Turkification (original) (raw)
- التتريك هو مفهوم يطلق على عملية تحويل أشخاص ومناطق جغرافية من ثقافاتها الأصلية إلى التركية بطريقة قسرية أي بالإكراه أو الإجبار والقهر غالبًا. (ar)
- Die Türkisierung der Türkei bezeichnet den Vorgang der Durchdringung Anatoliens und Thrakiens durch die türkische Kultur und Sprache seit dem 11. Jahrhundert. Türkisierung bezeichnet ferner Versuche und Maßnahmen zur Assimilation anderer Ethnien seit dem Aufkommen des türkischen Nationalismus. Besonders betroffen waren hier die Kurden, deren Existenz bis in die 1990er Jahre hinein geleugnet wurde. (de)
- Turkifikasi atau Turkisasi (bahasa Turki: Türkleştirme) adalah suatu perubahan budaya yang terjadi ketika suatu populasi atau negara memutuskan untuk mengadopsi budaya Turk, seperti yang telah terjadi di Kesultanan Utsmaniyah. Turkifikasi telah terjadi baik secara sukarela maupun melalui paksaan seiring dengan meluasnya negara-negara Turk. Kelompok-kelompok yang dipengaruhi oleh proses Turkifikasi adalah orang-orang Anatolia, Balkan, Kaukasus dan Timur Tengah dengan berbagai macam latar belakang etnis, seperti orang Albania, Arab, Armenia, Asiria, Adyghe, Georgia, Yunani, Yahudi, Rom, Slavia, serta orang-orang Kurdi dan Laz. Kelompok-kelompok ini mengalami Turkifikasi pada masa Kesultanan Utsmaniyah. Proses Turkifikasi sendiri pertama kali terjadi pada masa Kerajaan Seljuk. Penduduk setempat di Anatolia melakukan pernikahan campur dengan orang-orang Turk, pindah agama menjadi Muslim dan menguasai bahasa Turk. Hasilnya dapat dilihat dari genetika orang-orang Turki modern di Anatolia. (in)
- La turquisation, turcisation, turquification, ou turcification (en turc : türkleştirme) est un processus d'assimilation culturelle violente ou non des populations non turques à la culture turque au contact des peuples turcs, originaires d'Asie de l'Est. (fr)
- Turkification, Turkization, or Turkicization (Turkish: Türkleştirme) describes a shift whereby populations or places received or adopted Turkic attributes such as culture, language, history, or ethnicity. However, often this term is more narrowly applied to mean specifically Turkish rather than merely Turkic, therefore referring to the Ottoman Empire, and the Turkish nationalist policies of the Republic of Turkey toward ethnic minorities in Turkey. As the Turkic states developed and grew, there were many instances of this cultural shift. The earliest instance of Turkification took place in Central Asia, when by the 6th century AD migration of Turkic tribes from Inner Asia caused a language shift among the Iranian peoples of the area. Also, by the 8th century AD, Turkification of Kashgar was completed by Qarluq Turks, who also Islamized the population. Turkification of Anatolia occurred in the time of the Seljuk Empire and Sultanate of Rum, when Anatolia had been a diverse and largely Greek-speaking region after previously being Hellenized. (en)
- Turchizzazione (Turco: Türkleşme quando è volontaria; Türkleştirme quando è forzata) è un processo di assimilazione culturale nel quale qualcuno che non è etnicamente Turco lo diventa, volontariamente o involontariamente. Questo è accaduto per le popolazioni anatoliche, balcaniche, caucasiche, vicino-orientali e mediorientali di differenti origini etniche, compresi gli Albanesi, le popolazioni arabe, gli Armeni, i Greci, i Valacchi, gli ebrei, i Rom, e varie popolazioni slave (come i Croati, Serbi, Bosgnacchi, Bulgari e Pomacchi), Iranici (Curdi, Zaza), e anche Georgiani Laz, da tutte le regioni dell'Impero ottomano e dell'Iran. Secoli prima, dal VI secolo d.C., tale processo coinvolse le genti iraniche dell'Asia centrale, portando alla scomparsa di diverse lingue tra cui il sogdiano e il corasmio sostituiti dalla turcica lingua uzbeka, la lingua scita sostituita dalla lingua kazaka e le lingue saka del Bacino del Tarim sostituite dalla lingua uigura. La turchizzazione delle genti iraniche dell'asia centrale coincise in parte con la loro islamizzazione, processo che comunque era gia stato avviato dagli arabi e proseguito dalle varie dinastie iraniche durante il X secolo (noto come "intermezzo iranico") a detrimento di mazdeismo e buddhismo, quest'ultimo diffuso principalmente in afghanistan settentrionale e tajikistan meridionale (Battriana). Mentre nel V sec. d.C. l'intera asia centrale era abitata da genti iraniche, ad oggi il solo tajikistan è di lingua iranica mentre tutti gli altri paesi sono di una lingua turcica. Le principali formazioni statali responsabili della turchizzazione in asia centrale furono i karakhanidi, turchi di ceppo Qarluq, in asia centrale occidentale (sogdiana e battriana) e in parte dell'asia centrale orientale (parte occidentale del bacino del Tarim), e il Khanato Chagatai, che portò a termine l'islamizzazione del suddetto bacino. Lo stesso impero Mongolo di Genghis Khan ebbe una grande influenza sulla turchizzazione in quanto durante l'Invasione mongola della Corasmia buona parte degli abitanti iranici dell'asia centrale furono massacrati o fuggirono verso il medio oriente, lasciando campo libero all'insediamento delle genti che seguivano il Khan, principalmente turciche (lo stesso esercito di Genghis Khan era secondo diverse fonti composto per il 60% da turchi, popolo strettamente affine ai mongoli, anche linguisticamente).Molto meno successo ebbe la turchizzazione dall'Hindu Kush in giù, regioni in cui le popolazioni turciche ad oggi sono del tutto assenti. Infatti tali regioni, montagnose e per lo più aride, sono abitate da iranici pashtun e hanno resistito in maniera impeccabile a diversi potentati turchi quale la dinastia ghaznavide. Altrettanto inefficienti furono i tentativi di turchizzazione nel subcontinente Indiano, il quale pur essendo stato per secoli dominato da potentati turchici (sultanato di Delhi per la gran parte delle dinastie che si avvicendarono sul suo trono e impero Moghul) non ha mai subito turchizzazione di alcun genere. L'islamizzazione invece ha avuto maggiore successo, ma non come in Anatolia. Una seconda forma di turchizzazione è avvenuta al tempo dell'Impero selgiuchide fra le popolazioni indigene dell'Anatolia, che coinvolse conversione religiosa, assimilazione culturale e linguistica e commistione genetica. Tali popolazioni, discendenti genetiche degli antichi ittiti, luvi, lidi, frigi, galati e degli altri popoli anatolici, erano di cultura Greca ellenistica e di religione Cristiana ortodossa e dopo secoli di dominio Greco e poi Greco-Romano in Anatolia erano ormai totalmente Ellenizzati. L'Anatolia venne turchizzata lentamente dai turchi selgiuchidi prima e poi dai turchi ottomani, a causa della forte, oltre millenaria e ben radicata presenza dei Bizantini nella regione. Una prima fase di allontanamento dei Bizantini si ebbe dopo la Battaglia di Manzicerta, fino alla completa caduta dell'Impero romano d'Oriente, dopo la presa di Costantinopoli nel 1453. (it)
- Оту́рчення, Отуре́чення, або Тюркиза́ція (туркм. Türkleştirme, англ. Turkification) — процес культурної асиміляції турками або тюрками підлеглих народів (вірмени, курди, сирійці, євреї, перси, араби, бедуїни, татари, кримські татари, русини, греки, болгари, румуни, серби, хорвати, албанці). Мала місце у Сельджуцькій та Османській імперіях, а також Туреччині. Супроводжувалася зміною релігії (ісламізацією), переходом на турецьку мову й звичаї, шлюбами із етнічними турками. Заохочувалася пільгами у політичній, управлінській та інших суспільних сферах, до якої допускалися отурчені представники інших народів. Сприяла формуванню монолітної конфесійно-етнічної спільноти, лояльної до державної влади. Регіонами, де відбувалося інтенсивне отурчення були Анатолія, Кіпр, Кавказ, Балкани, Палестина, Північна Африка. Також — ту́рчення (від дієслова ту́рчити), поту́рчення (від дієслова поту́рчити), або потурна́цтво (синонім зрадництва). В українській мові отуречені особи називалися зневажливо потурна́к або потурна́чка, що сприймалося як синонім зрадника, ренегата. (uk)
- Тюркиза́ция — языковая ассимиляция нетюрок в тюркскую среду, при которой происходила частичная или полная потеря одной этнической группой (или целым этносом) своего языка и его замена на один из тюркских языков. Наибольшее распространение тюркизация получила в эпоху средневековых XI—XV веков. В некоторых случаях, например в рамках Османской империи, тюркизация была следствием исламизации ранее христианских групп, хотя это нетождественные понятия, так как некоторые тюркские народы исповедуют христианство (гагаузы, чуваши), тенгрианство, шаманизм (якуты), иудаизм (караимы) или буддизм (тувинцы). (ru)
- 突厥化,是指一個民族被迫或自願放棄自身的語言、文化和身份認同並與突厥人同化的過程。在歷史上,突厥化曾發生在中亞、東歐和安納托利亞半島不同的民族身上,包括塞迦人、吐火羅人、粟特人、奄蔡人、馬札兒人、亞述人、高加索阿爾巴尼亞人、亞美尼亞人、拉茲人、格魯吉亞人、切爾克斯人、希臘人、阿爾巴尼亞人、波士尼亞人、塞爾維亞人、羅姆人、猶太人、蒙古人等。 突厥化過程曾以習俗信仰影響、武力強制等不同形態呈現,其中不乏血腥手段,例如在二十世紀初,青年土耳其黨政府就曾以突厥化的名義,發動一連串針對土耳其境內的非突厥裔實行種族滅絕政策,導致了亞美尼亞種族大屠殺、希臘種族滅絕和亞述人種族大屠殺,總死亡人數超過三百萬。在當時,生活在土耳其境內的希臘人人數大約有一百五十萬,當中就有超過一半被殺害,而幸存的人則大部份都在第二次希土戰爭後逃往希臘。 (zh)
- https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=1L3tCwAAQBAJ
- https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=ME5oLvCd088C
- https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=VKVSHjjUT2UC
- http://dergipark.gov.tr/download/article-file/10182
- https://web.archive.org/web/20190112195037/http:/dergipark.gov.tr/download/article-file/10182
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- التتريك هو مفهوم يطلق على عملية تحويل أشخاص ومناطق جغرافية من ثقافاتها الأصلية إلى التركية بطريقة قسرية أي بالإكراه أو الإجبار والقهر غالبًا. (ar)
- Die Türkisierung der Türkei bezeichnet den Vorgang der Durchdringung Anatoliens und Thrakiens durch die türkische Kultur und Sprache seit dem 11. Jahrhundert. Türkisierung bezeichnet ferner Versuche und Maßnahmen zur Assimilation anderer Ethnien seit dem Aufkommen des türkischen Nationalismus. Besonders betroffen waren hier die Kurden, deren Existenz bis in die 1990er Jahre hinein geleugnet wurde. (de)
- La turquisation, turcisation, turquification, ou turcification (en turc : türkleştirme) est un processus d'assimilation culturelle violente ou non des populations non turques à la culture turque au contact des peuples turcs, originaires d'Asie de l'Est. (fr)
- Тюркиза́ция — языковая ассимиляция нетюрок в тюркскую среду, при которой происходила частичная или полная потеря одной этнической группой (или целым этносом) своего языка и его замена на один из тюркских языков. Наибольшее распространение тюркизация получила в эпоху средневековых XI—XV веков. В некоторых случаях, например в рамках Османской империи, тюркизация была следствием исламизации ранее христианских групп, хотя это нетождественные понятия, так как некоторые тюркские народы исповедуют христианство (гагаузы, чуваши), тенгрианство, шаманизм (якуты), иудаизм (караимы) или буддизм (тувинцы). (ru)
- 突厥化,是指一個民族被迫或自願放棄自身的語言、文化和身份認同並與突厥人同化的過程。在歷史上,突厥化曾發生在中亞、東歐和安納托利亞半島不同的民族身上,包括塞迦人、吐火羅人、粟特人、奄蔡人、馬札兒人、亞述人、高加索阿爾巴尼亞人、亞美尼亞人、拉茲人、格魯吉亞人、切爾克斯人、希臘人、阿爾巴尼亞人、波士尼亞人、塞爾維亞人、羅姆人、猶太人、蒙古人等。 突厥化過程曾以習俗信仰影響、武力強制等不同形態呈現,其中不乏血腥手段,例如在二十世紀初,青年土耳其黨政府就曾以突厥化的名義,發動一連串針對土耳其境內的非突厥裔實行種族滅絕政策,導致了亞美尼亞種族大屠殺、希臘種族滅絕和亞述人種族大屠殺,總死亡人數超過三百萬。在當時,生活在土耳其境內的希臘人人數大約有一百五十萬,當中就有超過一半被殺害,而幸存的人則大部份都在第二次希土戰爭後逃往希臘。 (zh)
- Turkifikasi atau Turkisasi (bahasa Turki: Türkleştirme) adalah suatu perubahan budaya yang terjadi ketika suatu populasi atau negara memutuskan untuk mengadopsi budaya Turk, seperti yang telah terjadi di Kesultanan Utsmaniyah. Turkifikasi telah terjadi baik secara sukarela maupun melalui paksaan seiring dengan meluasnya negara-negara Turk. (in)
- Turkification, Turkization, or Turkicization (Turkish: Türkleştirme) describes a shift whereby populations or places received or adopted Turkic attributes such as culture, language, history, or ethnicity. However, often this term is more narrowly applied to mean specifically Turkish rather than merely Turkic, therefore referring to the Ottoman Empire, and the Turkish nationalist policies of the Republic of Turkey toward ethnic minorities in Turkey. As the Turkic states developed and grew, there were many instances of this cultural shift. (en)
- Turchizzazione (Turco: Türkleşme quando è volontaria; Türkleştirme quando è forzata) è un processo di assimilazione culturale nel quale qualcuno che non è etnicamente Turco lo diventa, volontariamente o involontariamente. Questo è accaduto per le popolazioni anatoliche, balcaniche, caucasiche, vicino-orientali e mediorientali di differenti origini etniche, compresi gli Albanesi, le popolazioni arabe, gli Armeni, i Greci, i Valacchi, gli ebrei, i Rom, e varie popolazioni slave (come i Croati, Serbi, Bosgnacchi, Bulgari e Pomacchi), Iranici (Curdi, Zaza), e anche Georgiani Laz, da tutte le regioni dell'Impero ottomano e dell'Iran. (it)
- Оту́рчення, Отуре́чення, або Тюркиза́ція (туркм. Türkleştirme, англ. Turkification) — процес культурної асиміляції турками або тюрками підлеглих народів (вірмени, курди, сирійці, євреї, перси, араби, бедуїни, татари, кримські татари, русини, греки, болгари, румуни, серби, хорвати, албанці). Мала місце у Сельджуцькій та Османській імперіях, а також Туреччині. Супроводжувалася зміною релігії (ісламізацією), переходом на турецьку мову й звичаї, шлюбами із етнічними турками. Заохочувалася пільгами у політичній, управлінській та інших суспільних сферах, до якої допускалися отурчені представники інших народів. Сприяла формуванню монолітної конфесійно-етнічної спільноти, лояльної до державної влади. Регіонами, де відбувалося інтенсивне отурчення були Анатолія, Кіпр, Кавказ, Балкани, Палестина, Пі (uk)
- تتريك (ar)
- Türkisierung der Türkei (de)
- Turquisation (fr)
- Turkifikasi (in)
- Turchizzazione (it)
- Turkification (en)
- Тюркизация (ru)
- 突厥化 (zh)
- Отурчення (uk)
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