History of Germans in Russia, Ukraine, and the Soviet Union (original) (raw)

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Dějiny ruských Němců, tzn. osob německé národnosti žijících na ruském území, je možné rozdělit na několik epoch:

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dbo:abstract Dějiny ruských Němců, tzn. osob německé národnosti žijících na ruském území, je možné rozdělit na několik epoch: (cs) نشأت الأقلية الألمانية في روسيا وأوكرانيا والاتحاد السوفيتي من عدة مصادر وفي عدة موجات. في تعداد عام 1914 بلغ عدد الألمان الذين يعيشون في الإمبراطورية الروسية في 241690. في عام 1989، كان عدد السكان العرقيين الألمان في الاتحاد السوفيتي حوالي 2 مليون. بحلول عام 2002، في أعقاب انهيار الاتحاد السوفيتي، كان العديد من الألمان العرقيين قد غادروا وهبط عدد السكان بمقدار النصف إلى حوالي مليون. تم تعداد 597,212 ألمانيًا من خلال تحديد هويتهم في الإحصاء الروسي لعام 2002، مما جعل الألمان خامس أكبر مجموعة عرقية في ذلك البلد. كان هناك 354144 من و 21472 في قيرغيزستان (1999)؛ بينما عاش 33300 ألماني في أوكرانيا (تعداد 2001). في الإمبراطورية الروسية قبل كاثرين العظمى، كان الألمان العرقيون ممثلين بقوة بين الملوك والأرستقراطية، حيث كان النبلاء الأوروبيون مترابطون إلى حد كبير. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، شكلوا العديد من مالكي الأراضي الكبيرة، والضباط العسكريين، والمهندسين، والعلماء، والفنانين، والأطباء، والبرجوازية عمومًا، لأنه كان هناك تعليم قوي بين بعض الشعوب الألمانية. لم يتحدث الألمان الروس اللغة الروسية بالضرورة؛ تحدث العديد منهم الألمانية، في حين أن اللغة الفرنسية كانت تستخدم في كثير من الأحيان كلغة الطبقة الأرستقراطية. اعتمادًا على الجغرافيا وغيرها من الظروف، تحدث العديد من الألمان الروس اللغة الروسية كلغة أولى أو ثانية. خلال القرن التاسع عشر، بدأ العديد من المهاجرين الأوائل يتعرفوا في المقام الأول على أنهم روس، ولا سيما أثناء الحروب النابليونية وبعدها. سمح للأعداد الكبيرة من المزارعين وتجار القرى الذين وصلوا إثر دعوة كاترين العظمى بالاستقرار في القرى الألمانية فقط والحفاظ على لغتهم الألمانية ودينهم وثقافتهم حتى عشرينيات القرن العشرين. كانت تسعى لإعادة احتلال بعض المناطق التي دمرها الغزو العثماني والمرض. يتحدث الألمان الروس اليوم اللغة الروسية في الغالب لأنهم في خضم العملية التدريجية للاستيعاب. لهذا، قد لا يتحدث الكثير منهم بالضرورة الألمانية بطلاقة. كان أحد نتائج ذلك أن قامت ألمانيا مؤخرًا بتقييد هجرتها إلى تلك الدولة. تراجع عدد الألمان في الاتحاد الروسي بشكل معتدل حيث أنهم لم يعودوا يهاجرون إلى ألمانيا. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، ينتقل الألمان الكازاخستانيون من كازاخستان إلى روسيا بدلًا من ألمانيا. مع تدهور ظروف الألمان في روسيا بشكل عام في أواخر القرن التاسع عشر وأوائل القرن العشرين خلال فترة الاضطرابات والثورة، هاجر العديد من الألمان الإثنيين من روسيا إلى الأمريكتين وأماكن أخرى. هم معروفون بشكل جماعي بالألمان من روسيا. (ar) Die Geschichte der Russlanddeutschen umfasst mehrere Epochen. (de) The German minority population in Russia, Ukraine, and the Soviet Union stemmed from several sources and arrived in several waves. Since the second half of the 19th century, as a consequence of the Russification policies and compulsory military service in the Russian Empire, large groups of Germans from Russia emigrated to the Americas (mainly Canada, the United States, Brazil and Argentina), where they founded many towns. In 1914, an estimate put the remaining number of ethnic Germans living in the Russian Empire at 2,416,290. During Stalin's dictatorship, ethnic German families were decimated and deported to gulag concentration camps located in Siberia and other parts of Central Asia, leading to the genocide of Germans from Russia. In 1989, the Soviet Union declared to have an ethnic German population of roughly 2 million. By 2002, following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, many ethnic Germans had emigrated (mainly to Germany) and the population fell by half to roughly 1 million. 597,212 Germans self-identified as such in the 2002 Russian census, making Germans the fifth-largest ethnic group in the Russian Federation. There were 353,441 Germans in Kazakhstan and 21,472 in Kyrgyzstan (1999); while 33,300 Germans lived in Ukraine (2001 census). Emigrants from Germany first arrived in Kievan Russia during the reign of Olga of Kiev. Before Catherine the Great's reign (1762–1796), ethnic Germans were also already strongly represented amongst royalty and aristocracy, as the European nobility was highly interrelated. In addition, Germans had become prominent among large land-owners, military officers, and the upper echelons of the imperial service, engineers, scientists, artists, physicians, and the bourgeoisie in general, because there was strong education among some of the German peoples. The Germans of Russia did not necessarily speak Russian; many spoke German, while French was often used as the language of the high aristocracy. Depending on geography and other circumstances, many Russian Germans spoke Russian as their first or second language. During the 19th century many of the early immigrants began to identify primarily as Russians, particularly during and after the Napoleonic Wars of 1803-1815. The large numbers of farmers and village tradesmen who arrived following Catherine the Great's invitation were allowed to settle in German-only villages and to keep their German language, religion, and culture until the 1920s. She was seeking to repopulate some areas devastated by Ottoman invasions and by disease. Today's Russian Germans speak mostly Russian, as they are in the gradual process of assimilation. As such, many may not necessarily be fluent in German. Consequently, Germany has recently strictly limited their re-patriation. A decline in the number of Germans in the Russian Federation has moderated as they are no longer emigrating to Germany. In addition, Kazakhstan Germans from Kazakhstan are moving to Russia rather than Germany. As conditions for Germans in Russia generally deteriorated in the late 19th-century and early 20th-century during the period of unrest and revolution, many ethnic Germans migrated from Russia to the Americas and elsewhere. They became collectively known as Germans from Russia. (en)
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dbp:group Germans in Russia (en) Russlanddeutsche (en) Российские немцы (en)
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dbp:population ~3 million (en)
dbp:relatedC Volga Germans, Germans in Kazakhstan, Baltic Germans, Germans from Russia, Estonian Swedes (en)
dbp:religions Currently: (en) Historically: (en) Lutheran majority (en) Catholic minority (en) Irreligious majority (en) Lutheran, Baptist, Pentecostal and Catholic minorities (en)
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rdfs:comment Dějiny ruských Němců, tzn. osob německé národnosti žijících na ruském území, je možné rozdělit na několik epoch: (cs) Die Geschichte der Russlanddeutschen umfasst mehrere Epochen. (de) نشأت الأقلية الألمانية في روسيا وأوكرانيا والاتحاد السوفيتي من عدة مصادر وفي عدة موجات. في تعداد عام 1914 بلغ عدد الألمان الذين يعيشون في الإمبراطورية الروسية في 241690. في عام 1989، كان عدد السكان العرقيين الألمان في الاتحاد السوفيتي حوالي 2 مليون. بحلول عام 2002، في أعقاب انهيار الاتحاد السوفيتي، كان العديد من الألمان العرقيين قد غادروا وهبط عدد السكان بمقدار النصف إلى حوالي مليون. تم تعداد 597,212 ألمانيًا من خلال تحديد هويتهم في الإحصاء الروسي لعام 2002، مما جعل الألمان خامس أكبر مجموعة عرقية في ذلك البلد. كان هناك 354144 من و 21472 في قيرغيزستان (1999)؛ بينما عاش 33300 ألماني في أوكرانيا (تعداد 2001). (ar) The German minority population in Russia, Ukraine, and the Soviet Union stemmed from several sources and arrived in several waves. Since the second half of the 19th century, as a consequence of the Russification policies and compulsory military service in the Russian Empire, large groups of Germans from Russia emigrated to the Americas (mainly Canada, the United States, Brazil and Argentina), where they founded many towns. In 1914, an estimate put the remaining number of ethnic Germans living in the Russian Empire at 2,416,290. During Stalin's dictatorship, ethnic German families were decimated and deported to gulag concentration camps located in Siberia and other parts of Central Asia, leading to the genocide of Germans from Russia. In 1989, the Soviet Union declared to have an ethnic Ger (en)
rdfs:label تاريخ الألمان في روسيا وأوكرانيا والاتحاد السوفيتي (ar) Dějiny ruských Němců (cs) Geschichte der Russlanddeutschen (de) History of Germans in Russia, Ukraine, and the Soviet Union (en)
rdfs:seeAlso dbr:The_Soviet_Union dbr:Olędrzy dbr:Soviet–German_relations_before_1941
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