Cold wave (original) (raw)
موجة البرد في علم الأرصاد الجوية هي فترة زمنية تحدث غالباً في فصل الشتاء وتترافق بحدوث انخفاض مفاجئ في درجات الحرارة عن معدلاتها. تطول تلك الفترة عن ما هو معتاد عليه في المنطقة المعنية، وتعتمد درجة الحرارة الدنيا على الموقع الجغرافي وعلى الوقت في السنة الذي تحدث فيه الموجة. تترافق موجات البرد مع حدوث تساقط الثلوج، وقد تؤدي إلى حدوث وفيات بسبب الأمراض المرافقة مع انخفاض كبير درجة الحرارة. كما تسبب موجات البرد حدوث صقيع، مما يضر بالمرافق الزراعية والتجارية والصناعية، بالإضافة إلى المرافق الحيوية الأخرى.
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| dbo:abstract | موجة البرد في علم الأرصاد الجوية هي فترة زمنية تحدث غالباً في فصل الشتاء وتترافق بحدوث انخفاض مفاجئ في درجات الحرارة عن معدلاتها. تطول تلك الفترة عن ما هو معتاد عليه في المنطقة المعنية، وتعتمد درجة الحرارة الدنيا على الموقع الجغرافي وعلى الوقت في السنة الذي تحدث فيه الموجة. تترافق موجات البرد مع حدوث تساقط الثلوج، وقد تؤدي إلى حدوث وفيات بسبب الأمراض المرافقة مع انخفاض كبير درجة الحرارة. كما تسبب موجات البرد حدوث صقيع، مما يضر بالمرافق الزراعية والتجارية والصناعية، بالإضافة إلى المرافق الحيوية الأخرى. (ar) Una fredorada o onada de fred és un període de temperatures molt baixes associat amb la invasió del territori per masses d'aire polar o continental. Pel que respecta a la península Ibèrica l'arribada de masses d'aire procedents de latituds altes és possible tot l'any. Tanmateix el major nombre d'invasions d'aquest tipus té lloc de novembre a abril i especialment el desembre, gener i febrer, mentre que són molt poc freqüents durant els mesos d'estiu i excepcionals el juliol. S'ha de tenir en compte que no totes les inversions o adveccions d'origen septentrional resulten gèlides i constitueixen autèntiques onades de fred. Aquesta denominació acostuma a reservar-se exclusivament a aquelles que provoquen unes davallades termomètriques excepcionals capaces de deixar un senyal important en el medi natural i d'ocasionar trastorns en el paisatge humanitzat, motiu pel qual arriben a transcendir als mitjans de comunicació i causar impacte en l'opinió pública. Les fredorades hivernals acostumen a explicar-se més que per la simple invasió d'aire de zones normalment fredes pel previ refredament de la massa d'aire en aquests llocs i el seu desplaçament posterior cap a les latituds més al sud. Les entrades o adveccions d'aire fred es produeixen gairebé exclusivament quan la trajectòria mitjana seguida pels vents de l'oest de latituds mitjanes o westerlies, aconsegueix el seu màxim descens en latitud, la qual cosa té lloc durant els mesos d'hivern, i a més el seu índex de circulació zonal és molt baix o hi ha una situació de bloqueig d'aquesta circulació. (ca) Eine Kältewelle ist eine in relativ kurzer Zeit auftretende starke Abkühlung auf unterdurchschnittliche Werte der Lufttemperatur. Sowohl am Anfang wie am Ende des Winters spricht man von Wintereinbruch. (de) A cold wave (known in some regions as a cold snap or cold spell) is a weather phenomenon that is distinguished by a cooling of the air. Specifically, as used by the U.S. National Weather Service, a cold wave is a rapid fall in temperature within a 24-hour period requiring substantially increased protection to agriculture, industry, commerce, and social activities. The precise criteria for a cold wave are the rate at which the temperature falls, and the minimum to which it falls. This minimum temperature is dependent on the geographical region and time of year. In the United States, a cold spell is defined as the national average high temperature dropping below 20 °F (−7 °C). A cold wave of sufficient magnitude and duration may be classified as a cold air outbreak (CAO). (en) Una ola u oleada de frío es un periodo de temperaturas muy bajas asociado con la invasión del territorio por masas de aire polar o continental. (es) Hotzaldia edo hotz-bolada eremu zabal bateko aire-hozte nabarmena edo aire oso hotzaren inbasioa da. Egun batzuetako batez besteko tenperatura minimo eta maximo zehatzak gainditzen direnean gertatzen da, ikuspuntu meteorologiko batetik. Ez da nahastu behar egun jakin batean gerta daitekeen hotz punta batekin. Eskualdeko klimaren araberakoa da; hala, Donostian eta Berlinen ezberdinak lirateke hotzaldia definitzeko irizpide zehatzak. Euskal Herrian, hotzaldiak azaroa eta apiril artean gertatu ohi dira, normalean abenduan, urtarrilean eta otsailean. Gerta liteke beste hilabetetan hotzaldi bat izatea baina ohiz kanpokoak dira. (eu) Gelombang dingin (dikenal di beberapa daerah sebagai jepitan dingin (cold snap) atau mantra dingin (cold spell)) adalah fenomena cuaca yang karena pendinginan udara secara signifikan. Secara khusus, seperti yang digunakan oleh AS, gelombang dingin adalah penurunan suhu secara cepat dalam periode 24 jam yang membutuhkan peningkatan perlindungan substansial untuk pertanian, industri, perdagangan, dan kegiatan sosial. Kriteria yang tepat untuk gelombang dingin ditentukan oleh tingkat penurunan suhu, dan suhu terendah yang dialami suatu tempat. Suhu minimum ini tergantung pada wilayah geografis dan waktu tahun. Di Amerika Serikat, mantra dingin didefinisikan sebagai suhu tinggi rata-rata nasional yang turun di bawah 20 °F (−7 °C). Gelombang dingin dengan magnitudo dan durasi yang cukup lama dapat diklasifikasikan sebagai wabah udara dingin (CAO/Cold Air Outbreak). (in) Une vague de froid est une période prolongée de basses températures le plus souvent négatives diurnes et nocturnes sur un vaste territoire par invasion d'une masse d'air froid. Elle peut être accompagné ou non d'un fort vent qui accroît la sensation de froid. Pour qu'un froid excessif soit qualifié de vague de froid, il faut que celui-ci égale ou dépasse certains seuils en intensité et en durée par rapport à la normale dans la région considérée. (fr) Un'ondata di freddo, in meteorologia, è un periodo di tempo durante il quale la temperatura dell'aria è insolitamente bassa rispetto alle temperature medie usualmente sperimentate in una data regione nello stesso periodo e con caratteristiche tipiche di persistenza inoltre molto spesso con queste ondate di freddo anche la fauna o la flora tendono a cambiare. Il termine non ha dunque significato assoluto, ma è relativo ad una regione (o, meglio ad un clima locale) e ad un preciso intervallo temporale nel senso che ciò che è percepito dalla popolazione come una temperatura eccessivamente bassa in un clima temperato può non esserlo in un'area dal clima maggiormente freddo come ad esempio il clima transiberiano o in un altro periodo dell'anno. (it) 한파(寒波, 영어: cold wave, cold snap, Arctic snap 또는 cold spell)는 기온이 급격하게 내려가는 현상이다. 차가운 대륙 고기압의 발달과 북극 진동 지수가 음으로 떨어지면서 약해진 제트기류로 인해 찬공기가 남하할 때 나타난다. 대한민국 기상청(KMA)에서는 전날 보다 아침 최저기온이 10℃나 15℃ 이상으로 떨어져 3℃ 이하로 내려거가나, -12℃나 -15℃ 이하가 2일 이상 지속 될 때 한파주의보와 한파경보가 발령된다. 미국 국립기상청(NWS)에서는 평균 기온이 전날보다 7℃(20°F) 이상 떨어지는 것으로 정의한다. (ko) 寒波（かんぱ、cold wave）とはその地域の平均的な気温に比べて著しく低温な気塊が波のように押し寄せてくる現象のことである。北極周辺の高・中緯度地域に現れやすい。規模の大きいものでは「大寒波」とも呼ばれる。 (ja) Een koudegolf is een relatief uitzonderlijke koude periode die in een bepaald gebied plaatsvindt. (nl) Uma onda de frio é um fenómeno climático que se distingue pelo arrefecimento do ar. Especificamente, como usado pelo Serviço Nacional de Meteorologia dos Estados Unidos, uma onda de frio é uma rápida queda de temperatura dentro de um período de 24 horas que exige proteção substancialmente aumentada para agricultura, indústria, comércio e atividades sociais. O critério preciso para uma onda de frio é determinado pela velocidade a que cai a temperatura e pelo mínimo ao qual cai. Esta temperatura mínima depende da região geográfica e da época do ano. (pt) 寒潮，又稱寒流，是冬季主要天氣現象之一，一般而言，寒潮是指一高氣壓在高纬生成，冷高壓向低纬侵襲，最後出海變性的冷空气。在寒潮侵襲期間，冷空氣引起成當地氣溫驟降，地面氣壓驟升，有時更引起強風，大浪。 成因各異，例如北半球寒潮來自西伯利亞高壓，極地渦旋或西風槽南移等因素。由於海陸配置，南半球除南美外冬季寒潮爆發不若北半球同緯度明顯。 寒潮是在所有惡劣天氣中影響範圍最廣的，冬季一般情況下能影響1000萬平方公里左右，熱帶氣旋、溫帶氣旋也不能達至如此龐大的影響範圍。例如，西伯利亞高壓引發的寒潮，往往能影響中國的大部分地區，從北部往南，到達處於亞熱帶的廣東、香港、澳門和廣西，甚至處於熱帶地區的海南，都會發生劇烈的氣溫下降現象。 (zh) |
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| rdfs:comment | موجة البرد في علم الأرصاد الجوية هي فترة زمنية تحدث غالباً في فصل الشتاء وتترافق بحدوث انخفاض مفاجئ في درجات الحرارة عن معدلاتها. تطول تلك الفترة عن ما هو معتاد عليه في المنطقة المعنية، وتعتمد درجة الحرارة الدنيا على الموقع الجغرافي وعلى الوقت في السنة الذي تحدث فيه الموجة. تترافق موجات البرد مع حدوث تساقط الثلوج، وقد تؤدي إلى حدوث وفيات بسبب الأمراض المرافقة مع انخفاض كبير درجة الحرارة. كما تسبب موجات البرد حدوث صقيع، مما يضر بالمرافق الزراعية والتجارية والصناعية، بالإضافة إلى المرافق الحيوية الأخرى. (ar) Eine Kältewelle ist eine in relativ kurzer Zeit auftretende starke Abkühlung auf unterdurchschnittliche Werte der Lufttemperatur. Sowohl am Anfang wie am Ende des Winters spricht man von Wintereinbruch. (de) Una ola u oleada de frío es un periodo de temperaturas muy bajas asociado con la invasión del territorio por masas de aire polar o continental. (es) Une vague de froid est une période prolongée de basses températures le plus souvent négatives diurnes et nocturnes sur un vaste territoire par invasion d'une masse d'air froid. Elle peut être accompagné ou non d'un fort vent qui accroît la sensation de froid. Pour qu'un froid excessif soit qualifié de vague de froid, il faut que celui-ci égale ou dépasse certains seuils en intensité et en durée par rapport à la normale dans la région considérée. (fr) Un'ondata di freddo, in meteorologia, è un periodo di tempo durante il quale la temperatura dell'aria è insolitamente bassa rispetto alle temperature medie usualmente sperimentate in una data regione nello stesso periodo e con caratteristiche tipiche di persistenza inoltre molto spesso con queste ondate di freddo anche la fauna o la flora tendono a cambiare. Il termine non ha dunque significato assoluto, ma è relativo ad una regione (o, meglio ad un clima locale) e ad un preciso intervallo temporale nel senso che ciò che è percepito dalla popolazione come una temperatura eccessivamente bassa in un clima temperato può non esserlo in un'area dal clima maggiormente freddo come ad esempio il clima transiberiano o in un altro periodo dell'anno. (it) 한파(寒波, 영어: cold wave, cold snap, Arctic snap 또는 cold spell)는 기온이 급격하게 내려가는 현상이다. 차가운 대륙 고기압의 발달과 북극 진동 지수가 음으로 떨어지면서 약해진 제트기류로 인해 찬공기가 남하할 때 나타난다. 대한민국 기상청(KMA)에서는 전날 보다 아침 최저기온이 10℃나 15℃ 이상으로 떨어져 3℃ 이하로 내려거가나, -12℃나 -15℃ 이하가 2일 이상 지속 될 때 한파주의보와 한파경보가 발령된다. 미국 국립기상청(NWS)에서는 평균 기온이 전날보다 7℃(20°F) 이상 떨어지는 것으로 정의한다. (ko) 寒波（かんぱ、cold wave）とはその地域の平均的な気温に比べて著しく低温な気塊が波のように押し寄せてくる現象のことである。北極周辺の高・中緯度地域に現れやすい。規模の大きいものでは「大寒波」とも呼ばれる。 (ja) Een koudegolf is een relatief uitzonderlijke koude periode die in een bepaald gebied plaatsvindt. (nl) Uma onda de frio é um fenómeno climático que se distingue pelo arrefecimento do ar. Especificamente, como usado pelo Serviço Nacional de Meteorologia dos Estados Unidos, uma onda de frio é uma rápida queda de temperatura dentro de um período de 24 horas que exige proteção substancialmente aumentada para agricultura, indústria, comércio e atividades sociais. O critério preciso para uma onda de frio é determinado pela velocidade a que cai a temperatura e pelo mínimo ao qual cai. Esta temperatura mínima depende da região geográfica e da época do ano. (pt) 寒潮，又稱寒流，是冬季主要天氣現象之一，一般而言，寒潮是指一高氣壓在高纬生成，冷高壓向低纬侵襲，最後出海變性的冷空气。在寒潮侵襲期間，冷空氣引起成當地氣溫驟降，地面氣壓驟升，有時更引起強風，大浪。 成因各異，例如北半球寒潮來自西伯利亞高壓，極地渦旋或西風槽南移等因素。由於海陸配置，南半球除南美外冬季寒潮爆發不若北半球同緯度明顯。 寒潮是在所有惡劣天氣中影響範圍最廣的，冬季一般情況下能影響1000萬平方公里左右，熱帶氣旋、溫帶氣旋也不能達至如此龐大的影響範圍。例如，西伯利亞高壓引發的寒潮，往往能影響中國的大部分地區，從北部往南，到達處於亞熱帶的廣東、香港、澳門和廣西，甚至處於熱帶地區的海南，都會發生劇烈的氣溫下降現象。 (zh) Una fredorada o onada de fred és un període de temperatures molt baixes associat amb la invasió del territori per masses d'aire polar o continental. Pel que respecta a la península Ibèrica l'arribada de masses d'aire procedents de latituds altes és possible tot l'any. Tanmateix el major nombre d'invasions d'aquest tipus té lloc de novembre a abril i especialment el desembre, gener i febrer, mentre que són molt poc freqüents durant els mesos d'estiu i excepcionals el juliol. S'ha de tenir en compte que no totes les inversions o adveccions d'origen septentrional resulten gèlides i constitueixen autèntiques onades de fred. Aquesta denominació acostuma a reservar-se exclusivament a aquelles que provoquen unes davallades termomètriques excepcionals capaces de deixar un senyal important en el me (ca) A cold wave (known in some regions as a cold snap or cold spell) is a weather phenomenon that is distinguished by a cooling of the air. Specifically, as used by the U.S. National Weather Service, a cold wave is a rapid fall in temperature within a 24-hour period requiring substantially increased protection to agriculture, industry, commerce, and social activities. The precise criteria for a cold wave are the rate at which the temperature falls, and the minimum to which it falls. This minimum temperature is dependent on the geographical region and time of year. (en) Hotzaldia edo hotz-bolada eremu zabal bateko aire-hozte nabarmena edo aire oso hotzaren inbasioa da. Egun batzuetako batez besteko tenperatura minimo eta maximo zehatzak gainditzen direnean gertatzen da, ikuspuntu meteorologiko batetik. Ez da nahastu behar egun jakin batean gerta daitekeen hotz punta batekin. Eskualdeko klimaren araberakoa da; hala, Donostian eta Berlinen ezberdinak lirateke hotzaldia definitzeko irizpide zehatzak. (eu) Gelombang dingin (dikenal di beberapa daerah sebagai jepitan dingin (cold snap) atau mantra dingin (cold spell)) adalah fenomena cuaca yang karena pendinginan udara secara signifikan. Secara khusus, seperti yang digunakan oleh AS, gelombang dingin adalah penurunan suhu secara cepat dalam periode 24 jam yang membutuhkan peningkatan perlindungan substansial untuk pertanian, industri, perdagangan, dan kegiatan sosial. Kriteria yang tepat untuk gelombang dingin ditentukan oleh tingkat penurunan suhu, dan suhu terendah yang dialami suatu tempat. Suhu minimum ini tergantung pada wilayah geografis dan waktu tahun. (in) |
| rdfs:label | Cold wave (en) موجة برد (ar) Fredorada (ca) Kältewelle (de) Ola de frío (es) Hotz-bolada (eu) Gelombang dingin (in) Vague de froid (fr) Ondata di freddo (it) 한파 (ko) 寒波 (ja) Koudegolf (nl) Onda de frio (pt) 寒潮 (zh) |
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