Kangju (original) (raw)
Die Kangju (chinesisch 康居, Pinyin Kāngjū, je nach Quelle Kang-gü, K'ang-kü, Kangar, Kängäras, Kanglï, Kangārāyē) bildeten ein nomadisches Reich zwischen Aralsee und Tianshan bzw. Balchaschsee. Ihre Ethnizität wurde ursprünglich als türkisch angenommen, obwohl neuere Gelehrte die Kangju als iranisch betrachten oder sogar zu einem tocharischen Ursprung neigen. Wirkliche Kenntnisse über die Ethnizität bestehen nicht, archäologische Befunde weisen allerdings darauf hin, dass Nomaden mit einer Kultur von sarmatischem Typus in größerer Zahl auch in den Bewässerungsoasen Transoxaniens präsent waren.
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| dbo:abstract | Die Kangju (chinesisch 康居, Pinyin Kāngjū, je nach Quelle Kang-gü, K'ang-kü, Kangar, Kängäras, Kanglï, Kangārāyē) bildeten ein nomadisches Reich zwischen Aralsee und Tianshan bzw. Balchaschsee. Ihre Ethnizität wurde ursprünglich als türkisch angenommen, obwohl neuere Gelehrte die Kangju als iranisch betrachten oder sogar zu einem tocharischen Ursprung neigen. Wirkliche Kenntnisse über die Ethnizität bestehen nicht, archäologische Befunde weisen allerdings darauf hin, dass Nomaden mit einer Kultur von sarmatischem Typus in größerer Zahl auch in den Bewässerungsoasen Transoxaniens präsent waren. (de) Kangju (en chino: 康居; pinyin: Kangju; Wade–Giles: K'ang-chü; chino Han oriental: kʰɑŋ-kɨɑ) fue el nombre chino de un antiguo reino en Asia Central que se convirtió durante un par de siglos en la segunda potencia más grande de Transoxiana después de Yuezhi. Su gente, los Kāng (en chino, 康) eran un pueblo seminómada indoeuropeo probablemente idéntico a los sogdianos iraníes u otros grupos iraníes estrechamente relacionados con ellos, como los asians. (es) Kangju (Chinese: 康居; pinyin: kāngjū; Wade–Giles: K'ang-chü; Eastern Han Chinese: kʰɑŋ-kɨɑ < *khâŋ-ka (c. 140 BCE)) was the Chinese name of a kingdom in Central Asia during the first half of the first millennium CE. The name Kangju is now generally regarded as a variant or mutated form of the name Sogdiana. According to contemporaneous Chinese sources, Kangju was the second most powerful state in Transoxiana, after the Yuezhi. Its people, known in Chinese as the Kāng (康), were evidently of Indo-European origins, spoke an Eastern Iranian language, and had a semi-nomadic way of life. They were probably identical to the Sogdians, or other Iranian groups closely related to them, such as the Asii. (en) Kangju (chinois : 康居 ; pinyin : kāngjū) était le nom chinois d'un ancien peuple et royaume d'Asie centrale, confédération nomade de peuples cavaliers d'origine ethnique et linguistique discutée, devenue plus tard la Sogdiane, puis pendant deux ou trois siècles la seconde plus grande puissance de Transoxiane après les Yuezhi. La langue et culture du peuple Kangju n'est pas tranchée : la plupart des auteurs le considèrent comme d'origine iranienne et plus probablement tokharienne mais d'autres évoquent une origine turque, ou les deux. (fr) Kangju (Hanzi: 康居; Pinyin: Kangju; Wade–Giles: K'ang-chü) adalah nama Tionghoa untuk sebuah kerajaan kuno di Asia Tengah yang merupakan negara kuat di wilayah Transoxiana setelah Yuezhi. Penduduknya yang disebut Kang (康) adalah penduduk semi-nomaden yang kemungkinan masih terkait dengan orang Sogdiana Iran. (in) ( 다른 뜻에 대해서는 강거 (후한) 문서를 참고하십시오.) 강거(康居)는 현재 우즈베키스탄과 카자흐스탄 남부 인근 지역에 세워진 고대 국가를 한자로 음차하여 나타낸 말이다. 실제 국가의 이름과 존재 여부도 아직은 확실하지 않다. 강거의 여름 수도가 지금의 타슈켄트라고 추정한다. 이란계 스키타이와 원시 튀르크 흉노 민족이 함께 세운 나라로 위치는 소그디아나의 북쪽으로 추정된며 타슈켄트에서 북서쪽 1000km 떨어져 있다고 추측한다. 기원전 128년 장건이 방문한 후 기록에 남긴 보고서에만 등장한다. (ko) Kangju (康居 Wade-Giles: K’ang-chü) is de naam van een confederatie van stammen, deels nomadisch, deels sedentair, die volgens Chinese historische bronnen tussen de 2e eeuw v. Chr en de 3e eeuw na Chr in Centraal-Azië hebben gewoond. (nl) 康居（呉音：こうこ、漢音：こうきょ、拼音：Kāngjū）は、かつて中央アジアに在ったとされる遊牧国家。大宛の西北に在り、シル川の中・下流からシベリア南部を領していたと思われ、現在のカザフスタン南部にあたる。 (ja) Kangju (cinese: 康居) era il nome di un'antica popolazione e del relativo regno in Asia centrale. Si trattava di una federazione nomade la cui origine etnica e linguistica è sconosciuta, che divenne per un paio di secoli la seconda potenza della Transoxiana dopo gli Yuezhi. pensa che l'etnia dei K'ang-chü sia turca, basandosi su studi dei testi, mentre altri studiosi tendono a considerarli iraniani o Tocari. (it) Кангюй — стародавня держава племен кангюїв і согдійців, що утворилася на початку III ст. до н. е. внаслідок підкорення масагетів. Тривалий час протистояла тохарам. У III ст. н. е. внаслідок внутрішньої кризи почався занепад. Підкорено ефталітами у V ст. (uk) Кангюй (кит. трад. 康居, пиньинь kāngjū, палл. Канцзюй, др.-кит. khāŋka) — название древнего государства (не ранее рубежа IV и III веков до н. э. — IV век н. э.) в Трансоксании, на два-три века ставшего второй по мощи силой в регионе после юэчжей. Его население, кангюи (кит. трад. 康, пиньинь Kāng), было индоевропейским полукочевым народом, вероятнее всего иранским, идентичными согдийцам, или другим близким к ним иранским группам, таким как асии. К западу от Кангюев обитали сармато-аланские племена (Яньцай), к востоку (в Семиречье) — усуни. На юге Кангюи граничили с Ферганой. (ru) 康居或康居国，东汉以后亦简称康国，时常为位于乌兹别克撒马尔罕的昭武九姓宗主国康国的代称，是古代生活在中亚地区的半游牧民族的国家或部落联盟，活动范围主要在今哈萨克东部及锡尔河中下游。汉朝时期，居住于大宛、乌孙之西北，大月氏之北，奄蔡之东，呼揭以及贝加尔湖的丁零以西等地带。公元前2世纪，控弦者八九万人；公元前1世纪末年，人口达六十万，拥有军队十二万，以作为国都和中心（今中亚泽拉夫尚河附近或锡尔河北岸）；据《汉书·西域传》所载，康居国的錫爾河中下游有五个小王，即苏筹王（治苏筹城）、附墨王（治附墨城）、窳匿王（治窳匿城），罽王（治罽城）和奥鞬王（治奥鞬城），这五个王以及其五座城池在康居王统治之下，一说这五座城即粟特商人城池的前身，后世中国史籍上称为昭武九姓，通称索格底亚那，关于这五座城的居民与以卑阗城为统治中心的康居王族是否属于同一族存在不同意见。和所有游牧民族一样，康居人随季节的变化而迁徙。冬季他们南下于锡尔河一带，夏季北上至“蕃内”，两地相距数千里之遥。他們可能是伊朗人種。 张骞从西域返回汉都后，带来了很多关于康居国的信息。汉武帝太初二年（前103年）李廣利第二次伐大宛时，康居王曾答应援助大宛，但见围困贵山城的汉兵处于优势未进攻。汉宣帝神爵四年（前58年），匈奴发生内乱，五单于纷争。直至五凤二年（前56年），匈奴呼屠吾斯自立为郅支单于，与其弟呼韩邪单于对敌。呼韩邪部降汉南迁。郅支部则向西北迁徙，于初元五年（前44年）以3000残兵移至康居领土，据记载郅支单于“杀康居王女及贵人、人民数百，或支解投都赖水中”，并以武力强迫康居人在都赖水（怛逻斯河）河畔兴建了郅支城（今塔拉斯）。汉元帝建昭三年（前36年），西域都护甘延寿、副校尉陈汤以40,000部队穿越帕米尔围困以土木兴建的郅支城，破城杀郅支单于（郅支之战），近3000匈奴人被杀和被俘虏，但西域的康居王对汉仍报有敌对态度。公元前后，康居国开始强盛，曾一度威胁其邻大月氏。1世纪中叶，随着贵霜统一大月氏，其国势转盛，康居国则逐渐衰败。至3世纪时似依旧游牧于锡尔河中游，但势力远不如两汉时期。 据唐代《通典·康国传》记载晋武帝泰始年间康居王那鼻遣使朝贡；北魏太武帝太延中，国名为者舌，遣使朝贡；隋朝时国名康国，隋炀帝大业中期迁使朝贡。后被突厥打击，被突厥化为康里。 (zh) |
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| dbo:originalName | Kangju (en) |
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| dbp:c | 康居 (en) |
| dbp:capital | dbr:Kanka,_Uzbekistan |
| dbp:commonLanguages | dbr:Sogdian_language |
| dbp:commonName | Kangju (en) |
| dbp:era | dbr:Late_Antiquity |
| dbp:imageMap | Territory of the Kangju in 200 CE.jpg (en) |
| dbp:imageMapCaption | The approximate territory of the Kangju c. 200 CE. (en) |
| dbp:leader | Vanvan of Chach (en) |
| dbp:nativeName | Kangju (en) |
| dbp:p | kāngjū (en) |
| dbp:s | 康国 (en) |
| dbp:status | Independent state (en) |
| dbp:symbolType | Tamga of the Kangju (en) |
| dbp:t | 康國 (en) |
| dbp:today | dbr:Uzbekistan dbr:Tajikistan |
| dbp:w | K'ang-chü (en) |
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| gold:hypernym | dbr:Name |
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| rdfs:comment | Die Kangju (chinesisch 康居, Pinyin Kāngjū, je nach Quelle Kang-gü, K'ang-kü, Kangar, Kängäras, Kanglï, Kangārāyē) bildeten ein nomadisches Reich zwischen Aralsee und Tianshan bzw. Balchaschsee. Ihre Ethnizität wurde ursprünglich als türkisch angenommen, obwohl neuere Gelehrte die Kangju als iranisch betrachten oder sogar zu einem tocharischen Ursprung neigen. Wirkliche Kenntnisse über die Ethnizität bestehen nicht, archäologische Befunde weisen allerdings darauf hin, dass Nomaden mit einer Kultur von sarmatischem Typus in größerer Zahl auch in den Bewässerungsoasen Transoxaniens präsent waren. (de) Kangju (en chino: 康居; pinyin: Kangju; Wade–Giles: K'ang-chü; chino Han oriental: kʰɑŋ-kɨɑ) fue el nombre chino de un antiguo reino en Asia Central que se convirtió durante un par de siglos en la segunda potencia más grande de Transoxiana después de Yuezhi. Su gente, los Kāng (en chino, 康) eran un pueblo seminómada indoeuropeo probablemente idéntico a los sogdianos iraníes u otros grupos iraníes estrechamente relacionados con ellos, como los asians. (es) Kangju (Chinese: 康居; pinyin: kāngjū; Wade–Giles: K'ang-chü; Eastern Han Chinese: kʰɑŋ-kɨɑ < *khâŋ-ka (c. 140 BCE)) was the Chinese name of a kingdom in Central Asia during the first half of the first millennium CE. The name Kangju is now generally regarded as a variant or mutated form of the name Sogdiana. According to contemporaneous Chinese sources, Kangju was the second most powerful state in Transoxiana, after the Yuezhi. Its people, known in Chinese as the Kāng (康), were evidently of Indo-European origins, spoke an Eastern Iranian language, and had a semi-nomadic way of life. They were probably identical to the Sogdians, or other Iranian groups closely related to them, such as the Asii. (en) Kangju (chinois : 康居 ; pinyin : kāngjū) était le nom chinois d'un ancien peuple et royaume d'Asie centrale, confédération nomade de peuples cavaliers d'origine ethnique et linguistique discutée, devenue plus tard la Sogdiane, puis pendant deux ou trois siècles la seconde plus grande puissance de Transoxiane après les Yuezhi. La langue et culture du peuple Kangju n'est pas tranchée : la plupart des auteurs le considèrent comme d'origine iranienne et plus probablement tokharienne mais d'autres évoquent une origine turque, ou les deux. (fr) Kangju (Hanzi: 康居; Pinyin: Kangju; Wade–Giles: K'ang-chü) adalah nama Tionghoa untuk sebuah kerajaan kuno di Asia Tengah yang merupakan negara kuat di wilayah Transoxiana setelah Yuezhi. Penduduknya yang disebut Kang (康) adalah penduduk semi-nomaden yang kemungkinan masih terkait dengan orang Sogdiana Iran. (in) ( 다른 뜻에 대해서는 강거 (후한) 문서를 참고하십시오.) 강거(康居)는 현재 우즈베키스탄과 카자흐스탄 남부 인근 지역에 세워진 고대 국가를 한자로 음차하여 나타낸 말이다. 실제 국가의 이름과 존재 여부도 아직은 확실하지 않다. 강거의 여름 수도가 지금의 타슈켄트라고 추정한다. 이란계 스키타이와 원시 튀르크 흉노 민족이 함께 세운 나라로 위치는 소그디아나의 북쪽으로 추정된며 타슈켄트에서 북서쪽 1000km 떨어져 있다고 추측한다. 기원전 128년 장건이 방문한 후 기록에 남긴 보고서에만 등장한다. (ko) Kangju (康居 Wade-Giles: K’ang-chü) is de naam van een confederatie van stammen, deels nomadisch, deels sedentair, die volgens Chinese historische bronnen tussen de 2e eeuw v. Chr en de 3e eeuw na Chr in Centraal-Azië hebben gewoond. (nl) 康居（呉音：こうこ、漢音：こうきょ、拼音：Kāngjū）は、かつて中央アジアに在ったとされる遊牧国家。大宛の西北に在り、シル川の中・下流からシベリア南部を領していたと思われ、現在のカザフスタン南部にあたる。 (ja) Kangju (cinese: 康居) era il nome di un'antica popolazione e del relativo regno in Asia centrale. Si trattava di una federazione nomade la cui origine etnica e linguistica è sconosciuta, che divenne per un paio di secoli la seconda potenza della Transoxiana dopo gli Yuezhi. pensa che l'etnia dei K'ang-chü sia turca, basandosi su studi dei testi, mentre altri studiosi tendono a considerarli iraniani o Tocari. (it) Кангюй — стародавня держава племен кангюїв і согдійців, що утворилася на початку III ст. до н. е. внаслідок підкорення масагетів. Тривалий час протистояла тохарам. У III ст. н. е. внаслідок внутрішньої кризи почався занепад. Підкорено ефталітами у V ст. (uk) Кангюй (кит. трад. 康居, пиньинь kāngjū, палл. Канцзюй, др.-кит. khāŋka) — название древнего государства (не ранее рубежа IV и III веков до н. э. — IV век н. э.) в Трансоксании, на два-три века ставшего второй по мощи силой в регионе после юэчжей. Его население, кангюи (кит. трад. 康, пиньинь Kāng), было индоевропейским полукочевым народом, вероятнее всего иранским, идентичными согдийцам, или другим близким к ним иранским группам, таким как асии. К западу от Кангюев обитали сармато-аланские племена (Яньцай), к востоку (в Семиречье) — усуни. На юге Кангюи граничили с Ферганой. (ru) 康居或康居国，东汉以后亦简称康国，时常为位于乌兹别克撒马尔罕的昭武九姓宗主国康国的代称，是古代生活在中亚地区的半游牧民族的国家或部落联盟，活动范围主要在今哈萨克东部及锡尔河中下游。汉朝时期，居住于大宛、乌孙之西北，大月氏之北，奄蔡之东，呼揭以及贝加尔湖的丁零以西等地带。公元前2世纪，控弦者八九万人；公元前1世纪末年，人口达六十万，拥有军队十二万，以作为国都和中心（今中亚泽拉夫尚河附近或锡尔河北岸）；据《汉书·西域传》所载，康居国的錫爾河中下游有五个小王，即苏筹王（治苏筹城）、附墨王（治附墨城）、窳匿王（治窳匿城），罽王（治罽城）和奥鞬王（治奥鞬城），这五个王以及其五座城池在康居王统治之下，一说这五座城即粟特商人城池的前身，后世中国史籍上称为昭武九姓，通称索格底亚那，关于这五座城的居民与以卑阗城为统治中心的康居王族是否属于同一族存在不同意见。和所有游牧民族一样，康居人随季节的变化而迁徙。冬季他们南下于锡尔河一带，夏季北上至“蕃内”，两地相距数千里之遥。他們可能是伊朗人種。 据唐代《通典·康国传》记载晋武帝泰始年间康居王那鼻遣使朝贡；北魏太武帝太延中，国名为者舌，遣使朝贡；隋朝时国名康国，隋炀帝大业中期迁使朝贡。后被突厥打击，被突厥化为康里。 (zh) |
| rdfs:label | Kangju (de) Kangju (es) Kangju (en) Kangju (in) Kangju (fr) Kangju (it) 康居 (ja) 강거 (ko) Kangju (nl) Кангюй (ru) Кангюй (uk) 康居 (zh) |
| rdfs:seeAlso | dbr:Sintashta_culture |
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