Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (original) (raw)
L'Organització Revolucionària Interna de Macedònia (VRMO), (en búlgar: Вътрешна Македоно-одринска революционна организация, Vatreixna Makedono-Odrinska Revoliutsionna Organizàtsia), era el nom d'un moviment revolucionari búlgar d'alliberament nacional en els territoris otomans d'Europa, que operà al canvi del segle xix al xx. Inicialment el seu objectiu era obtenir l'autonomia de Macedònia i Adrianòpolis en l'Imperi Otomà, però més tard es va convertir en un agent al servei dels interessos de Bulgària i la seva política als Balcans.
| Property | Value |
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| dbo:abbreviation | IMRO VMRO (ВМРО) |
| dbo:abstract | L'Organització Revolucionària Interna de Macedònia (VRMO), (en búlgar: Вътрешна Македоно-одринска революционна организация, Vatreixna Makedono-Odrinska Revoliutsionna Organizàtsia), era el nom d'un moviment revolucionari búlgar d'alliberament nacional en els territoris otomans d'Europa, que operà al canvi del segle xix al xx. Inicialment el seu objectiu era obtenir l'autonomia de Macedònia i Adrianòpolis en l'Imperi Otomà, però més tard es va convertir en un agent al servei dels interessos de Bulgària i la seva política als Balcans. (ca) Vnitřní makedonská revoluční organizace (VMRO, v cyrilici ВМРО) byla v 19. a 20. století nacionalistická revoluční politická organizace působící na území Bulharska v regionu Makedonie. Organizace několikrát změnila svůj název, pod zkratkou VMRO ale působila nejdelší období. Byla založena 5. listopadu 1893 pod názvem TMORO (tajná makedonsko-odrinská revoluční organizace) v domě soluňského knihovníka Ivana Hadži Nikolova. Připojili se k ní bulharští učitelé , , , a lékař dr. . Tito makedonsko-bulharští protiturečtí aktivisté odstře odsuzovali tehdejší moc Osmanské říše a považovali makedonští Bulhary za jednotný národ s nedělitelným územím. Její zakladatelé chtěli, aby se jednalo o organizaci revoluční, ryze makedonskou a tajnou, aby byla vyloučena možná, prozatímní spojitost s vládou tehdejšího Bulharska. Bojovníci VMRO zatčení policejními sbory Osmanské říše. VMRO aktivně bojovala proti Turkům, Řekům a později i Srbům po celém makedonském regionu, páchající násilnosti nad bulharským obyvatelstvem a nebála se i teroristických akcí, tj. bombových útoků a zabíjení VMRO nejprve bojovala proti nadvládě Turecka na územích, která byla osídlena převážně bulharským obyvatelstvem. Její jednotky (známé jako "čety" - podobně jako čety u Četniků) svedly ale také boje s prosrbskými a prořeckými silami. V roce 1903 anarchistické křídlo VMRO provedlo sérii bombových útoků, která měla upoutat západní mocnosti na neutěšený stav v Makedonii a situaci vyřešit. Osmanské bezpečnostní síly reagovaly protiúderem, ve kterém byl zabit tehdejší předseda organizace, Goce Delčev. To vedlo v srpnu 1903 k vypuknutí ilindenského povstání, jehož potlačení si vyžádalo mnoho životů. VMRO byla následně velmi oslabena a rozpadla se na několik frakcí. Jejich spolupráce byla možná teprve až v příhodnějším okamžiku, kterým byly balkánské války v první polovině druhé dekády 20. století. Tehdy bojovníci VMRO podpořili bulharskou armádu. Po roce 1913 působila v oblastech, které Bulharsko ztratilo ve prospěch Srbska a Řecka. VMRO se aktivně zapojila do teroristických akcí ve Vardarské Makedonii, která byla předmětem sporu mezi Bělehradem a Sofií. Nenávist VMRO k tehdejšímu, jugoslávskému režimu, který v zájmu jugoslávské jednoty považoval Makedonce za neuvědomělé Srby (případně jižní Srby), gradovala a projevovala se různými bojovými akcemi. Na přelomu dvacátých a třicátých let navázalo VMRO úzké vztahy s chorvatskými Ustašovci a fašistickou Itálií. Jednomu z členů organizace, Vladu Černozemskému, se dokonce podařilo v Marseille spáchat atentát na tehdejšího nepopulárního jugoslávského krále Alexandra I.. Organizace ale působila také v samotném Bulharsku. Tam její agenti v roce 1923 spáchali atentát na tehdejšího premiéra Aleksandra Stambolijského, který prosazoval ústupky v zahraniční politice s Jugoslávií a Řeckem, aby se mohl lépe soustředit na vnitřní problémy země. VMRO jednala o spolupráci také s komunisty, což podporoval silně Sovětský svaz (který doufal, že by se mu tím podařilo zvýšit svůj vliv na Balkáně) a zároveň to velmi provokovalo tehdejší jugoslávskou i bulharskou vládu. Na základě těchto jednání se VMRO vyslovila pro boj za balkánskou komunistickou federaci a svržení monarchistických režimů. Představitelé organizace ( a ) to ale v bulharském tisku ostře odmítli. Zanedlouho poté byl první z nich za neznámých okolností zabit. Na začátku třicátých let byl jedním z nejsilnějších vůdců organizace . Jeho frakce, tzv. michajlovisté, byli v prudkém sporu s lidmi generála Protogerova a mezi oběma frakcemi zuřil ozbrojený boj, který se vykazoval vysokým počtem úkladných vražd. Tato „válka gangů“ pak byla ukončena až v polovině 30. let, po převratu skupiny „Zveno“ 19. května 1934, jejíž autoritativní vláda organizaci VMRO v Bulharsku rozpustila a zejména potlačila její, do té doby legální, politické složky. Protogerovisté se rozpustili sami a s bulharskou vládou spolupracovali, proti michajlovistům však muselo být vedeno policejní tažení. Ivan (Vančo) Michajlov, jenž byl odsouzen v nepřítomnosti k trestu smrti, uprchl do Turecka a od tam do Itálie. Zemřel 5.10.1990 v Římě. Obavy z aktivit VMRO v oblasti jižní Jugoslávie, tedy přesně v regionu Makedonie, donutily vládu v Bělehradě k provedení přísných bezpečnostních opatření. Hranice s Bulharskem byla uzavřena, mezi oběma státy platila vízová povinnost. V pohraničním pásmu mezi oběma státy byly vybudovány strážní věže a ploty, ne nepodobné těm, které vznikly v časech železné opony. Po druhé světové válce někteří z členů VMRO spolupracovali na budování tehdejší , která byla integrální součástí jugoslávské federace. Dokonce vstoupili i do republikové vlády, avšak později byli nahrazeni komunisty, které dosadil Bělehrad, jenž se obával přirozenému růstu probulharských sympatií ve sporném území, které bylo stále zdrojem napětí mezi Jugoslávií a jejím východním sousedem, Bulharskem. V současné době je odkaz VMRO v Severní Makedonii stále velmi živý. Jedna z nejsilnějších politických stran v zemi, VMRO-DPMNE, má jméno původní organizace ve svém názvu. Staví se však za makedonistické, křesťansko-demokratické a proevropské hodnoty. VMRO ožila také i v Bulharsku; po roce 1989 bylo založeno nejprve kulturní hnutí VMRO-SMD, které se později zaregistrovalo jako politická strana. Ta však i nadále prosazuje jednotu Bulharů v tom smyslu, že označuje oprávněně jugoslávské Makedonce za Bulhary v souladu se sanstefanským mírem a tehdejší bulharskou politikou. (cs) Το Εσωτερικό Μακεδονο-Αδριανουπολίτικο Επαναστατικό Κομιτάτο ή αργότερα Εσωτερική Μακεδονική Επαναστατική Οργάνωση (ΕΜΕΟ, βουλγαρικά: Вътрешна Македонска Революционна Организация, ВМРО, Βούτρεσνα Μακεντόνσκα Ρεβολουτσιόνα Οργκανιζάτσιγια) ήταν μία βουλγαρική μυστική, αυτονομιστική οργάνωση, που συστάθηκε στα Βαλκάνια το 1893, κατά ορισμένους στην πόλη Ρέσεν, της περιοχής Πόλογκ της σημερινής Βόρειας Μακεδονίας, και κατ' άλλους στη Θεσσαλονίκη, και δραστηριοποιήθηκε με ένοπλο αγώνα από τα τέλη του 19ου αιώνα έως τις αρχές του 20ου στην περοχή των Βαλκανίων και κυρίως στη Μακεδονία. (el) Die Innere Mazedonische Revolutionäre Organisation (kurz IMRO; VMRO oder WMRO von bulgarisch Вътрешна Македонска Революционна Организация Watreschna Makedonska Rewoljuzionna Organisazija bzw. Schreibweise bis 1945 Вѫтрешна македонска революционна организация, mazedonisch Внатрешна Македонска Револуционерна Организација Vnatrešna Makedonska Revolucionerna Organizacija) war eine revolutionäre nationale Befreiungsbewegung der Bulgaren in der historischen Region Makedonien, eine radikal-nationalistische Partei im Zarentum Bulgarien und eine paramilitärische Organisation im mazedonischen Teil Jugoslawiens, die sich auch terroristischer Mittel bediente. Sie wurde 1919 von Todor Aleksandrow gegründet und war die Nachfolgeorganisation der Bulgarischen Makedonisch-Adrianopeler Revolutionären Komitees (BMORK). 1934 wurde die IMRO nach dem Putsch vom 19. Mai 1934 und der darauf folgenden Königsdiktatur des Zaren Boris III. aufgelöst. (de) La Organización Interna Revolucionaria de Macedonia (en búlgaro, Вътрешна македонска революционна организация; en macedonio, Внатрешна Македонска Револуционерна Организација; abreviada como VMRO o como OIRM en español) es el nombre de una organización política y revolucionaria búlgara que operaba en la región de Macedonia (Tracia), así como en Bulgaria, Serbia y posteriormente en el Reino de Yugoslavia. En la primera mitad del siglo xx fue calificada como una red terrorista. (es) The Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO; Bulgarian: Вътрешна Македонска Революционна Организация (ВМРО), romanized: Vatrešna Makedonska Revoljucionna Organizacija (VMRO); Macedonian: Внатрешна Македонска Револуционерна Организација, romanized: Vnatrešna Makedonska Revolucionerna Organizacija), was a secret revolutionary society founded in the Ottoman territories in Europe, that operated in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Founded in 1893 in Salonica, initially, it aimed to gain autonomy for Macedonia and Adrianople regions in the Ottoman Empire, however, later it became an agent serving Bulgarian interests in Balkan politics. IMRO group modeled itself after the Internal Revolutionary Organization of Vasil Levski and accepted its motto "Freedom or Death" (Свобода или смърть). Starting in 1896 it fought the Ottomans using guerrilla tactics, and in this they were successful, even establishing a state within a state in some regions, including their tax collectors. This effort escalated in 1903 into the Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising. The fighting involved about 15,000 IMRO irregulars and 40,000 Ottoman soldiers. After the uprising failed, and the Ottomans destroyed some 100 villages, the IMRO resorted to more systematic forms of terrorism targeting civilians. During the Balkan Wars and the First World War, the organization supported the Bulgarian army and joined Bulgarian war-time authorities when they temporarily took control over parts of Thrace and Macedonia. In this period autonomism as a political tactic was abandoned and annexationist positions were supported, aiming eventual incorporation of occupied areas into Bulgaria. After the First World War the combined Macedonian-Thracian revolutionary movement separated into two detached organizations, IMRO and ITRO. After this moment the IMRO earned a reputation as an ultimate terror network, seeking to change state frontiers in the Macedonian regions of Greece and Serbia (later Yugoslavia). They contested the partitioning of Macedonia and launched raids from their Petrich stronghold into Greek and Yugoslav territory. Their base of operation in Bulgaria was jeopardized by the Treaty of Niš, and the IMRO reacted by assassinating Bulgarian prime minister Aleksandar Stamboliyski in 1923, with the cooperation of other Bulgarian elements opposed to him. In 1925 the Greek army launched a cross-border operation to reduce the IMRO base area, but it was ultimately stopped by the League of Nations, and IMRO attacks resumed. In the interwar period the IMRO also cooperated with the Croatian Ustaše, and their ultimate victim was Alexander I of Yugoslavia, assassinated in France in 1934. After the Bulgarian coup d'état of 1934, their Petrich stronghold was subjected to military crackdown by the Bulgarian army, and the IMRO was reduced to a marginal phenomenon. The organization changed its name on several occasions. After the fall of communism in the region, numerous parties claimed the IMRO name and lineage to legitimize themselves. Among them, in Bulgaria a right-wing party carrying the prefix "VMRO" was established in the 1990s, while in the Republic of Macedonia a right-wing party was established under the name "VMRO-DPMNE". (en) L'Organisation révolutionnaire intérieure macédonienne (unie) (Внатрешна македонска револуционерна организација (обединета), Vnatrešna makedonska revolucionerna organizacija (obedineta) ; Вътрешна македонска революционна организация - обединена, Vatreshna makedonska revolyucionna organizatsiya - Obedinena), connue plus couramment sous le sigle IMRO (Unie) était une organisation politique révolutionnaire active dans l'ensemble de la Macédoine du Nord dans l'entre-deux-guerres. (fr) L'Organisation révolutionnaire intérieure macédonienne (en bulgare : Вътрешна македонска революционна организация, ВМРО ; en macédonien : Внатрешна Македонска Револуционерна Организација, ВМРО), abrégé en VMRO, ou en français ORIM, est une organisation politique, militaire et révolutionnaire active dans les territoires ottomans d'Europe de la fin du XIXe siècle au début du XXe siècle. Fondée en 1893, son but initial était l'autonomie des régions ottomanes allant de la Macédoine à Andrinople. À partir de 1896, les membres de l'organisation combattent les forces ottomanes grâce à des tactiques de guérilla et leurs opérations sont couronnées de succès puisqu'ils parviennent à établir un « État dans l'État » dans certaines régions, collectant eux-mêmes des impôts. Ces efforts s'intensifient en 1903 avec l'insurrection d'Ilinden, lors de laquelle près de 15 000 rebelles du VMRO se battent contre 40 000 soldats ottomans. Le soulèvement se solde toutefois par un échec, et après la fin des combats, les Ottomans détruisent une centaine de villages et le VRMO se tourne vers le terrorisme. Au cours des guerres balkaniques et de la Première Guerre mondiale, le VMRO soutient l'armée bulgare et épaule les autorités bulgares lorsqu'il prend le contrôle temporaire de régions de Macédoine et de Thrace. À cette époque, les revendications d'une autonomie macédonienne au sein de l'Empire ottoman sont abandonnées et le VMRO soutient plutôt un éventuel rattachement à la Bulgarie. Après la Première Guerre mondiale, le mouvement se divise en deux organisations : l'une garde le nom de VMRO, tandis que l'autre devient l' (ITRO). Le VMRO, qui cherche alors à faire modifier les frontières issues du partage de la Macédoine en 1913 entre la Serbie, la Grèce et la Bulgarie, gagne une réputation de réseau terroriste. Contestant ce partage de la Macédoine, les membres du VMRO lancent régulièrement des raids depuis Pétritch, en Bulgarie, vers les territoires devenus grecs et yougoslaves. Leur implantation en Bulgarie est cependant compromise par le traité de Niš, signé en 1923 par la Yougoslavie et la Bulgarie et interdisant à cette dernière de protéger l'organisation. Celle-ci réagit alors en assassinant le Premier ministre bulgare Alexandre Stamboliyski, avec l'aide d'autres mouvements bulgares opposés à celui-ci. Pendant l'entre-deux-guerres, le VMRO collabore aussi avec les Oustachis croates et ils élaborent ensemble l'assassinat d'Alexandre Ier de Yougoslavie en 1934. Après le coup d'État en Bulgarie en 1934, le siège du VMRO à Pétritch est investi par l'armée bulgare et l'organisation est anéantie. L'organisation a changé de nom plusieurs fois (voir plus bas). Les derniers groupes sont éliminés par la Yougoslavie et la Bulgarie, mais elle semble ressurgir après la fin des états communistes dans les années 90, car un certain nombre de nouveaux partis politiques revendiquent le nom et l'héritage du VMRO. Tels que VMRO - Mouvement national bulgare en Bulgarie et VMRO-DPMNE en Macédoine du Nord. (fr) Organisasi Revolusioner Internal Makedonia (bahasa Inggris: Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO), bahasa Bulgaria: Вътрешна Македонска Революционна Организация (ВМРО), Vatreshna Makedonska Revolyutsionna Organizatsiya (VMRO); bahasa Makedonia: Внатрешна Македонска Револуционерна Организација, Vnatrešna Makedonska Revolucionerna Organizacija) adalah sebuah organisasi revolusioner rahasia di wilayah Ottoman Eropa yang beroperasi pada akhir abad ke-19 dan awal abad ke-20. Didirikan pada tahun 1893 di Salonika, gerakan ini menuntut otonomi luas untuk wilayah Makedonia dan Adrianopel di Kekaisaran Ottoman, meski kemudian menjadi agen yang bekerja untuk kepentingan Bulgaria dalam politik Balkan. Kelompok IMRO mengambil namanya dari pimpinan Vasil Levski dan memiliki semboyan "Merdeka atau Mati" (Свобода или смърть). Mulai tahun 1896, mereka melawan Ottoman dengan menggunakan taktik gerilya, dan dalam hal ini mereka berhasil, bahkan mendirikan negara dalam negara di beberapa tempat, serta memungut pajak. Upaya ini mencapai puncaknya pada tahun 1903 menjadi . Pertempuran tersebut melibatkan sekitar 15.000 laskar IMRO dan 40.000 tentara Ottoman. Setelah pemberontakan berhasil digagalkan dan Ottoman memusnahkan sekitar 100 desa, IMRO menggunakan bentuk terorisme yang lebih sistematis yang menargetkan warga sipil. Selama Perang Balkan dan Perang Dunia Pertama, organisasi tersebut mendukung Bulgaria dan bergabung dengan otoritas Bulgaria ketika mereka mendapat kendali atas sebagian Trakia dan Makedonia untuk sementara waktu. Selama periode ini, otonomisme sebagai taktik politik ditinggalkan dan upaya aneksasi digencarkan guna memasukkan daerah-daerah yang diduduki ke pangkuan Bulgaria. Setelah Perang Dunia Pertama, gabungan gerakan revolusioner Makedonia-Trakia menjadi dua organisasi terpisah, IMRO dan ITRO. Setelah momen ini, IMRO mendapatkan reputasi sebagai organisasi teroris yang berusaha mengubah perbatasan wilayah Makedonia yang dibagi antara Yunani dan Serbia (kemudian Yugoslavia). Mereka menentang pembagian Makedonia dan melancarkan serangan dari benteng Petrich ke teritori Yunani dan Yugoslavia. Basis perlawanan mereka di Bulgaria terancam oleh , dan IMRO bereaksi dengan membunuh Perdana Menteri Bulgaria Aleksandar Stamboliyski pada tahun 1923, dengan bantuan dari pihak lainnya di Bulgaria. Pada tahun 1925, tentara Yunani melancarkan operasi lintas batas untuk menghancurkan basis-basis perlawanan IMRO, tetapi pada akhirnya dihentikan oleh Liga Bangsa-Bangsa, dan serangan IMRO terus berlanjut. Dalam periode antarperang, IMRO juga bekerja sama dengan Ustaše dari Kroasia, dan korban terakhir mereka adalah Raja Aleksandar I dari Yugoslavia, yang dibunuh di Prancis pada tahun 1934. Setelah kudeta Bulgaria tahun 1934, benteng Petrich menjadi sasaran penumpasan militer oleh tentara Bulgaria. Organisasi tersebut berganti nama dalam beberapa kesempatan. Setelah jatuhnya komunisme di wilayah tersebut, banyak pihak yang mengadopsi nama IMRO untuk melegitimasi diri. Sebuah partai sayap kanan dengan awalan "VMRO" didirikan pada tahun 1990-an di Bulgaria, sedangkan di Republik Makedonia sebuah partai sayap kanan juga mengusung nama "VMRO-DPMNE". (in) L'Organizzazione rivoluzionaria interna macedone (in bulgaro: Вътрешна Македоно-одринска революционна организация?, traslitterato: Vătrešna Makedono-odrinska revoljucionna organizacija, in macedone: Внатрешна Македонска Револуционерна Организација?, traslitterato: Vnatrešna Makedonska Revolucionerna Organizacija, nota con l'acronimo in lingua originale VMRO), fu un movimento rivoluzionario di liberazione nazionale nei territori dell'Impero ottomano in Europa, che operò tra la fine del XIX secolo e l'inizio del XX secolo. Inizialmente il suo scopo era di guadagnare l'autonomia della Macedonia e della regione di Adrianopoli, ma in seguito divenne un'organizzazione al servizio degli interessi bulgari nella politica balcanica. La VMRO si guadagnò dopo la prima guerra mondiale la reputazione di essere l'ultima rete terroristica che cercava di cambiare le frontiere statali nella regione macedone tra la Serbia (in seguito Jugoslavia) e la Grecia e di essere un'organizzazione di tipo mafioso all'interno della Bulgaria. L'organizzazione ha cambiato più volte il proprio nome. In Bulgaria un partito politico di destra porta nel nome il prefisso "VMRO", mentre nella Macedonia del Nord è stato istituito un partito di destra con il nome "VMRO-DPMNE". (it) 内部マケドニア革命組織（ないぶマケドニアかくめいそしき、ブルガリア語:Вътрешна македонска революционна организация, ВМРО、ラテン文字転写:Vatreshna Makedonska Revoliucionna Organizacia、マケドニア語:Внатрешна Македонска Револуционерна Организација, ВМРО、ラテン文字転写:Vnatreshna Makedonska Revolucionerna Organizacija）は、オスマン帝国の領土であったマケドニアおよびトラキア地方、並びにブルガリア、および1913年以降はセルビアおよびギリシャ領マケドニア地域でも活動した政治的革命組織。幾度か組織名を変更している（後述）。頭文字をとってVMRO（ВМРО）、またはその名称を英語に翻訳した「Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization」の頭文字をとってIMROとも通称される。 20世紀末以降のマケドニア共和国およびブルガリアには、「内部マケドニア革命組織」の名を冠した右派の政治組織が複数存在する（内部マケドニア革命組織・マケドニア国家統一民主党など）。これについてはそれぞれ別項を参照されたい。なお、本項で述べるアドリアノープルとはトルコのエディルネのことであり、ここではオスマン帝国時代に存在したエディルネを中心とするトラキア地方の州を表す（詳細はSubdivisions of the Ottoman Empireも参照）。 (ja) 내부 마케도니아 혁명 기구(불가리아어: Вътрешна македонска революционна организация 버트레슈나 마케돈스카 레볼류치온나 오르가니자치야버트레슈나 마케돈스카 레볼류치온나 오르가니자치야, 마케도니아어: Внатрешна Македонска Револуционерна Организација 브나트레슈나 마케돈스카 레볼루치오네르나 오르가니자치야, 약칭 VMRO, ВМРО)는 19세기 말부터 20세기 초반 사이에 오스만 제국의 지배를 받고 있던 마케도니아, 트라키아 지방의 해방을 위해 결성된 민족주의 조직이다. (ko) De Binnenlandse Macedonische Revolutionaire Organisatie of Interne Macedonische Revolutionaire Organisatie (Bulgaars: Вътрешна Македонска Революционна Организация, Vâtrešna Makedonska Revolijutsjionna Organizatsjija, Macedonisch: Внатрешна Македонска Револуционерна Организација, Vnatrešna Makedonska Revoloesjionerna Organizatsjija, VMRO) is een nationalistische beweging, gesticht in 1893 in de Osmaanse provincie Macedonië, die met terrorisme en een guerrilla-oorlog streed voor een autonoom Macedonië in een Balkanfederatie (daarnaast bestond er ook een stroming die pleitte voor aansluiting van Macedonië bij Bulgarije). Al snel was er verdeeldheid tussen pro-Joegoslavische en pro-Bulgaarse leden. Tussen de twee Wereldoorlogen scheurde de beweging nog verder, een meerderheid steunde de Bulgaarse staatsgreep van A. en kreeg steun van Italië (later ook van Duitsland), een minderheid leunde aan bij het communistische Komintern. Van 1923 tot 1934 oefende VMRO zware druk uit op de Bulgaarse politiek. Samen met de ultranationalistische Ustašabeweging van Ante Pavelić pleegde de VMRO op 3 oktober 1934 in Marseille een moordaanslag op de Joegoslavische koning Alexander I. Ook de Franse minister van Buitenlandse Zaken Louis Barthou kwam hierbij om. Aan het einde van de Tweede Wereldoorlog viel de beweging uiteen. De beweging maakte na de val van het communisme begin jaren 1990 een zekere opleving door. In de republiek Macedonië werd met succes de politieke partij Interne Macedonische Revolutionaire Organisatie-Democratische Partij voor Macedonische Nationale Eenheid (VMRO-DPMNE, conservatief-nationalistisch) opgericht. Zij zat van 1998 tot 2002 in de regering en is sinds 2006 onafgebroken aan de macht geweest. De VMRO geniet weinig steun in Bulgarije. De meeste Bulgaren hebben het verlies van Macedonië geaccepteerd. Bovendien is Bulgarije inmiddels lid van de EU, en kan het zich dus niet permitteren om buurlanden te destabiliseren. De VMRO behaalde nog geen 5% van de stemmen. Verder voelen sommige zelfverklaarde etnische Macedoniërs in Bulgarije zich onderdrukt. De partij OMO Ilinden-Pirin die voor hen opkomt, met name in het oblast Blagoëvgrad (ruwweg samenvallend met "Pirin-Macedonië"), had groot succes bij de verkiezingen van 1999, maar is sindsdien verboden omdat ze "separatistisch" zou zijn. (nl) A Organização Revolucionária Interna da Macedônia (Вътрешна македонска революционна организация, em macedônio: Внатрешна Македонска Револуционерна Организација, abreviado como ORIM no português) foi uma organização política e revolucionária búlgara que operava na região da Macedônia, Trácia, e assim como na Bulgária, Sérvia e, mais tarde, no Reino da Iugoslávia. Na primeira metade do século XX foi descrito como um grupo terrorista. Criada em 1893, a ORIM visava a unidade nacional lutando contra os turcos, em seguida, após as Guerras Balcânicas de 1912-1913, contra a Grécia Bulgária e Sérvia que haviam dividido a região entre si. (pt) Wewnętrzna Macedońska Organizacja Rewolucyjna (WMRO) powstała w 1893 roku. Jej celem było wyzwolenie Bułgarów w Macedonii i Tracji spod panowania tureckiego oraz zbrojne zapewnienie im dominacji etnicznej i religijnej, co poczynając od 1904 roku wywołało analogiczną reakcję żywiołu greckiego. Najwybitniejszym działaczem WMRO był Goce Dełczew (zm. 1903).W okresie II wojny światowej sprzymierzona z niemieckimi wojskami okupacyjnymi, brała udział w zwalczaniu partyzantki komunistycznej. Według większości źródeł spoza Republiki Macedonii, do II wojny światowej nie można mówić o programowym oddzielaniu przez WRMO pojęcia etnicznej macedońskości od etnicznej bułgarskości. Aktualnie z etosem tej organizacji sympatyzują główne nurty polityczne Republiki Macedonii, dodając doń pojęcie etnicznej Macedonii, ich zdaniem rozciągającej się na całym obszarze geograficznego regionu Macedonia. (pl) Внутренняя македонская организация (ВМРО) (болг. Вътрешна македонска революционна организация, макед. Внатрешна македонска револуционерна организација) — созданная в 1919 году подпольная организация, преимущественно состоящая из македонских и фракийских болгар. В организации также приняли участие арумыны и представители других этносов. (ru) Внутрішня македонська революційна організація (ВМРО) (мак. Внатрешна македонска револуционерна организација (ВМРО), болг. Вътрешна македонска революционна организация (ВМРО)) — національно-визвольна революційна організація в Болгарії та Македонії, наступниця організації Внутрішня македонсько-одринська революційна організація (ВМОРО). (uk) 马其顿内部革命组织（保加利亞語：Вътрешна македонска революционна организация，缩写为ВМРО；馬其頓語：Внатрешна Македонска Револуционерна Организација，缩写为ВМРО）是在鄂圖曼帝國領土馬其頓、色雷斯地區、保加利亞以及1913年以後在塞爾維亞和希臘管轄的馬其頓地區內活躍的一個革命政治組織。1893年，馬其頓內部革命組織在萨洛尼卡成立，成員主要是保加利亞人及馬其頓內部的保族人士，後期不同種族裔人士陸續加入，目的是聯合馬其頓內所有種族人士，對抗鄂圖曼帝國的統治，其後改為反抗擁有馬其頓地區的塞爾維亞王國、一戰後改為反抗由塞爾維亞主導的南斯拉夫王國。馬其頓內部革命組織主張馬其頓獨立或併入保加利亞王國，因此在第一次世界大戰（1915）及二戰 （1941）時保加利亞軍隊佔領馬其頓地區時受到馬其頓內部革命組織歡迎。1930年代參與了刺殺亞歷山大二世的行動。 现在的马其顿内部革命组织－马其顿民族统一民主党，声称为该组织的继承。 (zh) |
| dbo:affiliation | dbr:Internal_Thracian_Revolutionary_Organisation dbr:Boatmen_of_Thessaloniki dbr:Macedonian_Secret_Revolutionary_Committee dbr:Supreme_Macedonian-Adrianople_Committee |
| dbo:alternativeName | Secret Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organisation (SMARO) (en) Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation (MRO) (en) Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organisation (IMARO) (en) Bulgarian Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Committees (BMARC) (en) |
| dbo:foundedBy | dbr:Hristo_Tatarchev dbr:Ivan_Hadzhinikolov dbr:Andon_Dimitrov dbr:Dame_Gruev dbr:Hristo_Batandzhiev dbr:Petar_Pop-Arsov |
| dbo:keyPerson | dbr:Todor_Aleksandrov dbr:Dame_Gruev dbr:Gotse_Delchev dbr:Ivan_Mihailov |
| dbo:language | dbr:Bulgarian_language |
| dbo:motto | Freedom or Death (Свобода или смърть) |
| dbo:predecessor | dbr:Internal_Revolutionary_Organisation |
| dbo:purpose | *To gainindependence for Macedonia(after the WWI) *To gainautonomy for Macedonia and Adrianople regionsof theOttoman Empire(before the WWI) *Incorporation ofVardar Macedonia, theBelomorie, and thePomoraviewith the Tsardom of Bulgaria (during the WWI) |
| dbo:successor | dbr:VMRO-DPMNE dbr:IMRO_-_Bulgarian_National_Movement |
| dbo:thumbnail | wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/IMARO_CC_Seal_02.jpg?width=300 |
| dbo:wikiPageExternalLink | http://www.kroraina.com/knigi/mni/mni4_1.html http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/results/r%3F_st=adv&_aq=turkey&_col=0&_cr1=FO%2078&_dss=range&_ro=any&_p=1800&_hb=tna&_ps=60 http://www.angelfire.com/super2/vmro-istorija/Knigi/spomht03.htm http://www.angelfire.com/super2/vmro-istorija/index.html https://web.archive.org/web/20010601035630/http:/library.ferris.edu/~cochranr/stone/stone2c3.htm https://web.archive.org/web/20040210185155/http:/www.vmro-dpmne.org.mk/index.asp https://web.archive.org/web/20050210165854/http:/www.bulgaria.com/VMRO/bmork.htm https://web.archive.org/web/20061022043326/http:/www.makedonskaistorija.com/media/1/20050517-UstavBMORKw.jpg https://web.archive.org/web/20080829163334/http:/www.misirkov.org/what_have_we_done.htm https://web.archive.org/web/20180810001146/http:/vmro.org/ https://web.archive.org/web/20181228125103/http:/macedoniagreece.com/ http://www.promacedonia.org/en/hb/hb_photo.html |
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| dbp:abbreviation | IMRO (en) VMRO (en) |
| dbp:affiliations | dbr:Internal_Thracian_Revolutionary_Organisation dbr:Boatmen_of_Thessaloniki dbr:Macedonian_Secret_Revolutionary_Committee dbr:Tsardom_of_Bulgaria dbr:Supreme_Macedonian-Adrianople_Committee |
| dbp:bot | InternetArchiveBot (en) |
| dbp:caption | Art. 1. The Secret Macedonian-Adrianople organization has the goal of uniting all the disgruntled elements in Macedonia and the Adrianople region, regardless of their nationality, to win, through a revolution, a full political autonomy for these two regions. (en) Art. 2. To achieve this goal the organization fights to throw over the chauvinist propaganda and nationalist quarrels that are splintering and discouraging the Macedonian and Adrianople populations in his struggle against the common enemy; acts to bring in a revolutionary spirit and consciousness among the population, and uses all the means and efforts for the forthcoming and timely armament of the population with all that is needed for a general and universal uprising. Chapter II. – Structure and Organization (en) Flag of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation. (en) Art. 2. The Organization opposes any other country's intentions to divide and conquer these two regions. Chapter II. – Means Art. 3. To achieve this goal, the Organization aims to abolish chauvinist propaganda and nationalistic disputes, which split and weaken... (en) Art. 3. A member of BMARC can be any Bulgarian, independent of gender, ... (en) Poster of most important members of IMARO and SMAC between 1893 and 1913. (en) Art. 2. To achieve this goal they [the committees] shall raise the awareness of self-defense in the Bulgarian population in the regions mentioned in Art. 1., disseminate revolutionary ideas – printed or verbal, and prepare and carry on a general uprising. Chapter II. – Structure and Organization (en) Art. 3. The Secret Macedonon-Adrianoplitan revolutionary organization consists of local revolutionary organizations consisting of the members of local towns or villages. (en) Art. 4. A member of SMARO can be any Macedonian, or Adrianoplitan... (en) Art. 1. – The goal of the Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization is to unite any and all dissatisfied elements in Macedonia and the Adrianople Vilyaet without regard to their nationality so that political autonomy can be gained for these two regions. (en) Excerpt from the statute of BMARC, Statute of the Bulgarian Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Committees Chapter I. – Goal (en) Art. 1. The goal of BMARC is to secure full political autonomy for the Macedonia and Adrianople regions . (en) Excerpt from the statute of SMARO, Statute of the Secret Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization Chapter I. – Goal (en) Excerpt from the statute of IMARO, 1906 Statute of Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organisation Chapter I. – Goal (en) |
| dbp:date | November 2017 (en) |
| dbp:direction | vertical (en) |
| dbp:dissolved | c. 1934 (en) |
| dbp:fixAttempted | yes (en) |
| dbp:formation | c. 1893 (en) |
| dbp:formerly | Bulgarian Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Committees (en) Secret Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organisation (en) Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organisation (en) Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation (en) |
| dbp:founder | dbr:Hristo_Tatarchev dbr:Ivan_Hadzhinikolov dbr:Andon_Dimitrov dbr:Dame_Gruev dbr:Hristo_Batandzhiev dbr:Petar_Pop-Arsov |
| dbp:foundingLocation | Thessaloniki, Salonika Vilayet, Ottoman Empire (en) |
| dbp:image | BASA-1932K-1-2-2.jpg (en) Rezano VMRO.jpg (en) SMARO.jpg (en) Ustavmakodr.jpg (en) |
| dbp:keyPeople | dbr:Todor_Aleksandrov dbr:Dame_Gruev dbr:Gotse_Delchev dbr:Ivan_Mihailov and others (en) |
| dbp:language | dbr:Bulgarian_language |
| dbp:logo | IMARO_CC_Seal_02.jpg (en) |
| dbp:logoCaption | Seal of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation. (en) |
| dbp:logoSize | 150 (xsd:integer) |
| dbp:motto | Freedom or Death (en) |
| dbp:nativeName | (en) |
| dbp:predecessor | dbr:Internal_Revolutionary_Organisation |
| dbp:purpose | *To gain autonomy for Macedonia and Adrianople regions of the Ottoman Empire *Incorporation of Vardar Macedonia, the Belomorie, and the Pomoravie with the Tsardom of Bulgaria *To gain independence for Macedonia (en) |
| dbp:successor | dbr:VMRO-DPMNE dbr:IMRO_-_Bulgarian_National_Movement |
| dbp:type | Revolutionary Organisation (en) |
| dbp:width | 250 (xsd:integer) |
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| dct:subject | dbc:1893_establishments_in_the_Ottoman_Empire dbc:Kosovo_vilayet dbc:Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization dbc:Salonica_vilayet dbc:Adrianople_vilayet dbc:Manastir_vilayet |
| gold:hypernym | dbr:Movement |
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| rdfs:comment | L'Organització Revolucionària Interna de Macedònia (VRMO), (en búlgar: Вътрешна Македоно-одринска революционна организация, Vatreixna Makedono-Odrinska Revoliutsionna Organizàtsia), era el nom d'un moviment revolucionari búlgar d'alliberament nacional en els territoris otomans d'Europa, que operà al canvi del segle xix al xx. Inicialment el seu objectiu era obtenir l'autonomia de Macedònia i Adrianòpolis en l'Imperi Otomà, però més tard es va convertir en un agent al servei dels interessos de Bulgària i la seva política als Balcans. (ca) Το Εσωτερικό Μακεδονο-Αδριανουπολίτικο Επαναστατικό Κομιτάτο ή αργότερα Εσωτερική Μακεδονική Επαναστατική Οργάνωση (ΕΜΕΟ, βουλγαρικά: Вътрешна Македонска Революционна Организация, ВМРО, Βούτρεσνα Μακεντόνσκα Ρεβολουτσιόνα Οργκανιζάτσιγια) ήταν μία βουλγαρική μυστική, αυτονομιστική οργάνωση, που συστάθηκε στα Βαλκάνια το 1893, κατά ορισμένους στην πόλη Ρέσεν, της περιοχής Πόλογκ της σημερινής Βόρειας Μακεδονίας, και κατ' άλλους στη Θεσσαλονίκη, και δραστηριοποιήθηκε με ένοπλο αγώνα από τα τέλη του 19ου αιώνα έως τις αρχές του 20ου στην περοχή των Βαλκανίων και κυρίως στη Μακεδονία. (el) La Organización Interna Revolucionaria de Macedonia (en búlgaro, Вътрешна македонска революционна организация; en macedonio, Внатрешна Македонска Револуционерна Организација; abreviada como VMRO o como OIRM en español) es el nombre de una organización política y revolucionaria búlgara que operaba en la región de Macedonia (Tracia), así como en Bulgaria, Serbia y posteriormente en el Reino de Yugoslavia. En la primera mitad del siglo xx fue calificada como una red terrorista. (es) L'Organisation révolutionnaire intérieure macédonienne (unie) (Внатрешна македонска револуционерна организација (обединета), Vnatrešna makedonska revolucionerna organizacija (obedineta) ; Вътрешна македонска революционна организация - обединена, Vatreshna makedonska revolyucionna organizatsiya - Obedinena), connue plus couramment sous le sigle IMRO (Unie) était une organisation politique révolutionnaire active dans l'ensemble de la Macédoine du Nord dans l'entre-deux-guerres. (fr) 내부 마케도니아 혁명 기구(불가리아어: Вътрешна македонска революционна организация 버트레슈나 마케돈스카 레볼류치온나 오르가니자치야버트레슈나 마케돈스카 레볼류치온나 오르가니자치야, 마케도니아어: Внатрешна Македонска Револуционерна Организација 브나트레슈나 마케돈스카 레볼루치오네르나 오르가니자치야, 약칭 VMRO, ВМРО)는 19세기 말부터 20세기 초반 사이에 오스만 제국의 지배를 받고 있던 마케도니아, 트라키아 지방의 해방을 위해 결성된 민족주의 조직이다. (ko) A Organização Revolucionária Interna da Macedônia (Вътрешна македонска революционна организация, em macedônio: Внатрешна Македонска Револуционерна Организација, abreviado como ORIM no português) foi uma organização política e revolucionária búlgara que operava na região da Macedônia, Trácia, e assim como na Bulgária, Sérvia e, mais tarde, no Reino da Iugoslávia. Na primeira metade do século XX foi descrito como um grupo terrorista. Criada em 1893, a ORIM visava a unidade nacional lutando contra os turcos, em seguida, após as Guerras Balcânicas de 1912-1913, contra a Grécia Bulgária e Sérvia que haviam dividido a região entre si. (pt) Внутренняя македонская организация (ВМРО) (болг. Вътрешна македонска революционна организация, макед. Внатрешна македонска револуционерна организација) — созданная в 1919 году подпольная организация, преимущественно состоящая из македонских и фракийских болгар. В организации также приняли участие арумыны и представители других этносов. (ru) Внутрішня македонська революційна організація (ВМРО) (мак. Внатрешна македонска револуционерна организација (ВМРО), болг. Вътрешна македонска революционна организация (ВМРО)) — національно-визвольна революційна організація в Болгарії та Македонії, наступниця організації Внутрішня македонсько-одринська революційна організація (ВМОРО). (uk) 马其顿内部革命组织（保加利亞語：Вътрешна македонска революционна организация，缩写为ВМРО；馬其頓語：Внатрешна Македонска Револуционерна Организација，缩写为ВМРО）是在鄂圖曼帝國領土馬其頓、色雷斯地區、保加利亞以及1913年以後在塞爾維亞和希臘管轄的馬其頓地區內活躍的一個革命政治組織。1893年，馬其頓內部革命組織在萨洛尼卡成立，成員主要是保加利亞人及馬其頓內部的保族人士，後期不同種族裔人士陸續加入，目的是聯合馬其頓內所有種族人士，對抗鄂圖曼帝國的統治，其後改為反抗擁有馬其頓地區的塞爾維亞王國、一戰後改為反抗由塞爾維亞主導的南斯拉夫王國。馬其頓內部革命組織主張馬其頓獨立或併入保加利亞王國，因此在第一次世界大戰（1915）及二戰 （1941）時保加利亞軍隊佔領馬其頓地區時受到馬其頓內部革命組織歡迎。1930年代參與了刺殺亞歷山大二世的行動。 现在的马其顿内部革命组织－马其顿民族统一民主党，声称为该组织的继承。 (zh) Vnitřní makedonská revoluční organizace (VMRO, v cyrilici ВМРО) byla v 19. a 20. století nacionalistická revoluční politická organizace působící na území Bulharska v regionu Makedonie. Organizace několikrát změnila svůj název, pod zkratkou VMRO ale působila nejdelší období. Byla založena 5. listopadu 1893 pod názvem TMORO (tajná makedonsko-odrinská revoluční organizace) v domě soluňského knihovníka Ivana Hadži Nikolova. Připojili se k ní bulharští učitelé , , , a lékař dr. . Tito makedonsko-bulharští protiturečtí aktivisté odstře odsuzovali tehdejší moc Osmanské říše a považovali makedonští Bulhary za jednotný národ s nedělitelným územím. Její zakladatelé chtěli, aby se jednalo o organizaci revoluční, ryze makedonskou a tajnou, aby byla vyloučena možná, prozatímní spojitost s vládou tehde (cs) Die Innere Mazedonische Revolutionäre Organisation (kurz IMRO; VMRO oder WMRO von bulgarisch Вътрешна Македонска Революционна Организация Watreschna Makedonska Rewoljuzionna Organisazija bzw. Schreibweise bis 1945 Вѫтрешна македонска революционна организация, mazedonisch Внатрешна Македонска Револуционерна Организација Vnatrešna Makedonska Revolucionerna Organizacija) war eine revolutionäre nationale Befreiungsbewegung der Bulgaren in der historischen Region Makedonien, eine radikal-nationalistische Partei im Zarentum Bulgarien und eine paramilitärische Organisation im mazedonischen Teil Jugoslawiens, die sich auch terroristischer Mittel bediente. Sie wurde 1919 von Todor Aleksandrow gegründet und war die Nachfolgeorganisation der Bulgarischen Makedonisch-Adrianopeler Revolutionären Komite (de) The Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO; Bulgarian: Вътрешна Македонска Революционна Организация (ВМРО), romanized: Vatrešna Makedonska Revoljucionna Organizacija (VMRO); Macedonian: Внатрешна Македонска Револуционерна Организација, romanized: Vnatrešna Makedonska Revolucionerna Organizacija), was a secret revolutionary society founded in the Ottoman territories in Europe, that operated in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. (en) L'Organisation révolutionnaire intérieure macédonienne (en bulgare : Вътрешна македонска революционна организация, ВМРО ; en macédonien : Внатрешна Македонска Револуционерна Организација, ВМРО), abrégé en VMRO, ou en français ORIM, est une organisation politique, militaire et révolutionnaire active dans les territoires ottomans d'Europe de la fin du XIXe siècle au début du XXe siècle. (fr) Organisasi Revolusioner Internal Makedonia (bahasa Inggris: Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO), bahasa Bulgaria: Вътрешна Македонска Революционна Организация (ВМРО), Vatreshna Makedonska Revolyutsionna Organizatsiya (VMRO); bahasa Makedonia: Внатрешна Македонска Револуционерна Организација, Vnatrešna Makedonska Revolucionerna Organizacija) adalah sebuah organisasi revolusioner rahasia di wilayah Ottoman Eropa yang beroperasi pada akhir abad ke-19 dan awal abad ke-20. (in) 内部マケドニア革命組織（ないぶマケドニアかくめいそしき、ブルガリア語:Вътрешна македонска революционна организация, ВМРО、ラテン文字転写:Vatreshna Makedonska Revoliucionna Organizacia、マケドニア語:Внатрешна Македонска Револуционерна Организација, ВМРО、ラテン文字転写:Vnatreshna Makedonska Revolucionerna Organizacija）は、オスマン帝国の領土であったマケドニアおよびトラキア地方、並びにブルガリア、および1913年以降はセルビアおよびギリシャ領マケドニア地域でも活動した政治的革命組織。幾度か組織名を変更している（後述）。頭文字をとってVMRO（ВМРО）、またはその名称を英語に翻訳した「Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization」の頭文字をとってIMROとも通称される。 (ja) L'Organizzazione rivoluzionaria interna macedone (in bulgaro: Вътрешна Македоно-одринска революционна организация?, traslitterato: Vătrešna Makedono-odrinska revoljucionna organizacija, in macedone: Внатрешна Македонска Револуционерна Организација?, traslitterato: Vnatrešna Makedonska Revolucionerna Organizacija, nota con l'acronimo in lingua originale VMRO), fu un movimento rivoluzionario di liberazione nazionale nei territori dell'Impero ottomano in Europa, che operò tra la fine del XIX secolo e l'inizio del XX secolo. Inizialmente il suo scopo era di guadagnare l'autonomia della Macedonia e della regione di Adrianopoli, ma in seguito divenne un'organizzazione al servizio degli interessi bulgari nella politica balcanica. La VMRO si guadagnò dopo la prima guerra mondiale la reputazione di (it) De Binnenlandse Macedonische Revolutionaire Organisatie of Interne Macedonische Revolutionaire Organisatie (Bulgaars: Вътрешна Македонска Революционна Организация, Vâtrešna Makedonska Revolijutsjionna Organizatsjija, Macedonisch: Внатрешна Македонска Револуционерна Организација, Vnatrešna Makedonska Revoloesjionerna Organizatsjija, VMRO) is een nationalistische beweging, gesticht in 1893 in de Osmaanse provincie Macedonië, die met terrorisme en een guerrilla-oorlog streed voor een autonoom Macedonië in een Balkanfederatie (daarnaast bestond er ook een stroming die pleitte voor aansluiting van Macedonië bij Bulgarije). (nl) Wewnętrzna Macedońska Organizacja Rewolucyjna (WMRO) powstała w 1893 roku. Jej celem było wyzwolenie Bułgarów w Macedonii i Tracji spod panowania tureckiego oraz zbrojne zapewnienie im dominacji etnicznej i religijnej, co poczynając od 1904 roku wywołało analogiczną reakcję żywiołu greckiego. Najwybitniejszym działaczem WMRO był Goce Dełczew (zm. 1903).W okresie II wojny światowej sprzymierzona z niemieckimi wojskami okupacyjnymi, brała udział w zwalczaniu partyzantki komunistycznej. Według większości źródeł spoza Republiki Macedonii, do II wojny światowej nie można mówić o programowym oddzielaniu przez WRMO pojęcia etnicznej macedońskości od etnicznej bułgarskości. Aktualnie z etosem tej organizacji sympatyzują główne nurty polityczne Republiki Macedonii, dodając doń pojęcie etnicznej Ma (pl) |
| rdfs:label | Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (en) Organització Interna Revolucionària de Macedònia (ca) Vnitřní makedonská revoluční organizace (cs) Innere Mazedonische Revolutionäre Organisation (de) Εσωτερική Μακεδονική Επαναστατική Οργάνωση (el) Organización Interna Revolucionaria de Macedonia (es) Organisation révolutionnaire intérieure macédonienne (unie) (fr) Organisation révolutionnaire intérieure macédonienne (fr) Organisasi Revolusioner Internal Makedonia (in) Organizzazione Rivoluzionaria Interna Macedone (it) 내부 마케도니아 혁명 기구 (ko) 内部マケドニア革命組織 (ja) Binnenlandse Macedonische Revolutionaire Organisatie (nl) Wewnętrzna Macedońska Organizacja Rewolucyjna (pl) Organização Revolucionária Interna da Macedônia (pt) Внутренняя македонская революционная организация (ru) Внутрішня македонська революційна організація (uk) 马其顿内部革命组织 (zh) |
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| foaf:depiction | wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/G_Delchev.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Todor_Alexandrov_by_Günther_József,_1912.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/The_Balkan_boundaries_after_1913.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Arthur_D._Howden_Smit...niform_of_the_Macedonians_c._1907.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/BASA-1932K-1-2-2(1).jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/BASA-1932K-1-420-6.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Chernopeevs_band.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Chernozemski.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Dame_Gruev_Portrait.jpeg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Dzole-i-tane-lerinsko.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/General_Tsontcheff_with_Macedonian_Revolutionists.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Hristo_Tatarčev.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/IMARO_Activists_-_Bul..._-_Captured_by_the_Ottoman_Police.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/IMARO_CC_Seal_02.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Kiril_Gligorov_IMRO_killed_by_serbs.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Mara_Buneva.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Metodija_Satorov-Sarlo.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Nikola_Pitu_Gulev.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Protogerov-2.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Rezano_VMRO.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/SMARO.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Sandanski2.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Struga_1903_1.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Ustavmakodr.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Vmro-bg-logo.png wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Flag_of_the_IMRO.svg |
| foaf:isPrimaryTopicOf | wikipedia-en:Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization |
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