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Marine biogeochemical cycles are biogeochemical cycles that occur within marine environments, that is, in the saltwater of seas or oceans or the brackish water of coastal estuaries. These biogeochemical cycles are the pathways chemical substances and elements move through within the marine environment. In addition, substances and elements can be imported into or exported from the marine environment. These imports and exports can occur as exchanges with the atmosphere above, the ocean floor below, or as runoff from the land. There are biogeochemical cycles for the elements calcium, carbon, hydrogen, mercury, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, selenium, and sulfur; molecular cycles for water and silica; macroscopic cycles such as the rock cycle; as well as human-induced cycles for synthetic compounds such as polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB). In some cycles there are reservoirs where a substance can be stored for a long time. The cycling of these elements is interconnected. Marine organisms, and particularly marine microorganisms are crucial for the functioning of many of these cycles. The forces driving biogeochemical cycles include metabolic processes within organisms, geological processes involving the earth's mantle, as well as chemical reactions among the substances themselves, which is why these are called biogeochemical cycles. While chemical substances can be broken down and recombined, the chemical elements themselves can be neither created nor destroyed by these forces, so apart from some losses to and gains from outer space, elements are recycled or stored (sequestered) somewhere on or within the planet. (en) |
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https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=jiQ6Gjdn_7oC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22marine+biogeochemical+cycles%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwidtLyBuM3qAhX3yDgGHYRRAV4Q6AEwAHoECAIQAg%23v=onepage&q=%22marine%20biogeochemical%20cycles%22&f=false https://www.youtube.com/watch%3Fv=qSUX8hhyP98 |
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Phytoplankton convert , which has dissolved from the atmosphere into the surface oceans into particulate organic carbon during primary production. Phytoplankton are then consumed by krill and small zooplankton grazers, which in turn are preyed upon by higher trophic levels. Any unconsumed phytoplankton form aggregates, and along with zooplankton faecal pellets, sink rapidly and are exported out of the mixed layer. Krill, zooplankton and microbes intercept phytoplankton in the surface ocean and sinking detrital particles at depth, consuming and respiring this POC to , such that only a small proportion of surface-produced carbon sinks to the deep ocean . As krill and smaller zooplankton feed, they also physically fragment particles into small, slower- or non-sinking pieces , retarding POC export. This releases dissolved organic carbon either directly from cells or indirectly via bacterial solubilisation . Bacteria can then remineralise the DOC to DIC . Diel vertically migrating krill, smaller zooplankton and fish can actively transport carbon to depth by consuming POC in the surface layer at night, and metabolising it at their daytime, mesopelagic residence depths. Depending on species life history, active transport may occur on a seasonal basis as well. (en) The dominant feature of the planet viewed from space is water – oceans of liquid water flood most of the surface while water vapour swirls in atmospheric clouds and the poles are capped with ice. Taken as a whole, the oceans form a single marine system where liquid water – the "universal solvent" – dissolves nutrients and substances containing elements such as oxygen, carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. These substances are endlessly cycled and recycled, chemically combined and then broken down again, dissolved and then precipitated or evaporated, imported from and exported back to the land and the atmosphere and the ocean floor. Powered both by the biological activity of marine organisms and by the natural forces of the sun and tides and movements within the Earth's crust, these are the marine biogeochemical cycles. (en) The viral shunt pathway facilitates the flow of dissolved organic matter and particulate organic matter through the marine food web (en) The drainage basins of the principal oceans and seas of the world are marked by continental divides. The grey areas are endorheic basins that do not drain to the ocean. (en) Upwelling caused by an offshore wind in friction with the ocean surface (en) Connections between the different compartments of the living and the nonliving environment (en) Upwelling can be caused if an alongshore wind moves towards the equator, inducing Ekman transport (en) |
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Two mechanisms which result in upwelling. In each case, if the wind direction were reversed it would induce downwelling. (en) |
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dbr:Upwelling Marine biogeochemical cycles (en) DOM, POM and the viral shunt (en) Ventilation of the deep ocean (en) global dust (en) Importance of Antarctic krill in biogeochemical cycles (en) Land runoff drains nutrients and pollutants to the ocean (en) |
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Viral shunt.jpg (en) Importance of Antarctic krill in biogeochemical cycles.png (en) Marine connections between the living and the nonliving.png (en) Antarctic Circumpolar Current.png (en) Antarctic bottom water.svg (en) CO2 pump hg.svg (en) Dust2017.png (en) DustDeposition.png (en) Earth Pacific jul 30 2010.jpg (en) Figure 44 02 04.png (en) Marine Nitrogen Cycle.jpg (en) Ocean drainage.png (en) OceanCarbonCycle.jpg (en) Oxygen cycle.svg (en) Phosphorus cycle.png (en) Upwelling-labels-en.svg (en) WhalePump.jpg (en) |
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Global biogeochemical box models usually measure: (en) ________________________________________________ (en) — flow fluxes in petagrams per year (en) — reservoir masses in petagrams (en) Diagrams in this article mostly use these units (en) ( one petagram = 1015 grams = one gigatonne = one billion tonnes) (en) |
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Measurement units (en) |
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https://www.youtube.com/watch%3Fv=qSUX8hhyP98 |
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Marine biogeochemical cycles are biogeochemical cycles that occur within marine environments, that is, in the saltwater of seas or oceans or the brackish water of coastal estuaries. These biogeochemical cycles are the pathways chemical substances and elements move through within the marine environment. In addition, substances and elements can be imported into or exported from the marine environment. These imports and exports can occur as exchanges with the atmosphere above, the ocean floor below, or as runoff from the land. (en) |
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Marine biogeochemical cycles (en) |
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dbr:Continental_shelf_pump dbr:Marine_microorganisms dbr:Climate_box_models dbr:Temperature–salinity_diagram |
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