List of generic forms in place names in Ireland and the United Kingdom (original) (raw)

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This article lists a number of common generic forms in place names in the British Isles, their meanings and some examples of their use. The study of place names is called toponymy; for a more detailed examination of this subject in relation to British and Irish place names, refer to Toponymy in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Key to languages: Bry: Brythonic; C: Cumbric; K: Cornish; I: Irish; L: Latin; ME: Middle English; NF: Norman French; OE: Old English (Anglo-Saxon); ON: Old Norse; P: Pictish; S: Scots; SG: Scots Gaelic; W: Welsh

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dbo:abstract This article lists a number of common generic forms in place names in the British Isles, their meanings and some examples of their use. The study of place names is called toponymy; for a more detailed examination of this subject in relation to British and Irish place names, refer to Toponymy in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Key to languages: Bry: Brythonic; C: Cumbric; K: Cornish; I: Irish; L: Latin; ME: Middle English; NF: Norman French; OE: Old English (Anglo-Saxon); ON: Old Norse; P: Pictish; S: Scots; SG: Scots Gaelic; W: Welsh (en) Questo elenco dà una serie di forme generiche comuni che si ritrovano nei nomi di luoghi britannici. Non è raro trovare diversi di questi combinati assieme. Un esempio interessante è Torpenhow Hill, in Cumbria; il nome sembra sia cresciuto ad ogni ondata di nuovi abitanti, ognuno dei quali prendeva il nome degli occupanti precedenti e aggiungeva qualcosa: le tre sillabe, "tor", "pen", "how", (oltre a "hill") significano tutte collina in una lingua diversa. Fattori come il cambio di pronuncia nel corso degli anni, cambio di significato, e altre ambiguità possono complicare ulteriormente le cose. Ad esempio, in luoghi dove prevaleva il Danelaw e dove esiste incertezza sull'origine del nome, è più logico preferire il significato dell'antico norvegese a quello dell'antico inglese; spesso, comunque, essi sono identici. Si prenda ad esempio Askrigg, nello Yorkshire, "un luogo dove crescono i frassini": mentre il primo elemento è indubbiamente il norvegese asc (pronunciato "ask"), nella lingua del Danelaw ask- può facilmente rappresentare una "norvegesizzazione" della forma antico inglese æsc (pronunciata "ash"). Sia asc che æsc, in ogni caso, hanno lo stesso significato. Talvolta comunque, si verificava il caso in cui i nuovi arrivati cambiavano il nome per farlo coincidere con la loro pronuncia, senza mantenere riferimenti al significato originale. Quindi Skipton, nello Yorkshire, se non fosse stato per i coloni di lingua norvegese dell'area, sarebbe giunto a noi come "Shipton" (in antico inglese scip(e)tun - "fattoria delle pecore"). Il termine in antico norvegese per "pecora" ("sheep") era abbastanza differente (produsse infatti il nome delle Isole Fær Øer - le "isole delle pecore"), quindi i nuovi abitanti non stavano traducendo il nome, ma semplicemente riflettendo il modo in cui il suono inglese "sh-" corrispondeva al norvegese "sk-", nelle parole che avevano una radice comune (come abbiamo già visto per asc e æsc). I termini "antico inglese" e "Anglo-Sassone" sono fondamentalmente equivalenti in significato e rappresentano il linguaggio ibrido germanico occidentale, in uso tra l'abbandono romano della Britannia e il secolo successivo all'invasione normanna del 1066. Si noti che in confronto ai toponimi antico inglesi e antico norvegesi, quelli nelle lingue celtiche (cornico, gallese, ecc.) sono quasi sempre composti in ordine inverso, ovvero, Tregonebris è tre + Conebris cioè "l'insediamento di Cunebris". Questo non è vero comunque, per i nomi celtici più vecchi: ad esempio, Malvern, derivante da elementi rappresentati dal gallese moderno "Moelfryn" (moel + bryn - "bald hill"). Legenda delle lingue: K - cornico; L - latino; NF - ; OE - antico inglese; ON - antico norvegese; P - pitto; SG - ; W - gallese (it) 对地名的研究被叫作地名研究;欲更详细地调查与英国地名相关的这一主题,可参见。本条目列出了一些见于英国和爱尔兰的地名中的常见的通名,以及它们的含义和一些使用例子。 本条目中的一些通名也存在于英国海外属地以及英国之外的其他的使用英语的国家或地区的地名之中,甚至非英语国家或地区的地名之中,有可能含有本条目列出的部分通名。如: * 英国海外属地:汉密尔顿 (百慕大)(Hamilton),通名:ton * 英语国家:斯普林菲尔德 (美国)(Springfield),通名:field * 非英语国家:特雷利乌 (阿根廷)(Trelew),通名:tre 关于译名: * 本词条的通名和地名采用中国大陆的翻译方式翻译。 * 按照大陆的翻译方式,一些发音本来有固定的对应的汉字,但是由于约定俗成,一些名称在大陆有固定的译法。如: * [kǝː]通常对应“克”,但是kirk()译为“柯克”,不译为“克克” * [mau]通常对应“毛”,但是mouth([mauθ])译为“茅斯”,不译为“毛斯” * 按照大陆的翻译方式,一些通名按照其发音,本来有别的译法,但是由于约定俗成,它们在大陆有固定的译法。如: * land([lænd])本来对应“兰德”,但是按固定译法译为“兰” * 英国的地名基本按当今的英国英语发音翻译,而不按其原语言发音(爱尔兰语、威尔士语等)或旧式发音(古英语、中古英语等)。如威尔士地名Trealaw,按英语译为“”,而不按威尔士语译为“特雷阿劳”。 * 本词条中列出的大多数地名都是其“英语形式”,而它们可能还有其他(原来的)语言的形式。一个地方的地名应该按照它所在国家的官方语言翻译,因此,威尔士、苏格兰、北爱尔兰的地名应该按照英语翻译,而爱尔兰的地名,应该按照爱尔兰语翻译,但是本列表中的“英语形式的爱尔兰地名”,也是按其“英语形式”翻译的,而不是按其“爱尔兰语形式”翻译的。如: * 威尔士地名“庞蒂浦”,英语名为Pontypool,威尔士语名为Pont-y-pŵl,“庞蒂浦”是按英语翻译的。 * 苏格兰地名“”,英语名为Knockentiber,苏格兰盖尔语名为Cnoc an Tobair,“诺肯泰伯尔”是按英语翻译的。 * 北爱尔兰地名“”,英语名为Killead,爱尔兰语名为Cill Éad,“基利德”是按英语翻译的。 * 爱尔兰地名“”,英语名为Donegal,爱尔兰语名为Dún na nGall,“多尼戈尔”是按英语翻译的。 * 爱尔兰地名“都柏林”,英语名为Dublin,爱尔兰语名为Baile Átha Cliath,“都柏林”是按英语翻译的。 各语言简称:爱——爱尔兰语;北——古北欧语;布——布立吞语;法——诺曼法语;古——古英语;坎——坎布里亚语;康——康沃尔语;拉——拉丁语;皮——皮克特语;苏——苏格兰盖尔语;威——威尔士语;中——中古英语 (zh)
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rdfs:comment This article lists a number of common generic forms in place names in the British Isles, their meanings and some examples of their use. The study of place names is called toponymy; for a more detailed examination of this subject in relation to British and Irish place names, refer to Toponymy in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Key to languages: Bry: Brythonic; C: Cumbric; K: Cornish; I: Irish; L: Latin; ME: Middle English; NF: Norman French; OE: Old English (Anglo-Saxon); ON: Old Norse; P: Pictish; S: Scots; SG: Scots Gaelic; W: Welsh (en) Questo elenco dà una serie di forme generiche comuni che si ritrovano nei nomi di luoghi britannici. Non è raro trovare diversi di questi combinati assieme. Un esempio interessante è Torpenhow Hill, in Cumbria; il nome sembra sia cresciuto ad ogni ondata di nuovi abitanti, ognuno dei quali prendeva il nome degli occupanti precedenti e aggiungeva qualcosa: le tre sillabe, "tor", "pen", "how", (oltre a "hill") significano tutte collina in una lingua diversa. Legenda delle lingue: K - cornico; L - latino; NF - ; OE - antico inglese; ON - antico norvegese; P - pitto; SG - ; W - gallese (it) 对地名的研究被叫作地名研究;欲更详细地调查与英国地名相关的这一主题,可参见。本条目列出了一些见于英国和爱尔兰的地名中的常见的通名,以及它们的含义和一些使用例子。 本条目中的一些通名也存在于英国海外属地以及英国之外的其他的使用英语的国家或地区的地名之中,甚至非英语国家或地区的地名之中,有可能含有本条目列出的部分通名。如: * 英国海外属地:汉密尔顿 (百慕大)(Hamilton),通名:ton * 英语国家:斯普林菲尔德 (美国)(Springfield),通名:field * 非英语国家:特雷利乌 (阿根廷)(Trelew),通名:tre 关于译名: 各语言简称:爱——爱尔兰语;北——古北欧语;布——布立吞语;法——诺曼法语;古——古英语;坎——坎布里亚语;康——康沃尔语;拉——拉丁语;皮——皮克特语;苏——苏格兰盖尔语;威——威尔士语;中——中古英语 (zh)
rdfs:label Forme generiche nei toponimi britannici (it) List of generic forms in place names in Ireland and the United Kingdom (en) 英国与爱尔兰地名通名列表 (zh)
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