History of Sumer (original) (raw)
الحضارة السومرية هي حضارة لمجموعات بشرية في جنوب شرق الهلال الخصيب (بلاد سومر) في العراق اليوم، خلال الألف الرابع قبل الميلاد، سمى السومريون بلادهم كن-جير (ken-gi) ولغتهم إمِ-جير ("eme-gir")، والتسمية شومر (سومر) هي تسمية أكادية لمنطقة جنوب العراق وسكانها، والتي تكرس استخدامها، من قبل الباحثين، مع إعادة اكتشاف الكتابة واللغة والثقافة السومرية، في القرن التاسع عشر الميلادي.
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| dbo:abstract | الحضارة السومرية هي حضارة لمجموعات بشرية في جنوب شرق الهلال الخصيب (بلاد سومر) في العراق اليوم، خلال الألف الرابع قبل الميلاد، سمى السومريون بلادهم كن-جير (ken-gi) ولغتهم إمِ-جير ("eme-gir")، والتسمية شومر (سومر) هي تسمية أكادية لمنطقة جنوب العراق وسكانها، والتي تكرس استخدامها، من قبل الباحثين، مع إعادة اكتشاف الكتابة واللغة والثقافة السومرية، في القرن التاسع عشر الميلادي. (ar) The history of Sumer spans the 5th to 3rd millennia BCE in southern Mesopotamia, and is taken to include the prehistoric Ubaid and Uruk periods. Sumer was the region's earliest known civilization and ended with the downfall of the Third Dynasty of Ur around 2004 BCE. It was followed by a transitional period of Amorite states before the rise of Babylonia in the 18th century BCE. The oldest known settlement in southern Mesopotamia is Tell el-'Oueili. The Sumerians claimed that their civilization had been brought, fully formed, to the city of Eridu by their god Enki or by his advisor (or Abgallu from ab=water, gal=big, lu=man), Adapa U-an (the Oannes of Berossus). The first people at Eridu brought with them the Samarra culture from northern Mesopotamia and are identified with the Ubaid period, but it is not known whether or not these were Sumerians (associated later with the Uruk period). (en) Sejarah Sumeria merupakan prasejarah yang diambil untuk memasukkan periode-periode Ubaid dan Uruk, terbentang pada milenium ke-5 sampai ke-3 SM, yang berakhir dengan jatuhnya Dinasti Ketiga Ur pada sekitar tahun 2004 SM, diikuti oleh periode transisi negara-negara Amori sebelum bangkitnya Babilonia pada abad ke-18 SM. Pemukiman pertama di selatan Mesopotamia adalah Eridu. Bangsa Sumeria menyatakan bahwa peradaban mereka telah dibawa, terbentuk sepenuhnya, ke kota Eridu oleh dewa mereka Enki atau oleh penasihatnya (atau Abgallu dari ab=air, gal=besar, lu=orang), ( dari Berosus). Orang pertama di Eridu membawa serta budaya Samarra dari Mesopotamia utara dan dikenali dengan periode Ubaid, tetapi tidak diketahui apakah ini adalah bangsa Sumeria (kemudian dikaitkan dengan periode Uruk). Daftar Raja Sumeria adalah teks kuno di dalam Bahasa Sumeria yang mendaftarkan raja-raja Sumeria, termasuk beberapa dinasti asing. Beberapa dinasti sebelumnya mungkin mitos; tidak terbuka sebelum penguasa arkeologis pertama dibuktikan, Enmebaragesi (skt. 2600 SM), sementara dugaan dan interpretasi dapat bervariasi untuk peristiwa-peristiwa sebelumnya. Dinasti paling terkenal, yaitu Lagash, dihilangkan dari daftar raja. (in) La storia dei Sumeri inizia attorno al quarto millennio a.C. (Il nome Sumeri deriva da Sumer). I Sumeri sostenevano che la loro civiltà fosse stata portata, già completamente formata, alla città di Eridu (probabilmente da Dilmun, identificato in seguito con l'attuale Bahrein) dal loro dio Enki o dal suo aiutante Adapa (chiamato Oannes da Berosso).Questa rivendicazione forse deriva dal fatto che Eridu si trovava allora sulla linea costiera del golfo Persico ed era la più antica città della Mesopotamia meridionale. Per quanto riguarda la ricostruzione cronologica delle più antiche dinastie sumeriche, ci possiamo basare sulla Lista reale sumerica, un documento che contiene i nomi dei re delle antiche dinastie; tuttavia molti nomi sono probabilmente mitici e soltanto alcuni di essi sono stati autenticati attraverso gli scavi archeologici. Oltretutto la dinastia a noi oggi più nota, quella di Lagash, non viene nemmeno menzionata. Alcuni studiosi ritengono che le città sumere abbiano inizialmente avuto una semplice “democrazia” dove tutti i cittadini potevano votare. Essi potevano persino votare se iniziare o meno una guerra. Si ritiene che il re (lugal) inizialmente fosse scelto da un consiglio di cittadini soltanto in tempo di guerra. Con il termine “Dinastia” per la storia sumerica, non si intende un insieme di sovrani appartenenti a una stessa famiglia, ma più in generale una successione di re che governarono una città. I titoli che i sovrani sumeri hanno usato sono vari: ensi (governante), lugal (re) o en (signore, con implicazioni religiose). Il termine lugal fu usato soprattutto per sovrani che controllavano più di una città-stato ed ensi per coloro che governavano una sola città, come vassallo o come figura indipendente. Il termine en fu usato nei periodi più antichi e più tardi per indicare i sommi sacerdoti delle varie città. (it) A História da Suméria, onde se incluem os períodos pré-históricos do período de al-Ubaid e do período de Uruque, abrange por volta do quinto milênio a.C. até o terceiro milênio a.C., terminando com a queda da Terceira dinastia de Ur por volta de 2 004 a.C., seguido por um período de transição dos estados amorita antes do surgimento da Babilônia no século XVIII a.C.. O primeiro assentamento no sul da Mesopotâmia foi Eridu. Os Sumérios acreditavam que sua civilização foi trazida, totalmente formada, para a cidade de Eridu por seu Deus Enqui ou por seu conselheiro (ou Abgallu, de ab=água, gal=grande, lu=homem), Adapa U-an (chamado "Oannes" por Beroso). As primeiras pessoas que colonizaram Eridu trouxeram consigo a cultura Samarra do norte da Mesopotâmia e são identificados com o período de al-Ubaide, mas não se sabe até que pontos estes primeiros colonos eram sumérios (associados posteriormente com o período de Uruque. A Lista Real Sumeriana é antigo texto sumério em língua suméria, com escrita cuneiforme, listando os reis da Suméria e de dinastias estrangeiras. Algumas das dinastias mais antigas são descritas em termos míticos; e apenas alguns dos nomes antigos foram autenticados através da arqueologia. A dinastia mais bem conhecida, a de Lagaxe, não e citada. (pt) |
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| dbp:caption | Gudea of Lagash, circa 2100 BCE (en) Votive relief of Ur-Nanshe, king of Lagash, representing the bird-god Anzu as a lion-headed eagle. Alabaster, Early Dynastic III ; found in Telloh, ancient city of Girsu (en) |
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| rdfs:comment | الحضارة السومرية هي حضارة لمجموعات بشرية في جنوب شرق الهلال الخصيب (بلاد سومر) في العراق اليوم، خلال الألف الرابع قبل الميلاد، سمى السومريون بلادهم كن-جير (ken-gi) ولغتهم إمِ-جير ("eme-gir")، والتسمية شومر (سومر) هي تسمية أكادية لمنطقة جنوب العراق وسكانها، والتي تكرس استخدامها، من قبل الباحثين، مع إعادة اكتشاف الكتابة واللغة والثقافة السومرية، في القرن التاسع عشر الميلادي. (ar) The history of Sumer spans the 5th to 3rd millennia BCE in southern Mesopotamia, and is taken to include the prehistoric Ubaid and Uruk periods. Sumer was the region's earliest known civilization and ended with the downfall of the Third Dynasty of Ur around 2004 BCE. It was followed by a transitional period of Amorite states before the rise of Babylonia in the 18th century BCE. (en) Sejarah Sumeria merupakan prasejarah yang diambil untuk memasukkan periode-periode Ubaid dan Uruk, terbentang pada milenium ke-5 sampai ke-3 SM, yang berakhir dengan jatuhnya Dinasti Ketiga Ur pada sekitar tahun 2004 SM, diikuti oleh periode transisi negara-negara Amori sebelum bangkitnya Babilonia pada abad ke-18 SM. (in) La storia dei Sumeri inizia attorno al quarto millennio a.C. (Il nome Sumeri deriva da Sumer). I Sumeri sostenevano che la loro civiltà fosse stata portata, già completamente formata, alla città di Eridu (probabilmente da Dilmun, identificato in seguito con l'attuale Bahrein) dal loro dio Enki o dal suo aiutante Adapa (chiamato Oannes da Berosso).Questa rivendicazione forse deriva dal fatto che Eridu si trovava allora sulla linea costiera del golfo Persico ed era la più antica città della Mesopotamia meridionale. (it) A História da Suméria, onde se incluem os períodos pré-históricos do período de al-Ubaid e do período de Uruque, abrange por volta do quinto milênio a.C. até o terceiro milênio a.C., terminando com a queda da Terceira dinastia de Ur por volta de 2 004 a.C., seguido por um período de transição dos estados amorita antes do surgimento da Babilônia no século XVIII a.C.. O primeiro assentamento no sul da Mesopotâmia foi Eridu. Os Sumérios acreditavam que sua civilização foi trazida, totalmente formada, para a cidade de Eridu por seu Deus Enqui ou por seu conselheiro (ou Abgallu, de ab=água, gal=grande, lu=homem), Adapa U-an (chamado "Oannes" por Beroso). As primeiras pessoas que colonizaram Eridu trouxeram consigo a cultura Samarra do norte da Mesopotâmia e são identificados com o período de al (pt) |
| rdfs:label | تاريخ سومر (ar) History of Sumer (en) Sejarah Sumeria (in) Storia dei Sumeri (it) História da Suméria (pt) |
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