Martial race (original) (raw)
전투종족(Martial race)은 세포이 항쟁 이후 영국령 인도의 군 관계자들이 만든 명칭으로 각 카스트를 '전투', '비전투'의 두 그룹으로 분류하던 것으로부터 유래하였다. 영국의 관점에서 '전투종족'은 일반적으로 용맹하고 체격이 건장한 반면 '비전투종족'은 정적인 생활 방식으로 전투에 적합하지 않다고 여겼다. 다른 가설에 의하면 세포이 항쟁 때 영국식 훈련을 받은 인도인 병사들이 포함되었던 일로 인해 이후의 모집 정책이 영국에 충성을 유지한 카스트를 선호하고 모집 지역으로부터는 모집을 줄이거나 배제하면서 생긴 구분이라고도 한다. 개념 자체는 인도 문화 속에 이전부터 존재하던 것으로 힌두교식 사회 체계에서 4 계급 중 하나인 크샤트리아(전사, 戰士)가 이에 해당한다.
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| dbo:abstract | Martial race was a designation which was created by army officials in British India after the Indian Rebellion of 1857, in which they classified each caste as belonging to one of two categories, the 'martial' caste and the 'non-martial' caste. The ostensible reason for this system of classification was the belief that a 'martial race' was typically brave and well-built for fighting, while the 'non-martial races' were those races which the British considered unfit for battle because of their sedentary lifestyles. However, the martial races were also considered politically subservient, intellectually inferior, lacking the initiative or leadership qualities to command large military formations. The British had a policy of recruiting the martial Indians from those who has less access to education as they were easier to control. According to modern historian Jeffrey Greenhunt on military history, "The Martial Race theory had an elegant symmetry. Indians who were intelligent and educated were defined as cowards, while those defined as brave were uneducated and backward". According to Amiya Samanta, the martial race was chosen from people of mercenary spirit (a soldier who fights for any group or country that will pay him/her), as these groups lacked nationalism as a trait. British-trained Indian soldiers were among those who had rebelled in 1857 and thereafter, the Bengal Army abandoned or diminished its recruitment of soldiers who came from the catchment area and enacted a new recruitment policy which favored castes whose members had remained loyal to the British Empire. The concept already had a precedent in Indian culture as one of the four orders (varnas) in the Vedic social system of Hinduism is known as the Kshatriya, literally "warriors". Brahmins were described as 'the oldest martial community', in the past having two of the oldest British Indian regiments, the 1st Brahmans and 3rd Brahmans. Following Indian independence, the Indian government in February 1949 abolished the official application of "martial race" principles with regard to military recruitment, although it has continued to be applied formally and informally in certain circumstances. In Pakistan, such principles, although no longer rigidly enforced, have continued to hold considerable sway and have had major consequences for the nation's political life—the most extreme case being the Bangladesh Liberation War, following decades of continued Bengali exclusion from the armed forces. (en) 전투종족(Martial race)은 세포이 항쟁 이후 영국령 인도의 군 관계자들이 만든 명칭으로 각 카스트를 '전투', '비전투'의 두 그룹으로 분류하던 것으로부터 유래하였다. 영국의 관점에서 '전투종족'은 일반적으로 용맹하고 체격이 건장한 반면 '비전투종족'은 정적인 생활 방식으로 전투에 적합하지 않다고 여겼다. 다른 가설에 의하면 세포이 항쟁 때 영국식 훈련을 받은 인도인 병사들이 포함되었던 일로 인해 이후의 모집 정책이 영국에 충성을 유지한 카스트를 선호하고 모집 지역으로부터는 모집을 줄이거나 배제하면서 생긴 구분이라고도 한다. 개념 자체는 인도 문화 속에 이전부터 존재하던 것으로 힌두교식 사회 체계에서 4 계급 중 하나인 크샤트리아(전사, 戰士)가 이에 해당한다. (ko) Il termine Razze marziali o Teoria delle Razze marziali si riferisce ad una teoria basata sul presupposto che alcuni gruppi etnici hanno inclinazioni inerentemente più marziali di altri e sono in grado di produrre migliori soldati. Era un termine originariamente usato dagli inglesi che, osservando come gli abitanti degli altipiani scozzesi erano più feroci in battaglia di altre popolazioni delle isole britanniche, estesero questo concetto all'India, dove classificarono ogni gruppo etnico in una di due categorie: Martial e Non-Martial. "Rajputs" (anonimo, 1860 circa). Dalla collezione della British Library Un appartenente a una Razza marziale veniva tipicamente considerato coraggioso e ben adatto per l'impiego in combattimento. Le razze tipicamente non-marziali erano quelle comunità che si credevano inadatte a produrre validi soldati a causa dei loro stili di vita sedentari. Questa teoria conobbe in seguito larga diffusione anche al di fuori del mondo britannico. (it) Воинственная раса (англ. Martial Race) — терминология, официально использовавшаяся колонизаторами в Британской Индии. В соответствии с этой терминологией, пёстрое по своему этническому составу население Индии было разделено на две категории: «воинственное» и «невоинственное». В понятиях XIX века термин «раса» соответствовал современному термину «этнос». (ru) 尚武種族，是英屬印度時期的印度種族概念。英國人把印度族群分為两類：“尚武”和“非尚武”。前者勇敢好戰，後者因定居農業生活不適合戰鬥。這種觀念在印度文化中早有先例，四個瓦爾那之一的「刹帝利」在字面上解作「戰士」。 (zh) |
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| rdfs:comment | 전투종족(Martial race)은 세포이 항쟁 이후 영국령 인도의 군 관계자들이 만든 명칭으로 각 카스트를 '전투', '비전투'의 두 그룹으로 분류하던 것으로부터 유래하였다. 영국의 관점에서 '전투종족'은 일반적으로 용맹하고 체격이 건장한 반면 '비전투종족'은 정적인 생활 방식으로 전투에 적합하지 않다고 여겼다. 다른 가설에 의하면 세포이 항쟁 때 영국식 훈련을 받은 인도인 병사들이 포함되었던 일로 인해 이후의 모집 정책이 영국에 충성을 유지한 카스트를 선호하고 모집 지역으로부터는 모집을 줄이거나 배제하면서 생긴 구분이라고도 한다. 개념 자체는 인도 문화 속에 이전부터 존재하던 것으로 힌두교식 사회 체계에서 4 계급 중 하나인 크샤트리아(전사, 戰士)가 이에 해당한다. (ko) Воинственная раса (англ. Martial Race) — терминология, официально использовавшаяся колонизаторами в Британской Индии. В соответствии с этой терминологией, пёстрое по своему этническому составу население Индии было разделено на две категории: «воинственное» и «невоинственное». В понятиях XIX века термин «раса» соответствовал современному термину «этнос». (ru) 尚武種族，是英屬印度時期的印度種族概念。英國人把印度族群分為两類：“尚武”和“非尚武”。前者勇敢好戰，後者因定居農業生活不適合戰鬥。這種觀念在印度文化中早有先例，四個瓦爾那之一的「刹帝利」在字面上解作「戰士」。 (zh) Martial race was a designation which was created by army officials in British India after the Indian Rebellion of 1857, in which they classified each caste as belonging to one of two categories, the 'martial' caste and the 'non-martial' caste. The ostensible reason for this system of classification was the belief that a 'martial race' was typically brave and well-built for fighting, while the 'non-martial races' were those races which the British considered unfit for battle because of their sedentary lifestyles. However, the martial races were also considered politically subservient, intellectually inferior, lacking the initiative or leadership qualities to command large military formations. The British had a policy of recruiting the martial Indians from those who has less access to educat (en) Il termine Razze marziali o Teoria delle Razze marziali si riferisce ad una teoria basata sul presupposto che alcuni gruppi etnici hanno inclinazioni inerentemente più marziali di altri e sono in grado di produrre migliori soldati. Era un termine originariamente usato dagli inglesi che, osservando come gli abitanti degli altipiani scozzesi erano più feroci in battaglia di altre popolazioni delle isole britanniche, estesero questo concetto all'India, dove classificarono ogni gruppo etnico in una di due categorie: Martial e Non-Martial. (it) |
| rdfs:label | Teoria delle razze marziali (it) Martial race (en) 전투종족 (ko) Воинственная раса (ru) 尚武種族 (zh) |
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