Islamization of Albania (original) (raw)
- جرت أسلمة ألبانيا نتيجة للحكم العثماني لها في أواخر القرن الرابع عشر. أدخل العثمانيون عبر إدارتهم وجيشهم الإسلام إلى ألبانيا من خلال السياسات المختلفة والحوافز الضريبية، وشبكات التجارة والروابط الدينية العابرة للحدود الوطنية. في بضعة القرون الأولى من الحكم العثماني، كان انتشار الإسلام في ألبانيا بطيئًا اشتد بصورة رئيسية خلال القرنين السابع عشر والثامن عشر بسبب تزايد التكامل الاجتماعي والعسكري العثماني، والعوامل الجغرافية السياسية وانهيار البنى الكنسية. كان واحدًا من أكثر التطورات أهمية في التاريخ الألباني إذ تحول الألبان في ألبانيا من غالبية سكانية مسيحية (كاثوليك وأرثوذكس) إلى غالبية مسلمة (سنة وبكتاش وبعض الطوائف الأخرى)، مع الاحتفاظ بأقليات إثنية ألبانية مسيحية بارزة في مناطق معينة. لعب الوضع الناتج حيث كان الإسلام السنّي المعتقد الأكبر في المنطقة الإثنية اللغوية الألبانية مع وجود معتقدات أخرى معه في خليط إقليمي دور تأثير رئيسي في تشكيل التطور السياسي لألبانيا في أواخر الفترة العثمانية. في معزل عن التغييرات الدينية، سبب اعتناق الإسلام تحولات اجتماعية وثقافية أخرى شكلت الألبان والثقافة الألبانية وأثرت فيهم. خلال القرنين السادس عشر والثامن عشر، أُجبر المسيحيون الألبان على التحول إلى الإسلام من خلال العنف الفج، والمضايقات وزيادة الضرائب من قبل العثمانيين. أشعلت هذه المعاملة شرارة الثورات الألبانية التي قامت في أعوام 1433 – 1439، 1452، 1480 – 1481، 1506 – 1507، 1519 – 1520، 1594، 1601 – 1602، 1621، 1614، 1618، 1683 – 1684، 1737، 1833 – 1839، 1844، و1850. رغم محافظة الألبان على ثقافة مسيحية متخفية، عُرفت باسم «لارامان»، واجه أولئك الذين حاولوا العودة إلى المسيحية، بتشجيع من البابا كليمنت الحادي عشر، عقوبة الموت وفقًا للقانون العثماني. في نهاية المطاف، تجاوز الألبان بقية المجموعات البلقانية في الطبقة والنفوذ ضمن الحكم العثماني مما أكسبهم مكانة بارزة، على الرغم من قلة عددهم. (ar)
- Ο εξισλαμισμός της Αλβανίας συνέβη ως αποτέλεσμα της οθωμανικής κατάκτησης της Αλβανίας στα τέλη του 14ου αιώνα. Οι Οθωμανοί μέσω της διοίκησης και του στρατού τους έφεραν το Ισλάμ στην Αλβανία μέσω διαφόρων πολιτικών και φορολογικών κινήτρων, εμπορικών δικτύων και διεθνικών θρησκευτικών δεσμών. Κατά τους πρώτους αιώνες της οθωμανικής κυριαρχίας, η εξάπλωση του Ισλάμ στην Αλβανία ήταν αργή και εντατικοποιήθηκε κυρίως κατά τον δέκατο έβδομο και δέκατο όγδοο αιώνα, εν μέρει λόγω της μεγαλύτερης οθωμανικής κοινωνικής και στρατιωτικής ολοκλήρωσης, γεωπολιτικών παραγόντων και κατάρρευσης των εκκλησιαστικών δομών. Ήταν μια από τις πιο σημαντικές εξελίξεις στην ιστορία της Αλβανίας, καθώς οι Αλβανοί στην Αλβανία μεταστράφηκαν από το να είναι ένας κυρίως χριστιανικός (Καθολικός και Ορθόδοξος) πληθυσμός σε έναν που είναι κυρίως Μουσουλμάνοι (Σουνίτες, Μπεκτασήδες και κάποιες άλλες αιρέσεις), διατηρώντας παράλληλα σημαντικές αλβανικές χριστιανικές μειονότητες σε ορισμένες περιοχές. Η προκύπτουσα κατάσταση όπου το Σουνιτικό Ισλάμ ήταν το μεγαλύτερο ποσοστό στον αλβανικό εθνογλωσσολογικό χώρο, αλλά και οι άλλες θρησκείες υπήρχαν επίσης σε ένα περιφερειακό συνονθύλευμα έπαιξε σημαντική επιρροή στη διαμόρφωση της πολιτικής ανάπτυξης της Αλβανίας στα τέλη της Οθωμανικής περιόδου. Εκτός από τις θρησκευτικές αλλαγές, η μεταστροφή στο Ισλάμ επέφερε επίσης άλλους κοινωνικούς και πολιτιστικούς μετασχηματισμούς, που διαμόρφωσαν και επηρέασαν τους Αλβανούς και τον αλβανικό πολιτισμό. Κατά τη διάρκεια του 16ου και του 18ου αιώνα, οι χριστιανοί Αλβανοί μεταστράφηκαν επίσης στο Ισλάμ με σκληρή βία, παρενόχληση και αυξημένους φόρους από τους Οθωμανούς. Αυτή η μεταχείριση πυροδότησε τις αλβανικές εξεγέρσεις των 1433-1439, 1452, 1480-81, 1506-07, 1519-20, 1594, 1601-02, 1621, 1614, 1618, 1683-84, 1737, 1833-39, 1844 και 1850 . Αν και οι Αλβανοί διατήρησαν μια κρυπτοχριστιανική κουλτούρα, γνωστή ως «Λαραμάνοι», όσοι προσπάθησαν να επιστρέψουν στον χριστιανισμό, ενθαρρυνόμενοι από τον Πάπα Κλήμη ΙΑ', αντιμετώπισαν τη θανατική ποινή σύμφωνα με τον οθωμανικό νόμο. Τελικά, οι Αλβανοί ξεπέρασαν άλλες βαλκανικές ομάδες στην οθωμανική κυρίαρχη τάξη και επιρροή αποκτώντας έτσι κυρίαρχη θέση, παρά το γεγονός ότι ήταν λίγοι σε αριθμό. (el)
- The Islamization of Albania occurred as a result of the Ottoman conquest of the region beginning in 1385. The Ottomans through their administration and military brought Islam to Albania through various policies and tax incentives, trade networks and transnational religious links. In the first few centuries of Ottoman rule, the spread of Islam in Albania was slow and mainly intensified during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries due in part to greater Ottoman societal and military integration, geo-political factors and collapse of church structures. It was one of the most significant developments in Albanian history as Albanians in Albania went from being a largely Christian (Catholic and Orthodox) population to one that is mainly Sunni Muslim, while retaining significant ethnic Albanian Christian minorities in certain regions. The resulting situation where Sunni Islam was the largest faith in the Albanian ethnolinguistic area, but other faiths were also present in a regional patchwork, played a major influence in shaping the political development of Albania in the late Ottoman period. Apart from religious changes, conversion to Islam also brought about other social and cultural transformations that have shaped and influenced Albanians and Albanian culture. (en)
- L'islamizzazione dell'Albania avvenne in seguito alla conquista ottomana della regione avviata nel 1385. Gli ottomani tramite la loro amministrazione e le loro forze armate portarono l'Islam in Albania attraverso le varie politiche e incentivi fiscali, le reti commerciali e i legami religiosi transnazionali. Nei primi secoli di dominio ottomano, la diffusione dell'Islam in Albania fu lenta e si intensificò principalmente durante il XVII e il XVIII secolo a causa, in parte, della maggiore integrazione sociale e militare ottomana, ai fattori geopolitici e al crollo delle strutture ecclesiastiche. Fu uno degli sviluppi più significativi nella storia albanese poiché gli albanesi in Albania passarono dall'essere una popolazione in gran parte cristiana (cattolica e ortodossa) a una popolazione principalmente musulmana sunnita, pur mantenendo significative minoranze cristiane etniche albanesi in alcune regioni. La situazione risultante fu che l'Islam sunnita divenne la più grande fede nell'area etnolinguistica albanese. Tuttavia anche altre fedi rimasero presenti in un mosaico regionale che giocò una grande influenza nel plasmare lo sviluppo politico dell'Albania nel tardo periodo ottomano. Oltre ai cambiamenti religiosi, la conversione all'Islam portò anche ad altre trasformazioni sociali e culturali che plasmarono e influenzarono gli albanesi e la cultura albanese. (it)
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- Bachelors' Mosque and Hysen Pasha Mosque in Berat. . (en)
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- جرت أسلمة ألبانيا نتيجة للحكم العثماني لها في أواخر القرن الرابع عشر. أدخل العثمانيون عبر إدارتهم وجيشهم الإسلام إلى ألبانيا من خلال السياسات المختلفة والحوافز الضريبية، وشبكات التجارة والروابط الدينية العابرة للحدود الوطنية. في بضعة القرون الأولى من الحكم العثماني، كان انتشار الإسلام في ألبانيا بطيئًا اشتد بصورة رئيسية خلال القرنين السابع عشر والثامن عشر بسبب تزايد التكامل الاجتماعي والعسكري العثماني، والعوامل الجغرافية السياسية وانهيار البنى الكنسية. كان واحدًا من أكثر التطورات أهمية في التاريخ الألباني إذ تحول الألبان في ألبانيا من غالبية سكانية مسيحية (كاثوليك وأرثوذكس) إلى غالبية مسلمة (سنة وبكتاش وبعض الطوائف الأخرى)، مع الاحتفاظ بأقليات إثنية ألبانية مسيحية بارزة في مناطق معينة. لعب الوضع الناتج حيث كان الإسلام السنّي المعتقد الأكبر في المنطقة الإثنية اللغوية الألبانية مع وجود معتقد (ar)
- Ο εξισλαμισμός της Αλβανίας συνέβη ως αποτέλεσμα της οθωμανικής κατάκτησης της Αλβανίας στα τέλη του 14ου αιώνα. Οι Οθωμανοί μέσω της διοίκησης και του στρατού τους έφεραν το Ισλάμ στην Αλβανία μέσω διαφόρων πολιτικών και φορολογικών κινήτρων, εμπορικών δικτύων και διεθνικών θρησκευτικών δεσμών. Κατά τους πρώτους αιώνες της οθωμανικής κυριαρχίας, η εξάπλωση του Ισλάμ στην Αλβανία ήταν αργή και εντατικοποιήθηκε κυρίως κατά τον δέκατο έβδομο και δέκατο όγδοο αιώνα, εν μέρει λόγω της μεγαλύτερης οθωμανικής κοινωνικής και στρατιωτικής ολοκλήρωσης, γεωπολιτικών παραγόντων και κατάρρευσης των εκκλησιαστικών δομών. Ήταν μια από τις πιο σημαντικές εξελίξεις στην ιστορία της Αλβανίας, καθώς οι Αλβανοί στην Αλβανία μεταστράφηκαν από το να είναι ένας κυρίως χριστιανικός (Καθολικός και Ορθόδοξος) πληθ (el)
- The Islamization of Albania occurred as a result of the Ottoman conquest of the region beginning in 1385. The Ottomans through their administration and military brought Islam to Albania through various policies and tax incentives, trade networks and transnational religious links. In the first few centuries of Ottoman rule, the spread of Islam in Albania was slow and mainly intensified during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries due in part to greater Ottoman societal and military integration, geo-political factors and collapse of church structures. It was one of the most significant developments in Albanian history as Albanians in Albania went from being a largely Christian (Catholic and Orthodox) population to one that is mainly Sunni Muslim, while retaining significant ethnic Albania (en)
- L'islamizzazione dell'Albania avvenne in seguito alla conquista ottomana della regione avviata nel 1385. Gli ottomani tramite la loro amministrazione e le loro forze armate portarono l'Islam in Albania attraverso le varie politiche e incentivi fiscali, le reti commerciali e i legami religiosi transnazionali. Nei primi secoli di dominio ottomano, la diffusione dell'Islam in Albania fu lenta e si intensificò principalmente durante il XVII e il XVIII secolo a causa, in parte, della maggiore integrazione sociale e militare ottomana, ai fattori geopolitici e al crollo delle strutture ecclesiastiche. (it)
is dbo:wikiPageWikiLink of
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