Sociological classifications of religious movements (original) (raw)
- اقتُرحت العديد من التصنيفات الاجتماعية للحركات الدينية من قبل الباحثين. في علم اجتماع الدين، أكثر تصنيف يستخدم هو النمذجة الفرقية الكنسية. أوردت النمذجة أن الكنائس والإكيلازيا والطوائف والفرق تشكل سلسلةً مستمرةً مع انخفاض تأثيرها على المجتمع. الفرق هي مجموعاتٌ منفصلةٌ عن أكثر الحركات الدينية السائدة وتميل إلى أن تكون في حالة توترٍ مع المجتمع. تقع الحركات الدينية الجديدة والملل خارج هذه الاستمرارية وتملك بالمقارنة مع المجموعات آنفة الذكر معتقدات غير مألوفة. صُنفت حسب موقفها تجاه المجتمع ومستوى مشاركة مؤيديها. (ar)
- La typologie webero-troeltschienne est une classification sociologique des mouvements religieux développée à l'origine par Max Weber et son élève et collègue Ernst Troeltsch. Elle les décrit par rapport à un idéal-type « Secte » ou « Église », ce que Françoise Champion résume ainsi : « Selon [Weber et Troeltsch], on naît dans l'Église, qui est coextensive à la société, mais on entre dans la secte par conversion. Selon eux, également, l'Église accepte un compromis avec le monde, alors que la Secte la récuse. Enfin, dans l'Église, il y a deux catégories de personnes : clercs ou religieux d'un côté, laïcs de l'autre. Aux premiers, une morale exigeante ; aux seconds, une morale plus accessible. Cette distinction clercs-laïcs ne se retrouve pas dans la Secte : tous les membres y sont, en principe, égaux et tous sont soumis à la même morale exigeante. » Cette typologie sera reprise et affinée par d'autres sociologues, comme Bryan Wilson, qui développera une nouvelle classification des sectes religieuses : conversionnistes (conversion intérieure), révolutionnaires (Dieu transformera le monde), introversionnistes (rupture d'avec le monde corrompu), manipulatrices (techniques d'accès à la réussite), thaumaturgiques (intervention miraculeuse de Dieu), réformistes (réforme volontaire de la conscience), utopistes (reconstruction sociale à partir de la religion). Créée pour décrire les mouvements chrétiens, en particulier les « sectes protestantes » nées au XIXe siècle, elle est plus difficilement applicable aux autres religions, et aux nouveaux mouvements religieux apparus à la fin du XXe siècle. (fr)
- Various sociological classifications of religious movements have been proposed by scholars. In the sociology of religion, the most widely used classification is the church-sect typology. The typology is differently construed by different sociologists, and various distinctive features have been proposed to characterise churches and sects. On most accounts, the following features are deemed relevant: * The church is a compulsory organisations into which people are born, while the sect is a voluntary organisation to which people usually convert. * The church is an inclusive organisations to which all kinds of people may belong, while the sect is an exclusive organisation of religiously qualified people. * The church is an established organisation that is well integrated into the larger society and usually inclined to seek for an alliance with the political power, while the sect is a splinter group from a larger religion: it is often in tension with current societal values, rejects any compromise with the secular order and tends to be composed of underprivileged people. * The church exhibits complex hierarchical bureaucratic structures, while the sect is a smaller, democratic and relatively informal organisation. * The ministers of a church are formally trained, educated and ordained, while the sect rejects sharp distinctions between clergy and laity, and is often ruled by charismatic leaders. * In theology and liturgy the church is inclined to dogmatism, traditionalism and ritualism, while the sect promotes intensified spiritual experiences for its members and adopts a more inspirational, informal and unpredictable approach to preaching and worship. The church-sect typology has been enriched with subtypes. The theory of the church-sect continuum states that churches, ecclesia, denominations and sects form a continuum with decreasing influence on society. Sects are break-away groups from more mainstream religions and tend to be in tension with society. Cults and new religious movements fall outside this continuum and in contrast to aforementioned groups often have a novel teaching. They have been classified on their attitude towards society and the level of involvement of their adherents. (en)
- Klasyfikacja religii to jedno z zagadnień religioznawstwa. Na świecie jest lub było praktykowanych tysiące religii i wyznań, które poddają się podziałowi ze względu na rozmaite kryteria. (pl)
- Социологи приводят различные классификации религиозных движений. Наиболее широко используемой классификацией в социологии религии является типология «секта-церковь». Эта типология определяет, что церковь, экклесия, деноминация и секта образуют континуум с уменьшением влияния на общество. Сектами являются отмежевавшиеся группы, находящиеся в напряжённых отношениях с обществом. Культы и новые религиозные движения выходят за рамки этого континуума и в отличие от вышеупомянутых групп часто обладают новым учением. Они были классифицированы по их отношению к обществу и уровню вовлечённости своих сторонников. (ru)
- http://www.cesnur.org/2003/vil2003_doktor.htm
- http://www.ejst.tuiasi.ro/Files/49/4_Vasileva.pdf
- https://web.archive.org/web/20100903200525/http:/web.uni-marburg.de/religionswissenschaft/journal/diskus/chryssides.html
- http://hirr.hartsem.edu/ency/cstheory.htm
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- اقتُرحت العديد من التصنيفات الاجتماعية للحركات الدينية من قبل الباحثين. في علم اجتماع الدين، أكثر تصنيف يستخدم هو النمذجة الفرقية الكنسية. أوردت النمذجة أن الكنائس والإكيلازيا والطوائف والفرق تشكل سلسلةً مستمرةً مع انخفاض تأثيرها على المجتمع. الفرق هي مجموعاتٌ منفصلةٌ عن أكثر الحركات الدينية السائدة وتميل إلى أن تكون في حالة توترٍ مع المجتمع. تقع الحركات الدينية الجديدة والملل خارج هذه الاستمرارية وتملك بالمقارنة مع المجموعات آنفة الذكر معتقدات غير مألوفة. صُنفت حسب موقفها تجاه المجتمع ومستوى مشاركة مؤيديها. (ar)
- Klasyfikacja religii to jedno z zagadnień religioznawstwa. Na świecie jest lub było praktykowanych tysiące religii i wyznań, które poddają się podziałowi ze względu na rozmaite kryteria. (pl)
- Various sociological classifications of religious movements have been proposed by scholars. In the sociology of religion, the most widely used classification is the church-sect typology. The typology is differently construed by different sociologists, and various distinctive features have been proposed to characterise churches and sects. On most accounts, the following features are deemed relevant: (en)
- La typologie webero-troeltschienne est une classification sociologique des mouvements religieux développée à l'origine par Max Weber et son élève et collègue Ernst Troeltsch. Elle les décrit par rapport à un idéal-type « Secte » ou « Église », ce que Françoise Champion résume ainsi : Créée pour décrire les mouvements chrétiens, en particulier les « sectes protestantes » nées au XIXe siècle, elle est plus difficilement applicable aux autres religions, et aux nouveaux mouvements religieux apparus à la fin du XXe siècle. (fr)
- Социологи приводят различные классификации религиозных движений. Наиболее широко используемой классификацией в социологии религии является типология «секта-церковь». Эта типология определяет, что церковь, экклесия, деноминация и секта образуют континуум с уменьшением влияния на общество. Сектами являются отмежевавшиеся группы, находящиеся в напряжённых отношениях с обществом. (ru)
- التصنيفات الاجتماعية للحركات الدينية (ar)
- Typologie webero-troeltschienne (fr)
- Klasyfikacja religii (pl)
- Sociological classifications of religious movements (en)
- Социологические классификации религиозных движений (ru)
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