu Apollo nacvičovali přistání na Měsíci. Na objednávku NASA ho zkonstruovala a vyráběla firma Bell Aerosystems. Cílem bylo naučit astronauty manévrovat a přistávat v podmínkách šestinové gravitace. Stroj byl schopen kolmého vzletu a přistání s centrálním proudovým motorem v Kardanově závěsu, který umožnil motoru vždy zachovávat svislou polohu. Jeho tah byl seřízen tak, aby vyrovnával 5/6 váhy stroje, takže manévrování pomocí dalších raketových motorů na peroxid vodíku poměrně věrně simulovalo pohyb v podmínkách nižší měsíční gravitace. Postaveny a roku 1964 dodány byly dva LLRV, jejich zkoušky probíhaly v Leteckém výzkumném středisku NASA na Edwardsově základně v Kalifornii. Po jejich úspěšném průběhu NASA roku 1966 objednala ještě tři další, nazvané Lunar Landing Training Vehicles (LLTV, volně „prostředek tréninku přistání na Měsíci“). Výcvikové lety byly přemístěny na v Houstonu. Tři z pěti dodaných strojů byly během letů zničeny, ale astronauti se vždy bezpečně katapultovali. Přeživší LLRV se vrátil do Leteckého výzkumného střediska NASA, jediný zbylý LLTV je vystavován v Johnsonově vesmírném středisku v Houstonu. (cs) Das Lunar Landing Research Vehicle (kurz LLRV, engl. für Mondlandungs-Versuchsgerät) und das Lunar Landing Training Vehicle (kurz LLTV, engl. für Mondlandungs-Trainingsgerät) sind vom Dryden Flight Research Center der NASA im Rahmen des Apollo-Programmes entwickelte Fluggeräte zur Erforschung und Einübung einer manuell gesteuerten Landung auf dem Mond. Ihr spartanischer Aufbau als unverkleidetes Aluminiumrohr-Gestell brachte ihnen den Spitznamen „Flying Bedstead“ („Fliegendes Bettgestell“) ein. (de) Le Lunar Landing Research Vehicle (LLRV), en français : « véhicule de recherches sur l'atterrissage lunaire », est un aéronef développé pour entraîner les astronautes du programme spatial américain Apollo à l'atterrissage sur la Lune. Il reproduisait le comportement en vol du module lunaire dans la gravité lunaire (1/6e de la gravité terrestre). Le LLRV a permis à la fois de mettre au point les procédures d'alunissage et de préparer les pilotes du module lunaire, avec un grand degré de réalisme, aux conditions de vol rencontrées lors de la phase d'atterrissage sur la Lune. Les derniers modèles furent appelés Lunar Landing Training Vehicle (LLTV). (fr) Lunar Landing Research Vehicle o LLRV, construido por Bell Aircraft Corporation, fue el nombre de una serie de vehículos experimentales con los que replicar el comportamiento del módulo lunar en la Tierra. Inicialmente fueron construidos dos vehículos de prueba, para posteriormente construir tres que entraron en producción, diseñados para el entrenamiento de astronautas en el pilotaje del módulo lunar y que fueron denominados Lunar Landing Training Vehicles (LLTV). Un LLRV podía despegar y aterrizar por sus propios medios, volar horizontalmente, flotar sobre un punto y alcanzar alturas de hasta 1220 metros. Montaba un motor turborreactor que proporcionaba un empuje hacia arriba de 5/6 del peso del vehículo para simular el sexto de gravedad de la superficie lunar. Fue apodado humorísticamente somier volador, al consistir básicamente en un entramado de varillas. Fueron creados por el predecesor del Dryden Flight Research Center (el Flight Research Center, FRC) de la NASA para estudiar y analizar las técnicas de pilotaje necesarias para hacer aterrizar al módulo lunar en la superficie sin atmósfera de la Luna. El éxito de los LLRV llevó a construir tres LLTV, que fueron usados por los astronautas del programa Apolo como entrenamiento para las misiones lunares. (es) The Bell Aerosystems Lunar Landing Research Vehicle (LLRV, nicknamed the Flying Bedstead) was a Project Apollo era program to build a simulator for the Moon landings. The LLRVs were used by the FRC, now known as the NASA Armstrong Flight Research Center, at Edwards Air Force Base, California, to study and analyze piloting techniques needed to fly and land the Apollo Lunar Module in the Moon's low gravity environment. The research vehicles were vertical take-off vehicles that used a single jet engine mounted on a gimbal so that it always pointed vertically. It was adjusted to cancel 5/6 of the vehicle's weight, and the vehicle used hydrogen peroxide rockets which could fairly accurately simulate the behavior of a lunar lander. Success of the two LLRVs led to the building of three Lunar Landing Training Vehicles (LLTVs), an improved version of the LLRV, for use by Apollo astronauts at the Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston, Texas, predecessor of NASA's Johnson Space Center. One LLRV and two LLTVs were destroyed in crashes, but the rocket ejection seat system safely recovered the pilot in all cases. The final phase of every Apollo landing was manually piloted by the mission commander. Because of landing site selection problems, Neil Armstrong, Apollo 11 commander, said his mission would not have been successful without extensive training on the LLTVs. Selection for LLTV training was preceded by helicopter training. In a 2009 interview, astronaut Curt Michel stated, "For airborne craft, the helicopter was the closest in terms of characteristics to the lunar lander. So if you didn't get helicopter training, you knew you weren't going. That sort of gave it away." Even Tom Stafford and Gene Cernan did not get LLTV training for their Apollo 10 mission which was the first flight of the Lunar Module to the Moon, because NASA "didn't have plans to land on Apollo 10" so "there wasn't any point in ... training in the LLTV." Cernan only got this training after being assigned as backup commander for Apollo 14, and in 1972 was the last to fly the LLTV while training as commander for Apollo 17, the final landing mission. (en) Bell Aerosystems Lunar Landing Research Vehicle (LLRV) adalah program era Apollo Project untuk membangun sebuah simulator untuk pendaratan Bulan. Para LLRV digunakan oleh FRC, sekarang dikenal sebagai Dryden Flight Research Center NASA, di Edwards Air Force Base, California, untuk mempelajari dan menganalisis teknik piloting yang diperlukan untuk terbang dan mendarat Apollo Lunar Module dalam lingkungan gravitasi rendah bulan. (in) Il Lunar Landing Research Vehicle, o LLRV (in italiano veicolo di atterraggio lunare di ricerca) era un veicolo costruito dalla NASA, nell'ambito del programma Apollo, allo scopo di effettuare i test di allunaggio e per permettere ai piloti di impratichirsi con le manovre necessarie per pilotare e far atterrare il modulo lunare Apollo in assenza di gravità. Fu originariamente prodotto, in due esemplari, presso il Dryden Flight Research Center, in California, ed in seguito al successo di questi modelli venne replicato, con varie migliorie, in tre Lunar Landing Training Vehicles, che vennero costruiti nel Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center di Houston. La particolarità di questo "strano" veicolo era quella di poter decollare ed atterrare verticalmente, perché dotato di reattori direzionabili molto potenti, cosa che permetteva agli astronauti di esercitarsi nei decolli e atterraggi; inoltre poteva essere pilotato come un elicottero perché dotato di barra centrale, che permetteva al veicolo di traslare lateralmente. (it) Летательный аппарат по отработке лунных посадок (англ. Lunar Landing Research Vehicle, сокр. LLRV, мод. англ. Lunar Landing Training Vehicle, сокр. LLTV) — летательное средство вертикального взлёта и посадки, созданное Bell Aircraft Corporation и предназначенное для тренировки экипажа на Земле по высадке на лунную поверхность в рамках программы «Аполлон». Аппарат позволял провести эмуляцию работы лунного модуля LEM (англ. Lunar Excursion Module) в земных условиях. (ru) |
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| rdfs:comment | Das Lunar Landing Research Vehicle (kurz LLRV, engl. für Mondlandungs-Versuchsgerät) und das Lunar Landing Training Vehicle (kurz LLTV, engl. für Mondlandungs-Trainingsgerät) sind vom Dryden Flight Research Center der NASA im Rahmen des Apollo-Programmes entwickelte Fluggeräte zur Erforschung und Einübung einer manuell gesteuerten Landung auf dem Mond. Ihr spartanischer Aufbau als unverkleidetes Aluminiumrohr-Gestell brachte ihnen den Spitznamen „Flying Bedstead“ („Fliegendes Bettgestell“) ein. (de) Le Lunar Landing Research Vehicle (LLRV), en français : « véhicule de recherches sur l'atterrissage lunaire », est un aéronef développé pour entraîner les astronautes du programme spatial américain Apollo à l'atterrissage sur la Lune. Il reproduisait le comportement en vol du module lunaire dans la gravité lunaire (1/6e de la gravité terrestre). Le LLRV a permis à la fois de mettre au point les procédures d'alunissage et de préparer les pilotes du module lunaire, avec un grand degré de réalisme, aux conditions de vol rencontrées lors de la phase d'atterrissage sur la Lune. Les derniers modèles furent appelés Lunar Landing Training Vehicle (LLTV). (fr) Bell Aerosystems Lunar Landing Research Vehicle (LLRV) adalah program era Apollo Project untuk membangun sebuah simulator untuk pendaratan Bulan. Para LLRV digunakan oleh FRC, sekarang dikenal sebagai Dryden Flight Research Center NASA, di Edwards Air Force Base, California, untuk mempelajari dan menganalisis teknik piloting yang diperlukan untuk terbang dan mendarat Apollo Lunar Module dalam lingkungan gravitasi rendah bulan. (in) Летательный аппарат по отработке лунных посадок (англ. Lunar Landing Research Vehicle, сокр. LLRV, мод. англ. Lunar Landing Training Vehicle, сокр. LLTV) — летательное средство вертикального взлёта и посадки, созданное Bell Aircraft Corporation и предназначенное для тренировки экипажа на Земле по высадке на лунную поверхность в рамках программы «Аполлон». Аппарат позволял провести эмуляцию работы лунного модуля LEM (англ. Lunar Excursion Module) в земных условиях. (ru) Lunar Landing Research Vehicle (LLRV, volně „prostředek výzkumu přistání na Měsíci“) byl létající trenažér, na kterém astronauti programu Apollo nacvičovali přistání na Měsíci. Na objednávku NASA ho zkonstruovala a vyráběla firma Bell Aerosystems. Cílem bylo naučit astronauty manévrovat a přistávat v podmínkách šestinové gravitace. (cs) The Bell Aerosystems Lunar Landing Research Vehicle (LLRV, nicknamed the Flying Bedstead) was a Project Apollo era program to build a simulator for the Moon landings. The LLRVs were used by the FRC, now known as the NASA Armstrong Flight Research Center, at Edwards Air Force Base, California, to study and analyze piloting techniques needed to fly and land the Apollo Lunar Module in the Moon's low gravity environment. (en) Lunar Landing Research Vehicle o LLRV, construido por Bell Aircraft Corporation, fue el nombre de una serie de vehículos experimentales con los que replicar el comportamiento del módulo lunar en la Tierra. Inicialmente fueron construidos dos vehículos de prueba, para posteriormente construir tres que entraron en producción, diseñados para el entrenamiento de astronautas en el pilotaje del módulo lunar y que fueron denominados Lunar Landing Training Vehicles (LLTV). (es) Il Lunar Landing Research Vehicle, o LLRV (in italiano veicolo di atterraggio lunare di ricerca) era un veicolo costruito dalla NASA, nell'ambito del programma Apollo, allo scopo di effettuare i test di allunaggio e per permettere ai piloti di impratichirsi con le manovre necessarie per pilotare e far atterrare il modulo lunare Apollo in assenza di gravità. (it) |
| rdfs:label | Lunar Landing Research Vehicle (cs) Lunar Landing Training Vehicle (de) Lunar Landing Research Vehicle (es) Lunar Landing Research Vehicle (fr) Lunar Landing Research Vehicle (in) Lunar Landing Research Vehicle (it) Lunar Landing Research Vehicle (en) Летательный аппарат для отработки лунных посадок (ru) |
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