Fortress of Humaitá (original) (raw)
La Fortaleza de Humaitá se localizaba en la margen izquierda del río Paraguay, unos 215 km al sur de la ciudad de Asunción, capital del Paraguay, en el lugar en donde hoy se halla la ciudad de Humaitá en el Departamento de Ñeembucú. En el contexto de la Guerra de la Triple Alianza (1864-1870), esta fortificación controlaba el acceso por vía fluvial a la capital paraguaya, constituyéndose en el más poderoso y temido complejo defensivo paraguayo.
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| dbo:abstract | The Fortress of Humaitá (1854–68), known metaphorically as the Gibraltar of South America, was a Paraguayan military installation near the mouth of the River Paraguay. A strategic site without equal in the region, "a fortress the likes of which had never been seen in South America", it was "the key to Paraguay and the upper rivers". It played a crucial role in the deadliest conflict in the continent's history – the Paraguayan War – of which it was the principal theatre of operations. The site was a sharp horseshoe bend in the river; practically all vessels wishing to enter the Republic of Paraguay – and indeed to steam onwards to the Brazilian province of Mato Grosso – were forced to navigate it. The bend was commanded by a 6,000-foot (1.8 km) line of artillery batteries, at the end of which was a chain boom which, when raised, detained the shipping under the guns. The navigable channel was only 200 yards wide and ran in easy reach of the artillery. The fortress was protected from attack on its landward side by impenetrable swamp or, where this was lacking, defensive earthworks which, at their greatest extension, comprised a system of trenches stretching for 8 lineal miles (13 km), had a garrison of 18,000 men and deployed 120 cannon. At its zenith Humaitá was reputed to be impassable to enemy shipping. The widespread perception which it created in its heyday – that Paraguay was a country difficult to invade – may have induced its Marshal-President Francisco Solano López to take unnecessary risks in foreign policy and, in particular, to seize government vessels and provinces of the much more populous Brazil and Argentina and to send armies to invade them and Uruguay. They united against him in the Treaty of the Triple Alliance. The war led to his country's utter defeat and ruin and the casualties were immense. A declared purpose of the Treaty of the Triple Alliance was the demolition of the Humaitá fortifications and that none others of that sort should be built again. However the fortress, though not by then invulnerable to the latest armour-plated warships, was a serious obstacle to the Allies’ plans to proceed upriver to the Paraguayan capital Asunción and to recapture the Brazilian territory of Mato Grosso: it delayed them for two and a half years. It was taken in the Siege of Humaitá (1868), then razed pursuant to the Treaty. For present-day Paraguayans Humaitá is a symbol of national pride, standing for their country's unyielding will to resist. (en) La Fortaleza de Humaitá se localizaba en la margen izquierda del río Paraguay, unos 215 km al sur de la ciudad de Asunción, capital del Paraguay, en el lugar en donde hoy se halla la ciudad de Humaitá en el Departamento de Ñeembucú. En el contexto de la Guerra de la Triple Alianza (1864-1870), esta fortificación controlaba el acceso por vía fluvial a la capital paraguaya, constituyéndose en el más poderoso y temido complejo defensivo paraguayo. (es) A Fortaleza de Humaitá conhecida metaforicamente como Gibraltar da América do Sul, era uma instalação militar paraguaia próxima à foz do rio Paraguai. O estratégico local era sem igual na região, "uma fortaleza de que nunca tinha sido visto na América do Sul", era "a chave para o Paraguai e os rios superiores". Desempenhou um papel crucial no conflito mais mortal da história do continente - a Guerra do Paraguai - da qual foi o principal teatro de operações. O local era uma curva acentuada em forma de ferradura no rio; praticamente todas as embarcações que desejassem entrar na República do Paraguai - e de fato seguir adiante até a província brasileira de Mato Grosso - foram obrigadas a navegá-la. A curva era comandada por uma linha de baterias de artilharia de 1,8 km (6 000 pés), no final da qual havia uma barreira de corrente que, quando levantada, detinha o transporte sob os canhões. O canal navegável tinha apenas 200 metros de largura e era facilmente acessível à artilharia. A fortaleza era protegida de ataques em seu lado terrestre por pântano impenetrável ou, onde faltava, terraplenagens defensivas que, em sua maior extensão, compreendiam um sistema de trincheiras estendendo-se por 8 milhas lineares (13 km), tinha uma guarnição de 18 000 homens e disparou 120 canhões. Em seu apogeu, Humaitá era considerada intransitável para a navegação inimiga. A percepção generalizada que criou em seu apogeu - de que o Paraguai era um país difícil de invadir - pode ter induzido seu Marechal-Presidente Francisco Solano López a assumir riscos desnecessários na política externa e, em particular, a apreender embarcações do governo e províncias do país mais populoso Brasil e Argentina e enviar exércitos para invadi-los e Uruguai. Eles se uniram contra ele no Tratado da Tríplice Aliança. A guerra levou à total derrota e ruína de seu país e as baixas foram imensas. Um propósito declarado do Tratado da Tríplice Aliança era a demolição das fortificações Humaitá e que nenhuma outra desse tipo fosse construída novamente. No entanto, a fortaleza, embora não invulnerável aos mais recentes navios de guerra blindados, era um sério obstáculo aos planos dos Aliados de seguir rio acima para a capital paraguaia, Assunção e recapturar o território brasileiro de Mato Grosso: atrasou-os por dois e meio anos. Foi tirada no Cerco de Humaitá (1868), depois arrasada nos termos do Tratado. Para os atuais paraguaios, o Humaitá é um símbolo de orgulho nacional, representando a obstinada vontade de resistência de seu país. (pt) |
| dbo:thumbnail | wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Humaita_bend.png?width=300 |
| dbo:wikiPageExternalLink | http://standard.udesa.edu.ar/ver.php%3Fl=/1862/1862_05/14&p=2&id=66 http://memoria.bn.br/DocReader/709700/811 https://archive.org/details/SevenEventfulYearsInParaguay%7Cpublisher=Sampson, https://archive.org/details/cu31924020450981%7Cpublisher=Edward https://archive.org/details/cu31924073798666%7Cyear=1869%7Cpublisher=Longman%E2%80%99s, https://archive.org/details/laplataargentine00pagerich%7Cyear=1859%7Cpublisher=Trubner https://archive.org/details/lettersfrombatt01burtgoog%7Cyear=1870%7Cpublisher=Tinsley https://archive.org/details/warinparaguaywit00thom https://archive.org/stream/cottonfieldspar00mulhgoog%23page/n88/mode/1up https://archive.org/stream/latriplealianza01bengoog%23page/n38/mode/2up https://archive.org/stream/lettersfrombatt00burtgoog%23page/n10/mode/2up https://archive.org/stream/quatroseculosde00olivgoog%23page/n84/mode/2up https://archive.org/stream/seveneventfulye00mast%23page/n7/mode/2up http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa%3Fid=305526442004%7Caccess-date=2016-10-13%7CISSN=1415-9945%7Clanguage=Portuguese http://objdigital.bn.br/acervo_digital/div_cartografia/cart515375/cart515375.jpg http://sas-space.sas.ac.uk/3585/1/B28_-_The_Paraguayan_War_(1864-1870).pdf https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=HylcAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA47 https://web.archive.org/web/20160304230040/http:/standard.udesa.edu.ar/ver.php%3Fl=%2F1862%2F1862_05%2F14&p=2&id=66 https://www.academia.edu/4839671/La_Fortaleza_de_Humait%C3%A1._Reconstrucci%C3%B3n_digital_del_per%C3%ADmetro_fortificado_y_de_todo_el_Campamento_bater%C3%ADas_etc%7Caccess-date=22 https://www.youtube.com/watch%3Fv=MFNdJ6unpZg https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Constituci%C3%B3n_de_la_Naci%C3%B3n_Argentina_%281994%29 |
| dbo:wikiPageID | 46580925 (xsd:integer) |
| dbo:wikiPageLength | 94089 (xsd:nonNegativeInteger) |
| dbo:wikiPageRevisionID | 1117388385 (xsd:integer) |
| dbo:wikiPageWikiLink | dbr:Canister_shot dbr:Carlos_Antonio_López dbr:President_Buchanan dbr:Rock_of_Gibraltar dbr:Electrical_telegraph dbr:Metaphor dbr:Michael_George_Mulhall dbr:Monitor_(warship) dbr:Bartolomé_Mitre dbr:Battle_of_Curupayty dbr:Battle_of_Hampton_Roads dbr:Battle_of_Tuyutí dbr:Battle_of_Vuelta_de_Obligado dbr:Battle_of_the_Riachuelo dbr:Bermejo_River dbr:Bolivia dbr:Boom_(navigational_barrier) dbr:Brazil dbr:Brazilian_ironclad_Brasil dbr:Brazilian_ironclad_Rio_de_Janeiro dbr:David_Farragut dbr:Humaitá dbr:Joseph_Whitworth dbr:José_Gaspar_Rodríguez_de_Francia dbr:Richard_Francis_Burton dbr:Cuirass dbr:Uruguay dbr:Uruguayan_War dbr:Ironclad dbr:Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1854-1855) dbr:Corrientes dbr:Mato_Grosso dbr:Mato_Grosso_do_Sul dbr:Ersatz_good dbr:Observation_balloon dbr:Eliza_Lynch dbr:Embrasure dbr:Empire_of_Brazil dbr:French_ironclad_Gloire dbr:Gibraltar dbr:Misiones dbr:Morse_code dbr:Thomas_Jefferson_Page dbc:Forts_in_Paraguay dbc:Paraguayan_War dbr:Lines_of_Torres_Vedras dbr:Maize dbr:Artillery_batteries dbr:Siege_of_Humaitá dbr:Siege_of_Kars dbr:Siege_of_Petersburg dbr:Siege_of_Port_Hudson dbr:Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1854–1855) dbr:Siege_of_Silistra dbr:Siege_of_Vicksburg dbr:Steamship dbr:Cheval-de-frise dbr:Palisade dbr:Quadrilatero dbr:Augusto_Tasso_Fragoso dbr:Buenos_Aires dbr:Toba_people dbr:Treaty_of_the_Triple_Alliance dbr:American_Civil_War dbr:Ernest_Mouchez dbr:Fathom dbr:Fort_Sumter dbr:Fortress_of_Luxembourg dbr:Francisco_Solano_López dbr:Bandeirantes dbr:Barbette dbr:Paraguay_expedition dbr:Paraguayan dbr:Paraguayan_Army dbr:Paraguayan_War dbr:Passage_of_Humaitá dbr:Capstan_(nautical) dbr:Cattle_drive dbr:Cemetery dbr:Fort_Pulaski dbr:Gran_Chaco dbr:Grapeshot dbr:Demijohn dbr:Earthworks_(military) dbr:Redoubt dbr:Ironclad_warship dbr:Backwater_(river) dbr:Argentina dbr:Argentine_Army dbr:Argentine_Confederation dbr:Arsenal_de_Marinha_do_Rio_de_Janeiro dbr:Asunción dbr:Achilles'_heel dbr:Blue-water_navy dbr:George_Thompson_(engineer) dbr:Trench dbr:Watchtower dbr:Schinopsis_lorentzii dbr:Sluice_gate dbc:19th-century_fortifications dbr:Manioc dbr:Manuel_Belgrano dbr:Manuel_Gálvez dbr:Bullock_cart dbr:Portuguese_Empire dbr:South_America dbr:Spanish_Empire dbr:Guaraní_people dbr:Imperial_Brazilian_Navy dbr:Naval_mines dbr:Casemate dbr:Xerxes_I dbr:State_of_Buenos_Aires dbr:River dbr:Swamp dbr:Sod dbr:United_Provinces_of_South_America dbr:Villa_Rica,_Paraguay dbr:Troopship dbr:Ñeembucú dbr:Republic_of_Paraguay dbr:Woodcut dbr:Windlass dbr:Paraguayan_War_casualties dbr:Richmond_in_the_Civil_War dbr:Rifled_artillery dbr:Strategic dbr:Embrasures dbr:Spencer_carbine dbr:Viceroyalty_of_the_River_Plate dbr:Slave_raids dbr:Revetted dbr:Jesuit_Reduction dbr:Left_bank_(river) dbr:Redans dbr:Juan_Manuel_Rosas dbr:Buenos_Ayres_Standard dbr:Honeycombed_(gun) dbr:River_Paraguay dbr:River_Paraná dbr:File:Approach_to_Humaitá.png dbr:File:BIRDS-EYE_VIEW_OF_FORT_HUMAITA,_PARAGUAY_(Taken_from_Allen's_Baloon).jpg dbr:File:Batteries_of_Humaitá_fortress.png dbr:File:Cabichuí.png dbr:File:Captured_artillery_at_Humaitá.png dbr:File:Cara_Feia_al_Enemigo.png dbr:File:Fortune_chain_boom.png dbr:File:Francisco_Solano_Lopez_and_his_autograph.png dbr:File:GUERRE_DU_PARAGUAY._-_Passage_d'H...D'après_un_croquis_de_M._Paranhos.jpg dbr:File:Humaita_bend.png dbr:File:Humaitá,_the_endgame.png dbr:File:Humaitá_by_Chodasiewicz.png dbr:File:Location_of_Humaitá.jpg dbr:File:López's_house_and_protecting_earthworks.jpg dbr:File:Monitor_model.jpg dbr:File:Paraguayan_torpedoes.png dbr:File:Paso_Pucú._Cuartel_general_del_ti...ito_aliado_--_copiado_del_natural.png dbr:File:Passagem_de_Humaitá.jpg dbr:File:Planta_de_Humaytá.jpg dbr:File:Ruins_of_Humaitá_Church.png dbr:File:Southeastern_Paraguay_1867-8.jpg dbr:File:Strategic_Situation_1865.jpg dbr:File:The_Guard-House,_Humaita.png dbr:File:Bateria_londres_1868.jpg dbr:File:Buque_Rio_de_Janeiro.jpg dbr:File:Barranca_de_Humayta.png |
| dbp:align | right (en) |
| dbp:bgcolor | #c6dbf7 (en) |
| dbp:date | 2016-03-04 (xsd:date) |
| dbp:quote | "Directly on my arrival into the camp I was shown into the presence of his Excellency... I expressed my surprise at... his government... detaining the Marques de Olinda. * * *He then went on with more candor than discretion to say that the situation of Paraguay was such that only by a war could the attention and respect of the world be secured to her. Isolated as she was, and scarcely known beyond the South American states, so would she remain till by her feats of arms she could compel other nations to treat her with more consideration. Paraguay was a small power, he admitted, in comparison with Brazil; but she had advantages of position that gave her an equality of strength with any of her neighbours. Every soldier that Brazil might send against Paraguay must be brought thousand of miles and at great expense; whereas the Paraguayan troops were on their own territory, and their services would cost comparatively nothing. Besides they would be already fortified and intrenched before the Brazilians could arrive in any considerable numbers, and then, having shown the world their strength, and demonstrated to Brazil that they were not to be conquered except at ruinous cost and sacrifice, the Imperial government would be glad to treat for peace on terms highly advantageous to Paraguay.... The war could not last but for a few months.... " Charles A. Washburn, Minister Resident of the United States at Asunción 1861–68. (en) "After a stare of blank amazement, my first question was— where is Humaitá? Where are the "regular polygons of the Humaitá citadel?" Where is "the great stronghold which was looked upon as the keystone of Paraguay?" I had seen it compared with Silistria and Kars, where even Turks fought; with Sebastopol in her strength …; with the Quadrilateral which awed Italy; with Luxembourg, dear to France; with Richmond, that so long held the Northerners at bay; and with the armour-plated batteries of Vicksburg and the shielded defences of Gibraltar. Can these poor barbettes, this entrenched camp sans citadel— which the Brazilian papers had reported to have been blown up —be the same that resisted 40,000 men, not to speak of ironclads and gunboats, and that endured a siege of two years and a half? I came to the conclusion that Humaitá was a monstrous "hum" and that, with the rest of the public, I had been led into believing the weakest point of the Paraguayan campaign to be the strongest." Burton, Letters From the Battle-Fields of Paraguay. (en) |
| dbp:url | https://web.archive.org/web/20160304230040/http:/standard.udesa.edu.ar/ver.php%3Fl=%2F1862%2F1862_05%2F14&p=2&id=66 |
| dbp:width | 30 (xsd:integer) |
| dbp:wikiPageUsesTemplate | dbt:Blockquote dbt:Cite_book dbt:Cite_journal dbt:Cite_news dbt:Cite_web dbt:Color dbt:Convert dbt:Coord dbt:Good_article dbt:Illm dbt:Quote_box dbt:Reflist dbt:Sfn dbt:Short_description dbt:USS dbt:Webarchive dbt:Wide_image dbt:Sfnref dbt:Bots dbt:Cite_map |
| dct:subject | dbc:Forts_in_Paraguay dbc:Paraguayan_War dbc:19th-century_fortifications |
| gold:hypernym | dbr:System |
| georss:point | -27.066666666666666 -58.516666666666666 |
| rdf:type | geo:SpatialThing |
| rdfs:comment | La Fortaleza de Humaitá se localizaba en la margen izquierda del río Paraguay, unos 215 km al sur de la ciudad de Asunción, capital del Paraguay, en el lugar en donde hoy se halla la ciudad de Humaitá en el Departamento de Ñeembucú. En el contexto de la Guerra de la Triple Alianza (1864-1870), esta fortificación controlaba el acceso por vía fluvial a la capital paraguaya, constituyéndose en el más poderoso y temido complejo defensivo paraguayo. (es) The Fortress of Humaitá (1854–68), known metaphorically as the Gibraltar of South America, was a Paraguayan military installation near the mouth of the River Paraguay. A strategic site without equal in the region, "a fortress the likes of which had never been seen in South America", it was "the key to Paraguay and the upper rivers". It played a crucial role in the deadliest conflict in the continent's history – the Paraguayan War – of which it was the principal theatre of operations. (en) A Fortaleza de Humaitá conhecida metaforicamente como Gibraltar da América do Sul, era uma instalação militar paraguaia próxima à foz do rio Paraguai. O estratégico local era sem igual na região, "uma fortaleza de que nunca tinha sido visto na América do Sul", era "a chave para o Paraguai e os rios superiores". Desempenhou um papel crucial no conflito mais mortal da história do continente - a Guerra do Paraguai - da qual foi o principal teatro de operações. Para os atuais paraguaios, o Humaitá é um símbolo de orgulho nacional, representando a obstinada vontade de resistência de seu país. (pt) |
| rdfs:label | Fortaleza de Humaitá (es) Fortress of Humaitá (en) Fortaleza de Humaitá (pt) |
| owl:sameAs | dbpedia-pt:Fortress of Humaitá freebase:Fortress of Humaitá http://viaf.org/viaf/733150325516910090003 wikidata:Fortress of Humaitá dbpedia-es:Fortress of Humaitá https://global.dbpedia.org/id/4jNRp |
| geo:geometry | POINT(-58.516666412354 -27.066667556763) |
| geo:lat | -27.066668 (xsd:float) |
| geo:long | -58.516666 (xsd:float) |
| prov:wasDerivedFrom | wikipedia-en:Fortress_of_Humaitá?oldid=1117388385&ns=0 |
| foaf:depiction | wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Fortune_chain_boom.png wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Monitor_model.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath///objdigital.bn.br/ac...cartografia/cart515375/cart515375.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Approach_to_Humaitá.png wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/BIRDS-EYE_VIEW_OF_FOR...AGUAY_(Taken_from_Allen's_Baloon).jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Barranca_de_Humayta.png wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Batteries_of_Humaitá_fortress.png wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Cabichuí.png wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Cara_Feia_al_Enemigo.png wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Francisco_Solano_Lopez_and_his_autograph.png wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Humaita_bend.png wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Humaita_in_1857.png wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Humaitá,_the_endgame.png wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Humaitá_by_Chodasiewicz.png wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Humaitá_environs_and_landward_defences.png wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Location_of_Humaitá.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/López's_house_and_protecting_earthworks.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Paraguayan_torpedoes.png wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Paso_Pucú._Cuartel_ge...ito_aliado_--_copiado_del_natural.png wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Planta_de_Humaytá.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Southeastern_Paraguay_1867-8.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Strategic_Situation_1865.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/The_Guard-House,_Humaita.png wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Bateria_londres_1868.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/GUERRE_DU_PARAGUAY._-...D'après_un_croquis_de_M._Paranhos.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Passagem_de_Humaitá.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Buque_Rio_de_Janeiro.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Captured_artillery_at_Humaitá.png wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Ruins_of_Humaitá_Church.png |
| foaf:isPrimaryTopicOf | wikipedia-en:Fortress_of_Humaitá |
| is dbo:place of | dbr:Battle_of_Perecué |
| is dbo:wikiPageDisambiguates of | dbr:Humaitá_(disambiguation) |
| is dbo:wikiPageRedirects of | dbr:Gibraltar_of_South_America dbr:Fortress_of_Humaita dbr:Fort_Humaitá |
| is dbo:wikiPageWikiLink of | dbr:Capture_of_the_steamer_Marquês_de_Olinda dbr:Carlos_Antonio_López dbr:List_of_amphibious_assault_operations dbr:List_of_fortifications dbr:Battle_of_Avay dbr:Battle_of_Curupayty dbr:Battle_of_Perecué dbr:Battle_of_Riachuelo dbr:Battle_of_Tatayibá dbr:Battle_of_Tuyutí dbr:Brazilian_ironclad_Cabral dbr:Brazilian_ironclad_Colombo dbr:Brazilian_ironclad_Herval dbr:Brazilian_ironclad_Rio_de_Janeiro dbr:Brazilian_monitor_Alagoas dbr:Brazilian_monitor_Rio_Grande dbr:Humaitá dbr:Humaitá_campaign dbr:List_of_ironclads dbr:Pedro_Ignacio_Meza dbr:Corrientes_campaign dbr:1868_San_Fernando_massacre dbr:Elizardo_Aquino dbr:Military_railways dbr:Luís_Alves_de_Lima_e_Silva,_Duke_of_Caxias dbr:Manduvirá_River_Expeditions dbr:Siege_of_Humaitá dbr:Treaty_of_the_Triple_Alliance dbr:Wenceslao_Robles dbr:Paraguay dbr:Paraguay_expedition dbr:Paraguayan_War dbr:Passage_of_Curupayty_(1868) dbr:Passage_of_Humaitá dbr:Gibraltar_of_South_America dbr:Assault_on_the_battleships_Barroso_and_Rio_Grande dbr:Assault_on_the_battleships_Cabral_and_Lima_Barros dbr:Joaquim_José_Inácio,_Viscount_of_Inhaúma dbr:George_Thompson_(engineer) dbr:Manuel_Luís_Osório,_Marquis_of_Erval dbr:Manuel_Marques_de_Sousa,_Count_of_Porto_Alegre dbr:Brown-water_navy dbr:Humaitá_(disambiguation) dbr:Fortress_of_Humaita dbr:Fort_Humaitá |
| is dbp:strength of | dbr:Passage_of_Humaitá |
| is foaf:primaryTopic of | wikipedia-en:Fortress_of_Humaitá |
