J. B. S. Haldane (original) (raw)
- John Burdon Sanderson Haldane FRS (Oxford, 5 de novembre de 1892 - Bhubaneswar, 1 de desembre de 1964) va ser un genetista britànic, biòleg evolutiu. Juntament amb Ronald Fisher i Sewall Wright, va ser un dels fundadors de la genètica de poblacions. (ca)
- جون بوردون ساندرسون هولدين (5 نوفمبر، 1892 - 1 ديسمبر 1964) وُلد بريطانياً، كان عالم وراثة وعالم أحياء تطوري، عامةً ينسب إليه الفضل بدور كبير في تطوير الفكر الدارويني الجديد. وقد كان أيضاً أحد المؤسسين (مع رونالد فيشر وسيوال رايت) للوراثيات السكانية. قدّم هولدين «نظرية الحساء البدائي» في مقاله حول التولد التلقائي في عام 1929، وأصبحت الأساس لبناء نماذج فيزيائية للأصل الكيميائي للحياة. أنشأ هولدين خرائطًا جينيةً بشريةً للهيموفيليا وعمى الألوان على الكروموسوم الجنسي إكس، ووضع مبدأ هولدين بشأن العقم في الجنس متباين المشيج للهجائن في الأنواع. اقترح بشكل صحيح أنّ داء الخلايا المنجلية يوفّر مناعة ضد الملاريا نوعًا ما، وكان أول من اقترح الفكرة المركزية للتلقيح الصناعي خارج الجسم، وأول من اقترح مفهوم اقتصاد الهيدروجين، والتنظيم العابر والمقرون، تفاعل الازدواج، التنافر الجزيئي، الداروين (كوحدة للتطور)، والاستنساخ العضوي. وضع في عام 1957معضلة هولدين، وهو الحد من سرعة التطور المفيد الذي ثبت لاحقًا أنّه غير صحيح. تبرّع هولدين بجسده للدراسات الطبية، لأنّه أراد أن يكون مفيدًا حتى في موته. ويُنسَب إليه أيضًا صياغته مصطلحات «مستنسخ» و «استنساخ» في علم الأحياء البشري، و«الإيكتوجنسيس» بمعنى التخلق خارج البيئة الطبيعية الأساسية للكائن. أظهرت ورقة هولدين الأولى في عام 1915 وجود ترابط وراثي بين الثدييات. شكّلت الأعمال اللاحقة توحيدًا لعلم الوراثة المندلية والتطور الدارويني عن طريق الاصطفاء الطبيعي، عبر إرساء الأساس للتركيب التطوري الحديث، وهذا ما ساعد في إنشاء الوراثيات السكانية. كان هولدين إنسانيًا ملحدًا واشتراكيًا ماركسيًا بارزًا، دفعته معارضته السياسية إلى مغادرة إنجلترا في عام 1956، للعيش في الهند، ليصبح مواطنًا هنديًا مجنّسًا عام 1961. أشاد السير آرثر كلارك به قائلًا بأنّه: «ربما أذكى الشخصيات المبسطة للعلوم في جيله». ودعاه بيتر مدور الحائز على جائزة نوبل بكونه: «أذكى رجل عرفته على الإطلاق». ووفقًا لثيودوسيوس دوبجانسكي: «دائمًا ما اعتُبِرَ هولدين حالةً استثنائية»، ووصفه مايكل وايت بكونه: «عالم الأحياء الأكثر حماسةً في جيله، وربما في القرن.» (ar)
- John Burdon Sanderson Haldane FRS (5. listopadu 1892 Oxford – 1. prosince 1964 Bhuvanéšvar) byl britský genetik a evoluční biolog, který později emigroval do Indie a získal indické občanství. Spolu s Ronaldem Fisherem a Sewallem Wrightem je zakladatelem populační genetiky. V roce 1952 získal Darwinovu medaili od Královské společnosti a v roce 1958 od . (cs)
- John Burdon Sanderson Haldane (* 5. November 1892 in Oxford; † 1. Dezember 1964 in Bhubaneswar im Bundesstaat Orissa, Indien) war ein theoretischer Biologe und Genetiker. Neben Ronald Fisher und Sewall Wright war er in den 1920er Jahren einer der Begründer der Populationsgenetik. (de)
- John Burdon Sanderson Haldane FRS (/ˈhɔːldeɪn/; 5 November 1892 – 1 December 1964), nicknamed "Jack" or "JBS", was a British, later Indian, scientist who worked in physiology, genetics, evolutionary biology, and mathematics. With innovative use of statistics in biology, he was one of the founders of neo-Darwinism. He served in the Great War, and obtained the rank of captain. Despite his lack of an academic degree in the field, he taught biology at the University of Cambridge, the Royal Institution, and University College London. Renouncing his British citizenship, he became an Indian citizen in 1961 and worked at the Indian Statistical Institute for the rest of his life. Haldane's article on abiogenesis in 1929 introduced the "primordial soup theory", which became the foundation for the concept of the chemical origin of life. He established human gene maps for haemophilia and colour blindness on the X chromosome, and codified Haldane's rule on sterility in the heterogametic sex of hybrids in species. He correctly proposed that sickle-cell disease confers some immunity to malaria. He was the first to suggest the central idea of in vitro fertilisation, as well as concepts such as hydrogen economy, cis and trans-acting regulation, coupling reaction, molecular repulsion, the darwin (as a unit of evolution), and organismal cloning. In 1957, Haldane articulated Haldane's dilemma, a limit on the speed of beneficial evolution, an idea which is still debated today. He willed his body for medical studies, as he wanted to remain useful even in death. He is also remembered for his work in human biology, having coined "clone", "cloning", and "ectogenesis". With his sister, Naomi Mitchison, Haldane was the first to demonstrate genetic linkage in mammals. Subsequent works established a unification of Mendelian genetics and Darwinian evolution by natural selection whilst laying the groundwork for modern synthesis, and helped to create population genetics. Haldane was a professed socialist, Marxist, atheist, and secular humanist whose political dissent led him to leave England in 1956 and live in India, becoming a naturalised Indian citizen in 1961. Arthur C. Clarke credited him as "perhaps the most brilliant science populariser of his generation". Peter Medawar, Nobel laureate, called Haldane "the cleverest man I ever knew". According to Theodosius Dobzhansky, "Haldane was always recognized as a singular case"; Ernst Mayr described him as a "polymath"; Michael J. D. White as "the most erudite biologist of his generation, and perhaps of the century"; James Watson as "England's most clever and eccentric biologist" and Sahotra Sarkar as "probably the most prescient biologist of this [20th] century." According to a Cambridge student, "he seemed to be the last man who might know all there was to be known." (en)
- John Burdon Sanderson Haldane ( Oxford, 5 de noviembre de 1892 - Bhubaneswar, India, 1 de diciembre de 1964) fue un genetista y biólogo evolutivo británico. Junto con Ronald Fisher y Sewall Wright, fue uno de los fundadores de la genética de poblaciones. Su principal contribución fue una serie de artículos compilados en A Mathematical Theory of Natural and Artificial Selection y resumidos en The Causes of Evolution (1932). En ellos Haldane estudiaba dos asuntos fundamentales para la matematización de la teoría evolutiva: la dirección y las tasas de cambio de frecuencias génicas y la interacción de la selección natural con la mutación y la migración. No obstante, Haldane admitía varias causas evolutivas, como la saltación y la ortogénesis, independientemente del protagonismo de la selección natural. El trabajo de Haldane se convirtió en una de las principales contribuciones a la teoría evolutiva sintética o síntesis moderna, que restableciera la selección natural como el mecanismo esencial del cambio evolutivo, explicándolo en términos de las consecuencias matemáticas de la genética mendeliana. Haldane acuñó también el llamado principio de Haldane, el cual afirma que el tamaño de los seres vivos define la complejidad de sus órganos internos. (es)
- John Burdon Sanderson Haldane FRS (5 November 1892 – 1 Desember 1964), dikenal sebagai Jack (namun menggunakan inisial 'J.B.S.' dalam karya-karyanya), adalah seorang genetikawan dan ahli biologi evolusi yang lahir di Inggris. Ia adalah salah satu pendiri bidang ilmu genetika populasi bersama-sama dengan Ronald Fisher dan Sewall Wright. * l * * s (in)
- John Burdon Sanderson Haldane est un généticien britannique, né le 5 novembre 1892 à Oxford et mort le 1er décembre 1964 à Bhubaneswar en Inde. (fr)
- ジョン・バードン・サンダースン・ホールデン(John Burdon Sanderson Haldane1892年11月5日 - 1964年12月1日)は、イギリスの生物学者で、普通はJ・B・S・ホールデンと呼ばれる。生物に関する理論的研究を得意とし、生命の起源に関する科学的理論の最初の提唱者と知られており、ロナルド・フィッシャー、シューアル・ライトと並ぶ集団遺伝学の開拓者であり、ともに「集団遺伝学の三人男」と呼ばれる。酵素反応速度論などにも業績を残した。また一般向け解説書やエッセーも多数執筆する一方、しばしば個性的な言動で注目を浴びた。中でも『ダイダロス、あるいは科学と未来』Daedalus or Science and the Future(1923年)は科学の未来を予測したものとして有名であり、ホールデンは20世紀におけるトランスヒューマニズムの先駆者とされ、クローンの造語でも有名である。 (ja)
- 존 버든 샌더슨 홀데인(John Burdon Sanderson Haldane, 1892년 11월 5일 ~ 1964년 12월 1일)은 영국 태생의 유전학자이자 진화생물학자로, 신다윈주의 사상을 발전시키는 데 주요한 기여를 하였다. 또한 로널드 피셔 및 와 더불어 집단유전학의 창시자 중 한 명이다. 홀데인 규칙을 제안하였다. (ko)
- John Burdon Sanderson Haldane (Oxford, 5 novembre 1892 – Bhubaneswar, 1º dicembre 1964) è stato un biologo e genetista inglese. Figlio dello scienziato John Scott, insieme a R.A.Fisher e S.Wright è considerato uno dei fondatori della moderna sintesi evoluzionistica, o Teoria del brodo primordiale sull'origine della vita. (it)
- John Burdon Sanderson Haldane (Oxford, 5 november 1892 - Bhubaneswar, 1 december 1964) was een Engels-Indiaas geneticus en evolutiebioloog. Hij was samen met Ronald Fisher en Sewall Wright een van de grondleggers van de populatiegenetica. Haldane liet zich aanspreken met Jack, maar gebruikte J.B.S. standaard als auteursnaam. (nl)
- John Burdon Sanderson Haldane (J.B.S. Haldane) (ur. 5 listopada 1892 w Edynburgu, zm. 1 grudnia 1964 w Bhubaneśwar) – brytyjski genetyk i biolog. Był jednym z twórców genetyki populacyjnej (obok Rolanda Fishera i Sewalla Wrighta). (pl)
- J.B.S. Haldane (John Burdon Sanderson Haldane), född 5 november 1892, död 1 december 1964, var en brittisk genetiker och evolutionsbiolog. Han var son till John Scott Haldane. Tillsammans med Ronald Fisher och var han en av populationsgenetikens grundare. Den vanligaste härledningen av Michaelis-Mentens ekvation idag gjordes ursprungligen av Haldane och G. E. Briggs 1925. Haldane skrev också flera populärvetenskapliga böcker, såsom The Causes of Evolution (1934). Haldane var marxist och medlem i det nu upplösta Communist Party of Great Britain mellan 1942 och 1950. Han vidhöll dock sin uppskattning av Josef Stalin och hans värv fram till sin död. På svenska finns Daedalus och Icarus eller Vetenskapen och framtiden, skriven ihop med Bertrand Russell (svensk översättning av August Carr, Geber, 1924). (sv)
- Джон Бе́рдон Са́ндерсон Хо́лдейн (англ. John Burdon Sanderson Haldane; сокращённо Дж. Б. С. Холдейн, англ. J. B. S. Haldane; 5 ноября 1892, Оксфорд, Великобритания — 1 декабря 1964, Бхубанешвар, Орисса, Индия) — английский биолог (генетик, эволюционист, физиолог, биохимик, биометрист), популяризатор и философ науки. Один из основоположников современной популяционной, математической, молекулярной и биохимической генетики, а также синтетической теории эволюции. Член Лондонского королевского общества (1932), а также член академий наук целого ряда стран, включая СССР (с 1942). Член Коммунистической партии Великобритании с 1937. (ru)
- John Burdon Sanderson Haldane (Oxford, 5 de novembro de 1892 — Bhubaneswar, Orissa, Índia, 1 de dezembro de 1964), que normalmente usava "J.B.S." como prenome, foi um pensador marxista, geneticista e biólogo britânico. Haldane foi um dos fundadores, junto com Ronald Fisher e Sewall Wright, da Genética populacional. Ajudou a desenvolver as tabelas de mergulho usadas pela Marinha Inglesa e Americana durante a II Guerra Mundial, e que serviu de base para as tabelas usadas até hoje por todos os mergulhadores. Emigrou em 1957 para a Índia, obtendo a cidadania indiana. Haldane também deu a ideia aceita até hoje sobre a origem da vida, assim como Oparin. Além disso, no seu tratado intitulado "Enzimas" sugeriu que as interações fracas que se estabelecem entre a enzima e o seu substrato poderiam ser usadas para distorcer a molécula do substrato e catalisar a reação. Esse conhecimento representa o cerne da compreensão atual da catálise enzimática. (pt)
- 约翰·伯顿·桑德森·霍尔丹 FRS(英語:John Burdon Sanderson Haldane,1892年11月5日-1964年12月1日;通常被称做J.B.S.霍尔丹、霍爾丹,在他的著作中有时也使用J.B.S.;姓或譯作荷頓), 出生于大不列颠, 是一名遗传学家和进化生物学家。霍尔丹是一名坚定的马克思主义者, 由于对大不列颠政府对于苏伊士运河危机的政策感到不满,离开牛津大学去往印度并成为一名印度公民。霍尔丹同羅納德·費雪和休厄爾·賴特一起被认为是种群遗传学的奠基人。 J.B.S.霍爾丹在1929年發表的一篇關於「生命起源」的文章中提出了「有機物可由無機物形成」的假說,而這個假說已於1924年由俄羅斯科學家亚历山大·伊万诺维奇·奥巴林提出。由於兩人是分別提出相同的假說,並不互相知情,因此後人稱此假說為「歐帕林—霍爾丹假說」。 (zh)
- Джон Бердон Са́ндерсон Го́лдейн (англ. John Burdon Sanderson Haldane; 5 листопада, 1892, Оксфорд — 1 грудня, 1964, , Індія) — англійський біолог, член Лондонського королівського товариства (з 1932). Член комуністичної партії Великої Британії з 1942 року. З 1933 року був професором Лондонського університету. У 1942 році Академія наук СРСР вибрала Голдейна своїм почесним членом. Джон Голдейн обґрунтував теорію родинного добору. (uk)
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- John Burdon Sanderson Haldane FRS (Oxford, 5 de novembre de 1892 - Bhubaneswar, 1 de desembre de 1964) va ser un genetista britànic, biòleg evolutiu. Juntament amb Ronald Fisher i Sewall Wright, va ser un dels fundadors de la genètica de poblacions. (ca)
- John Burdon Sanderson Haldane FRS (5. listopadu 1892 Oxford – 1. prosince 1964 Bhuvanéšvar) byl britský genetik a evoluční biolog, který později emigroval do Indie a získal indické občanství. Spolu s Ronaldem Fisherem a Sewallem Wrightem je zakladatelem populační genetiky. V roce 1952 získal Darwinovu medaili od Královské společnosti a v roce 1958 od . (cs)
- John Burdon Sanderson Haldane (* 5. November 1892 in Oxford; † 1. Dezember 1964 in Bhubaneswar im Bundesstaat Orissa, Indien) war ein theoretischer Biologe und Genetiker. Neben Ronald Fisher und Sewall Wright war er in den 1920er Jahren einer der Begründer der Populationsgenetik. (de)
- John Burdon Sanderson Haldane FRS (5 November 1892 – 1 Desember 1964), dikenal sebagai Jack (namun menggunakan inisial 'J.B.S.' dalam karya-karyanya), adalah seorang genetikawan dan ahli biologi evolusi yang lahir di Inggris. Ia adalah salah satu pendiri bidang ilmu genetika populasi bersama-sama dengan Ronald Fisher dan Sewall Wright. * l * * s (in)
- John Burdon Sanderson Haldane est un généticien britannique, né le 5 novembre 1892 à Oxford et mort le 1er décembre 1964 à Bhubaneswar en Inde. (fr)
- ジョン・バードン・サンダースン・ホールデン(John Burdon Sanderson Haldane1892年11月5日 - 1964年12月1日)は、イギリスの生物学者で、普通はJ・B・S・ホールデンと呼ばれる。生物に関する理論的研究を得意とし、生命の起源に関する科学的理論の最初の提唱者と知られており、ロナルド・フィッシャー、シューアル・ライトと並ぶ集団遺伝学の開拓者であり、ともに「集団遺伝学の三人男」と呼ばれる。酵素反応速度論などにも業績を残した。また一般向け解説書やエッセーも多数執筆する一方、しばしば個性的な言動で注目を浴びた。中でも『ダイダロス、あるいは科学と未来』Daedalus or Science and the Future(1923年)は科学の未来を予測したものとして有名であり、ホールデンは20世紀におけるトランスヒューマニズムの先駆者とされ、クローンの造語でも有名である。 (ja)
- 존 버든 샌더슨 홀데인(John Burdon Sanderson Haldane, 1892년 11월 5일 ~ 1964년 12월 1일)은 영국 태생의 유전학자이자 진화생물학자로, 신다윈주의 사상을 발전시키는 데 주요한 기여를 하였다. 또한 로널드 피셔 및 와 더불어 집단유전학의 창시자 중 한 명이다. 홀데인 규칙을 제안하였다. (ko)
- John Burdon Sanderson Haldane (Oxford, 5 novembre 1892 – Bhubaneswar, 1º dicembre 1964) è stato un biologo e genetista inglese. Figlio dello scienziato John Scott, insieme a R.A.Fisher e S.Wright è considerato uno dei fondatori della moderna sintesi evoluzionistica, o Teoria del brodo primordiale sull'origine della vita. (it)
- John Burdon Sanderson Haldane (Oxford, 5 november 1892 - Bhubaneswar, 1 december 1964) was een Engels-Indiaas geneticus en evolutiebioloog. Hij was samen met Ronald Fisher en Sewall Wright een van de grondleggers van de populatiegenetica. Haldane liet zich aanspreken met Jack, maar gebruikte J.B.S. standaard als auteursnaam. (nl)
- John Burdon Sanderson Haldane (J.B.S. Haldane) (ur. 5 listopada 1892 w Edynburgu, zm. 1 grudnia 1964 w Bhubaneśwar) – brytyjski genetyk i biolog. Był jednym z twórców genetyki populacyjnej (obok Rolanda Fishera i Sewalla Wrighta). (pl)
- 约翰·伯顿·桑德森·霍尔丹 FRS(英語:John Burdon Sanderson Haldane,1892年11月5日-1964年12月1日;通常被称做J.B.S.霍尔丹、霍爾丹,在他的著作中有时也使用J.B.S.;姓或譯作荷頓), 出生于大不列颠, 是一名遗传学家和进化生物学家。霍尔丹是一名坚定的马克思主义者, 由于对大不列颠政府对于苏伊士运河危机的政策感到不满,离开牛津大学去往印度并成为一名印度公民。霍尔丹同羅納德·費雪和休厄爾·賴特一起被认为是种群遗传学的奠基人。 J.B.S.霍爾丹在1929年發表的一篇關於「生命起源」的文章中提出了「有機物可由無機物形成」的假說,而這個假說已於1924年由俄羅斯科學家亚历山大·伊万诺维奇·奥巴林提出。由於兩人是分別提出相同的假說,並不互相知情,因此後人稱此假說為「歐帕林—霍爾丹假說」。 (zh)
- Джон Бердон Са́ндерсон Го́лдейн (англ. John Burdon Sanderson Haldane; 5 листопада, 1892, Оксфорд — 1 грудня, 1964, , Індія) — англійський біолог, член Лондонського королівського товариства (з 1932). Член комуністичної партії Великої Британії з 1942 року. З 1933 року був професором Лондонського університету. У 1942 році Академія наук СРСР вибрала Голдейна своїм почесним членом. Джон Голдейн обґрунтував теорію родинного добору. (uk)
- جون بوردون ساندرسون هولدين (5 نوفمبر، 1892 - 1 ديسمبر 1964) وُلد بريطانياً، كان عالم وراثة وعالم أحياء تطوري، عامةً ينسب إليه الفضل بدور كبير في تطوير الفكر الدارويني الجديد. وقد كان أيضاً أحد المؤسسين (مع رونالد فيشر وسيوال رايت) للوراثيات السكانية. أظهرت ورقة هولدين الأولى في عام 1915 وجود ترابط وراثي بين الثدييات. شكّلت الأعمال اللاحقة توحيدًا لعلم الوراثة المندلية والتطور الدارويني عن طريق الاصطفاء الطبيعي، عبر إرساء الأساس للتركيب التطوري الحديث، وهذا ما ساعد في إنشاء الوراثيات السكانية. (ar)
- John Burdon Sanderson Haldane ( Oxford, 5 de noviembre de 1892 - Bhubaneswar, India, 1 de diciembre de 1964) fue un genetista y biólogo evolutivo británico. Junto con Ronald Fisher y Sewall Wright, fue uno de los fundadores de la genética de poblaciones. (es)
- John Burdon Sanderson Haldane FRS (/ˈhɔːldeɪn/; 5 November 1892 – 1 December 1964), nicknamed "Jack" or "JBS", was a British, later Indian, scientist who worked in physiology, genetics, evolutionary biology, and mathematics. With innovative use of statistics in biology, he was one of the founders of neo-Darwinism. He served in the Great War, and obtained the rank of captain. Despite his lack of an academic degree in the field, he taught biology at the University of Cambridge, the Royal Institution, and University College London. Renouncing his British citizenship, he became an Indian citizen in 1961 and worked at the Indian Statistical Institute for the rest of his life. (en)
- John Burdon Sanderson Haldane (Oxford, 5 de novembro de 1892 — Bhubaneswar, Orissa, Índia, 1 de dezembro de 1964), que normalmente usava "J.B.S." como prenome, foi um pensador marxista, geneticista e biólogo britânico. (pt)
- Джон Бе́рдон Са́ндерсон Хо́лдейн (англ. John Burdon Sanderson Haldane; сокращённо Дж. Б. С. Холдейн, англ. J. B. S. Haldane; 5 ноября 1892, Оксфорд, Великобритания — 1 декабря 1964, Бхубанешвар, Орисса, Индия) — английский биолог (генетик, эволюционист, физиолог, биохимик, биометрист), популяризатор и философ науки. Один из основоположников современной популяционной, математической, молекулярной и биохимической генетики, а также синтетической теории эволюции. (ru)
- J.B.S. Haldane (John Burdon Sanderson Haldane), född 5 november 1892, död 1 december 1964, var en brittisk genetiker och evolutionsbiolog. Han var son till John Scott Haldane. Tillsammans med Ronald Fisher och var han en av populationsgenetikens grundare. Den vanligaste härledningen av Michaelis-Mentens ekvation idag gjordes ursprungligen av Haldane och G. E. Briggs 1925. Haldane skrev också flera populärvetenskapliga böcker, såsom The Causes of Evolution (1934). (sv)
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