Liquid rocket propellant (original) (raw)
En astronautique, on appelle propergol liquide tout système chimique composé d'un ou plusieurs ergols stockés à l'état liquide pour produire, par décomposition ou par combustion, un mélange gazeux dont la détente à travers une tuyère fournit une force de poussée. De tels propergols ne permettent pas d'atteindre des vitesses très élevées mais offrent une poussée suffisante pendant le temps nécessaire pour s'affranchir de la pesanteur et placer des charges utiles en orbite. Ils sont donc couramment utilisés pour fournir l'impulsion nécessaire au décollage des lanceurs et pour les manœuvrer dans l'espace.
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| dbo:abstract | The highest specific impulse chemical rockets use liquid propellants (liquid-propellant rockets). They can consist of a single chemical (a monopropellant) or a mix of two chemicals, called bipropellants. Bipropellants can further be divided into two categories; hypergolic propellants, which ignite when the fuel and oxidizer make contact, and non-hypergolic propellants which require an ignition source. About 170 different propellants made of liquid fuel have been tested, excluding minor changes to a specific propellant such as propellant additives, corrosion inhibitors, or stabilizers. In the U.S. alone at least 25 different propellant combinations have been flown. As of 2020, no completely new propellant has been used since the mid-1970s. Many factors go into choosing a propellant for a liquid-propellant rocket engine. The primary factors include ease of operation, cost, hazards/environment and performance. (en) Los cohetes químicos de impulsos específicos más altos (cohetes de propulsores líquido) utilizan propelentes de combustible líquido . Aproximadamente 170 propulsores líquidos diferentes han sido sometidos a pruebas de laboratorio. Esta estimación excluye cambios menores a un propulsor específico tales como aditivos propulsores, inhibidores de corrosión o estabilizantes. En los Estados Unidos solo se han hecho al menos 25 combinaciones de propulsantes diferentes. Sin embargo, no ha habido un propulsor completamente nuevo usado en vuelo durante casi 30 años. Muchos factores entran en la elección de un propelente para un motor de cohete de propulsor líquido. Los factores principales incluyen la facilidad de operación, costo, peligros / ambiente y funcionamiento. Los bipropelentes pueden ser propulsores hipergólicos o no hipergólicos. Una combinación hipergólica de oxidante y combustible comenzará a quemarse al contacto. Un no hipergólico necesita una fuente de ignición. (es) En astronautique, on appelle propergol liquide tout système chimique composé d'un ou plusieurs ergols stockés à l'état liquide pour produire, par décomposition ou par combustion, un mélange gazeux dont la détente à travers une tuyère fournit une force de poussée. De tels propergols ne permettent pas d'atteindre des vitesses très élevées mais offrent une poussée suffisante pendant le temps nécessaire pour s'affranchir de la pesanteur et placer des charges utiles en orbite. Ils sont donc couramment utilisés pour fournir l'impulsion nécessaire au décollage des lanceurs et pour les manœuvrer dans l'espace. (fr) Un propellente liquido è una sostanza chimica allo stato liquido che viene usata per la propulsione di un razzo. Alcuni propellenti sono allo stato liquido a temperatura ambiente (es. kerosene), altri mantengono lo stato liquido solo a temperature molto basse; questi ultimi vengono detti pertanto propellenti criogenici. A seconda del numero di componenti, i propellenti liquidi si distinguono in monopropellenti, bipropellenti e tripropellenti. I bipropellenti sono i più comunemente usati e sono costituiti da un combustibile che brucia in presenza di un ossidante; i due componenti vengono stoccati in serbatoi diversi e si mescolano nella camera di combustione. Come combustibili vengono usati principalmente l'idrogeno liquido, l'idrazina e alcuni idrocarburi come il kerosene, mentre gli ossidanti sono costituiti da ossigeno liquido, fluoro, acido nitrico e tetrossido di diazoto. Le principali combinazioni usate sono: kerosene/ossigeno liquido, idrogeno liquido/ossigeno liquido e idrazina/tetrossido di azoto. I monopropellenti non hanno invece bisogno di un ossidante, perché vengono fatti passare attraverso un catalizzatore che ne provoca la decomposizione con relativa produzione di gas caldo. La combustione generata dai monopropellenti non raggiunge temperature molto elevate, per cui non è necessario un sistema di raffreddamento come nel caso dei bipropellenti. I monopropellenti vengono preferiti nei piccoli motori per il controllo di assetto di satelliti artificiali e veicoli spaziali. Le principali sostanze usate come monopropellenti sono l'idrazina, il perossido di idrogeno e l'ossido di diazoto. Nei sistemi a tripropellenti si usano litio e fluoro insieme a idrogeno liquido. Tale sistema presenta il vantaggio di una maggiore efficienza ma anche parecchie difficoltà, perché: i componenti si conservano a temperature differenti (alte per il litio, basse per l'idrogeno); i gas di scarico formano fluoruro di idrogeno che è molto tossico; litio e fluoro sono corrosivi ed anche costosi. Per tali motivi i sistemi a tripropellente non vengono praticamente usati. (it) 具有最高比冲的化学火箭使用液体推进剂，称为液体火箭。可分为单组元推进剂（如液化气体），（进一步分为与非自燃需要点火的推进剂）。此外，还有三组元推进剂。 大约有170种不同的推进剂被研发过，不含对推进剂的小的改型如添加剂、抗腐蚀物质、稳定剂等。美国对至少25种推进剂做过燃烧试验。 近30年来没有新的类型推进剂被使用。影响选择推进剂的最主要因素是易用性、成本、危险/环境与性能指标。 (zh) |
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| rdfs:comment | En astronautique, on appelle propergol liquide tout système chimique composé d'un ou plusieurs ergols stockés à l'état liquide pour produire, par décomposition ou par combustion, un mélange gazeux dont la détente à travers une tuyère fournit une force de poussée. De tels propergols ne permettent pas d'atteindre des vitesses très élevées mais offrent une poussée suffisante pendant le temps nécessaire pour s'affranchir de la pesanteur et placer des charges utiles en orbite. Ils sont donc couramment utilisés pour fournir l'impulsion nécessaire au décollage des lanceurs et pour les manœuvrer dans l'espace. (fr) 具有最高比冲的化学火箭使用液体推进剂，称为液体火箭。可分为单组元推进剂（如液化气体），（进一步分为与非自燃需要点火的推进剂）。此外，还有三组元推进剂。 大约有170种不同的推进剂被研发过，不含对推进剂的小的改型如添加剂、抗腐蚀物质、稳定剂等。美国对至少25种推进剂做过燃烧试验。 近30年来没有新的类型推进剂被使用。影响选择推进剂的最主要因素是易用性、成本、危险/环境与性能指标。 (zh) Los cohetes químicos de impulsos específicos más altos (cohetes de propulsores líquido) utilizan propelentes de combustible líquido . Aproximadamente 170 propulsores líquidos diferentes han sido sometidos a pruebas de laboratorio. Esta estimación excluye cambios menores a un propulsor específico tales como aditivos propulsores, inhibidores de corrosión o estabilizantes. En los Estados Unidos solo se han hecho al menos 25 combinaciones de propulsantes diferentes. Sin embargo, no ha habido un propulsor completamente nuevo usado en vuelo durante casi 30 años. Muchos factores entran en la elección de un propelente para un motor de cohete de propulsor líquido. Los factores principales incluyen la facilidad de operación, costo, peligros / ambiente y funcionamiento. Los bipropelentes pueden se (es) The highest specific impulse chemical rockets use liquid propellants (liquid-propellant rockets). They can consist of a single chemical (a monopropellant) or a mix of two chemicals, called bipropellants. Bipropellants can further be divided into two categories; hypergolic propellants, which ignite when the fuel and oxidizer make contact, and non-hypergolic propellants which require an ignition source. Many factors go into choosing a propellant for a liquid-propellant rocket engine. The primary factors include ease of operation, cost, hazards/environment and performance. (en) Un propellente liquido è una sostanza chimica allo stato liquido che viene usata per la propulsione di un razzo. Alcuni propellenti sono allo stato liquido a temperatura ambiente (es. kerosene), altri mantengono lo stato liquido solo a temperature molto basse; questi ultimi vengono detti pertanto propellenti criogenici. A seconda del numero di componenti, i propellenti liquidi si distinguono in monopropellenti, bipropellenti e tripropellenti. (it) |
| rdfs:label | Propelente líquido de cohetes (es) Propergol liquide (fr) Liquid rocket propellant (en) Propellente liquido (it) 液体火箭推进剂 (zh) |
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