Underground press (original) (raw)

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Als Untergrundliteratur bezeichnet man sowohl Literatur, die in autoritär regierten Staaten geheim produziert und verbreitet wird, als auch Literatur, die nicht zu den Normen und Werten pluralistischer Gesellschaften passt. In einem dritten Sinn spricht man von Texten, die nur kopiert oder in Eigenverlagspublikationen erscheinen, auch ohne dass sie die literarische Qualität und Verbreitung des Samisdat erreichen, als Untergrundliteratur. Auch die Übergänge zwischen Untergrundliteratur und Fanzines sind fließend. Abhängig von den jeweils geltenden Normen und Gesetzen ändern sich auch die inhaltlichen und ästhetischen Eigenschaften von Untergrundliteratur.

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dbo:abstract Als Untergrundliteratur bezeichnet man sowohl Literatur, die in autoritär regierten Staaten geheim produziert und verbreitet wird, als auch Literatur, die nicht zu den Normen und Werten pluralistischer Gesellschaften passt. In einem dritten Sinn spricht man von Texten, die nur kopiert oder in Eigenverlagspublikationen erscheinen, auch ohne dass sie die literarische Qualität und Verbreitung des Samisdat erreichen, als Untergrundliteratur. Auch die Übergänge zwischen Untergrundliteratur und Fanzines sind fließend. Abhängig von den jeweils geltenden Normen und Gesetzen ändern sich auch die inhaltlichen und ästhetischen Eigenschaften von Untergrundliteratur. (de) Istilah pers bawah tanah merujuk kepada catatan periodik dan publikasi yang diproduksi tanpa persetujuan resmi, ilegal atau bertentangan dengan keinginan sebuah kelompok dominan (pemerintah / keagamaan / institusional)Dalam konteks Eropa Barat, Amerika dan Asia (pasca-Perang Dunia II) spesifik terkini, istrilah "pers bawah tanah" kebanyakan ditujukan kepada makalah-makalah bawa tanah yang dipublikasikan dan didistribusikan secara independen yang berkaitan dengan pada akhir 1960an dan awal 1970an di India dan Bangladesh di Asia, di Amerika Serikat dan Kanada di Amerika Utara, dan Britania Raya dan negara-negara barat lainnya. Pers tersebut juga dapat merujuk kepada surat-surat kabar yang diproduksi secara independen dalam rezim-rezim represif. Contohnya, di , sebuah dioperasikan, biasanya berkaitan dengan . Contoh-contoh terkenal lainnya meliputi samizdat dan , yang masing-masing dioperasikan di Uni Soviet dan Polandia, pada masa Perang Dingin. (in) On désigne par presse underground, ou underground press en anglais, un ensemble de publications, journaux et fanzines apparus dans les années 1960 et 1970, principalement aux États-Unis où elle fut la plus prolifique, mais d'une manière générale dans l'ensemble des pays occidentaux, reflétant les idées d'émancipation et la contre-culture naissante du mouvement hippie et des courants politiques progressistes de cette époque. Le terme de presse underground, que l'on pourrait traduire littéralement par presse souterraine ou , n'est aucunement une presse illégale. Elle est simplement une presse, souvent amateur, dont les thèmes traités et l'approche de l'information se situent en marge, voir en opposition aux méthodes de la presse écrite classique et traditionnelle. Cette presse prend souvent fait et cause pour les combats politiques de son époque, comme le mouvement communautaire, la liberté sexuelle, le féminisme, la lutte pour le droit à l'avortement, la lutte contre la guerre du Viêt Nam. Cette presse est représentée aux États-Unis par des journaux tels que le East Village Other à New York, le , le Berkeley Barb, ou le Los Angeles Free Press dit aussi Freep en Californie. En Angleterre, IT, acronyme de International Times, en est l'un de ses principaux supports, en Australie c'est OZ. (fr) The terms underground press or clandestine press refer to periodicals and publications that are produced without official approval, illegally or against the wishes of a dominant (governmental, religious, or institutional) group. In specific recent (post-World War II) Asian, American and Western European context, the term "underground press" has most frequently been employed to refer to the independently published and distributed underground papers associated with the counterculture of the late 1960s and early 1970s in India and Bangladesh in Asia, in the United States and Canada in North America, and the United Kingdom and other western nations. It can also refer to the newspapers produced independently in repressive regimes. In German occupied Europe, for example, a thriving underground press operated, usually in association with the Resistance. Other notable examples include the samizdat and bibuła, which operated in the Soviet Union and Poland respectively, during the Cold War. (en) 地下出版(ちかしゅっぱん、underground press、アンダーグラウンド・プレス)または秘密出版(ひみつしゅっぱん、clandestine press)とは、政府の公式が承認のない違法な、もしくは、当時の社会において支配的な集団(政府もしくは宗教的権威)の意向に反して制作された、定期刊行物や出版物のことである。 第二次世界大戦後のアジア、北アメリカ、西ヨーロッパに関した文脈では、「アンダーグラウンド・プレス」という用語は、インドやバングラデシュ、アメリカやカナダ、イギリスなどの西欧諸国で、1960年代後半から1970年代初頭のカウンターカルチャーに関連して発行・配布された地下新聞(アンダーグラウンド・ペーパー)を指すために使用される。 また、抑圧的な体制下で独自に制作された新聞を指すこともある。例えば、ドイツの占領下のヨーロッパでは、レジスタンスと提携して、地下新聞が各地で発行されていた。他にも、冷戦時代にソビエト連邦で行われていたサミズダートや、ポーランドのなどがある。 (ja) De termen illegale pers, sluikpers, clandestiene pers, ondergrondse pers of verzetsblad verwijzen naar publicaties en tijdschriften die geproduceerd zijn zonder officiële goedkeuring, illegaal zijn of tegen de wensen van een dominante (overheid, religie of instelling) groep ingaan. In recente (na de Tweede Wereldoorlog) Aziatische, Amerikaanse en West-Europese context wordt de term voornamelijk gebruikt voor onafhankelijk gepubliceerd en gedistribueerde ondergrondse publicaties geassocieerd met de tegencultuur van de late jaren 60 en vroege jaren 70 in India en Bangladesh in Azië, in de Verenigde Staten en Canada in Noord-Amerika, en het Verenigd Koninkrijk en andere westerse landen. Het kan ook verwijzen naar publicaties die onafhankelijk geproduceerd worden in repressieve regimes. In door Nazi-Duitsland bezet Europa bijvoorbeeld waren er vele ondergrondse publicaties, meestal geassocieerd met de verschillende verzetsbewegingen. Andere prominente voorbeelden zijn de Samizdat en bibuła, die opereerden in respectievelijk de Sovjet-Unie en Polen gedurende de Koude Oorlog. (nl)
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rdfs:comment Als Untergrundliteratur bezeichnet man sowohl Literatur, die in autoritär regierten Staaten geheim produziert und verbreitet wird, als auch Literatur, die nicht zu den Normen und Werten pluralistischer Gesellschaften passt. In einem dritten Sinn spricht man von Texten, die nur kopiert oder in Eigenverlagspublikationen erscheinen, auch ohne dass sie die literarische Qualität und Verbreitung des Samisdat erreichen, als Untergrundliteratur. Auch die Übergänge zwischen Untergrundliteratur und Fanzines sind fließend. Abhängig von den jeweils geltenden Normen und Gesetzen ändern sich auch die inhaltlichen und ästhetischen Eigenschaften von Untergrundliteratur. (de) 地下出版(ちかしゅっぱん、underground press、アンダーグラウンド・プレス)または秘密出版(ひみつしゅっぱん、clandestine press)とは、政府の公式が承認のない違法な、もしくは、当時の社会において支配的な集団(政府もしくは宗教的権威)の意向に反して制作された、定期刊行物や出版物のことである。 第二次世界大戦後のアジア、北アメリカ、西ヨーロッパに関した文脈では、「アンダーグラウンド・プレス」という用語は、インドやバングラデシュ、アメリカやカナダ、イギリスなどの西欧諸国で、1960年代後半から1970年代初頭のカウンターカルチャーに関連して発行・配布された地下新聞(アンダーグラウンド・ペーパー)を指すために使用される。 また、抑圧的な体制下で独自に制作された新聞を指すこともある。例えば、ドイツの占領下のヨーロッパでは、レジスタンスと提携して、地下新聞が各地で発行されていた。他にも、冷戦時代にソビエト連邦で行われていたサミズダートや、ポーランドのなどがある。 (ja) On désigne par presse underground, ou underground press en anglais, un ensemble de publications, journaux et fanzines apparus dans les années 1960 et 1970, principalement aux États-Unis où elle fut la plus prolifique, mais d'une manière générale dans l'ensemble des pays occidentaux, reflétant les idées d'émancipation et la contre-culture naissante du mouvement hippie et des courants politiques progressistes de cette époque. (fr) Istilah pers bawah tanah merujuk kepada catatan periodik dan publikasi yang diproduksi tanpa persetujuan resmi, ilegal atau bertentangan dengan keinginan sebuah kelompok dominan (pemerintah / keagamaan / institusional)Dalam konteks Eropa Barat, Amerika dan Asia (pasca-Perang Dunia II) spesifik terkini, istrilah "pers bawah tanah" kebanyakan ditujukan kepada makalah-makalah bawa tanah yang dipublikasikan dan didistribusikan secara independen yang berkaitan dengan pada akhir 1960an dan awal 1970an di India dan Bangladesh di Asia, di Amerika Serikat dan Kanada di Amerika Utara, dan Britania Raya dan negara-negara barat lainnya. Pers tersebut juga dapat merujuk kepada surat-surat kabar yang diproduksi secara independen dalam rezim-rezim represif. Contohnya, di , sebuah dioperasikan, biasanya (in) The terms underground press or clandestine press refer to periodicals and publications that are produced without official approval, illegally or against the wishes of a dominant (governmental, religious, or institutional) group. In specific recent (post-World War II) Asian, American and Western European context, the term "underground press" has most frequently been employed to refer to the independently published and distributed underground papers associated with the counterculture of the late 1960s and early 1970s in India and Bangladesh in Asia, in the United States and Canada in North America, and the United Kingdom and other western nations. It can also refer to the newspapers produced independently in repressive regimes. In German occupied Europe, for example, a thriving underground p (en) De termen illegale pers, sluikpers, clandestiene pers, ondergrondse pers of verzetsblad verwijzen naar publicaties en tijdschriften die geproduceerd zijn zonder officiële goedkeuring, illegaal zijn of tegen de wensen van een dominante (overheid, religie of instelling) groep ingaan. In recente (na de Tweede Wereldoorlog) Aziatische, Amerikaanse en West-Europese context wordt de term voornamelijk gebruikt voor onafhankelijk gepubliceerd en gedistribueerde ondergrondse publicaties geassocieerd met de tegencultuur van de late jaren 60 en vroege jaren 70 in India en Bangladesh in Azië, in de Verenigde Staten en Canada in Noord-Amerika, en het Verenigd Koninkrijk en andere westerse landen. Het kan ook verwijzen naar publicaties die onafhankelijk geproduceerd worden in repressieve regimes. In doo (nl)
rdfs:label Underground press (en) Untergrundliteratur (de) Pers bawah tanah (in) Presse underground des années 1960 et 1970 (fr) 地下出版 (ja) Illegale pers (nl)
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