Presidency of James Buchanan (original) (raw)
- James Buchanan war der letzte Präsident der Vereinigten Staaten vor dem Ausbruch des Sezessionskrieges. In der Nachbetrachtung zahlreicher Historiker gilt er als einer der schwächsten Amtsinhaber, wozu vor allem seine passive Haltung angesichts des drohenden Krieges beitrug. Bei der Präsidentschaftswahl 1856 hatte er es als erster Demokrat mit einem republikanischen Gegner zu tun, wobei John C. Frémont immerhin bereits in elf Bundesstaaten eine Mehrheit erhielt. 1860 trat Buchanan nicht mehr an. Bis zum Jahr 1884 war er der letzte Kandidat der Demokraten, der zum Präsidenten gewählt wurde. Das Kabinett war in der Frage der Sezession gespalten. Während manche Minister entschiedene Anhänger der Union waren, sympathisierte Innenminister Jacob Thompson mit den Südstaaten. Dies war ein Grund dafür, dass er im Januar 1861 von seinem Posten zurücktrat; ein Nachfolger bis zur Amtsübernahme des neuen Präsidenten Abraham Lincoln im März desselben Jahres wurde nicht mehr ernannt. Vizepräsident John C. Breckinridge, Finanzminister Howell Cobb und Kriegsminister John Buchanan Floyd bekleideten während des Sezessionskrieges hochrangige Offiziersposten in der Konföderiertenarmee. Im Gegensatz dazu kämpften Cobbs Nachfolger im Finanzministerium, John Adams Dix, und Joseph Holt, nach Floyd Kriegsminister, auf der Seite des Nordens. Die Demokratische Partei war auch über die Frage der Sklaverei in Nord- und Süd-Demokraten gespalten. Nach den Halbzeitwahlen 1858 verblieben im Repräsentantenhaus größtenteils Südstaaten-Demokraten, die Buchanans Regierung unterstützten, während viele Nordstaaten-Demokraten ihre Sitze an Republikaner verloren. (de)
- La présidence de James Buchanan débuta le 4 mars 1857, date de l'investiture de James Buchanan en tant que 15e président des États-Unis, et prit fin le 4 mars 1861. Buchanan, un démocrate originaire de Pennsylvanie, entra en fonction après avoir battu l'ancien président Millard Fillmore, candidat du Parti américain, et John Charles Frémont, candidat du Parti républicain, à l'élection présidentielle de 1856. Quatre ans plus tard, le républicain Abraham Lincoln lui succéda à la Maison-Blanche. En dépit de sa longue expérience au sein du gouvernement, Buchanan ne parvint pas à endiguer la crise profonde qui secouait le pays et qui culmina à la fin de sa présidence. Peu avant son arrivée au pouvoir, Buchanan avait fait pression sur la Cour suprême pour que cette dernière prenne la décision la plus large possible dans l'arrêt Scott v. Sandford. Buchanan espérait que le jugement rendu par la Cour apaiserait les tensions liées à l'esclavage dans les territoires, mais son soutien à l'arrêt lui aliéna une grande partie de la population du Nord. Il se joignit également aux représentants sudistes pour demander l'admission du Kansas à l'Union en tant qu'État esclavagiste, en vertu de la constitution de Lecompton. Alors que le fossé continuait de se creuser entre États esclavagistes et États libres, la nation fut frappée par la panique financière de 1857 qui entraîna de nombreuses faillites et une forte augmentation du chômage. Les dissensions à propos de l'esclavage persistèrent jusqu'à la fin du mandat de Buchanan. Dans son discours inaugural, ce dernier avait promis de n'effectuer qu'un seul mandat à la tête du pays, et dans le contexte de l'agitation engendrée par la polémique sur l'esclavage, personne ne l'invita à revenir sur cet engagement. Le candidat républicain Abraham Lincoln, opposé à l'extension de l'esclavage dans les territoires occidentaux, remporta l'élection présidentielle de 1860 face au candidat démocrate Stephen A. Douglas et à l'ancien président de la Chambre John Bell qui concourait sous la bannière du Parti de l'Union constitutionnelle. À la suite de la victoire de Lincoln, sept États du Sud se séparèrent de l'Union pour former les États confédérés d'Amérique. Buchanan refusa d'intervenir militairement contre les sécessionnistes mais garda le contrôle de Fort Sumter. La guerre de Sécession éclata peu de temps après son départ de la Maison-Blanche. Buchanan est aujourd'hui considéré par les historiens comme l'un des pires présidents américains pour sa responsabilité écrasante dans le déclenchement de la guerre civile. (fr)
- The presidency of James Buchanan began on March 4, 1857, when James Buchanan was inaugurated as 15th president of the United States, and ended on March 4, 1861. Buchanan, a Democrat from Pennsylvania, took office as the 15th United States president after defeating former President Millard Fillmore of the American Party, and John C. Frémont of the Republican Party in the 1856 presidential election. Buchanan was nominated by the Democratic Party at its 1856 convention, where he defeated both the incumbent President Franklin Pierce and Illinois Senator Stephen A. Douglas. Despite his long experience in government, Buchanan was unable to calm the growing sectional crisis that would divide the nation at the close of his term. Prior to taking office, Buchanan lobbied the Supreme Court to issue a broad ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford. Though Buchanan hoped that the Court's ruling would end the dispute over slavery in the territories, Buchanan's support of the ruling deeply alienated many Northerners. Buchanan also joined with Southern leaders in attempting to gain the admission of Kansas to the Union as a slave state under the Lecompton Constitution. In the midst of the growing chasm between slave states and free states, the Panic of 1857 struck the nation, causing widespread business failures and high unemployment. Tensions over slavery continued to the end of Buchanan's term. Buchanan had promised in his inaugural address to serve just one term, and with the ongoing national turmoil over slavery and the nature of the Union, there was a deep yearning for fresh leadership within the Democratic Party. Republican nominee Abraham Lincoln, running on a platform devoted to keeping slavery out of all Western territories, defeated the splintered Democratic Party and Constitutional Union candidate John Bell to win the 1860 election. In response to Lincoln's victory, seven Southern states declared their secession from the Union. Buchanan refused to confront the seceded states with military force, but retained control of Fort Sumter. However in its last two months the Buchanan Administration took a much stiffer anti-Confederate position, as Southerners resigned. The president announced that he would do all within his power to defend Fort Sumter, thereby rallying Northern support. Key anti-Confederate leaders included the new Attorney General Edwin Stanton and the new Secretary of War Joseph Holt. The secession crisis culminated in the outbreak of the American Civil War shortly after Buchanan left office. Historians condemn him for not forestalling the secession of southern states or addressing the issue of slavery. He is consistently ranked as one of the worst presidents in American history, often being ranked as the worst president. (en)
- Het kabinet-Buchanan was de uitvoerende macht van de Amerikaanse overheid van 4 maart 1857 tot 4 maart 1861. Voormalig ambassadeur James Buchanan uit Pennsylvania werd gekozen als de 15e president van de Verenigde Staten na het winnen van de presidentsverkiezingen van 1856 over de kandidaat van de Republikeinse Partij voormalig Senator voor Californië John Charles Frémont en de kandidaat van de "American Party" voormalig president Millard Fillmore uit New York. (nl)
- La presidenza di James Buchanan ebbe inizio il 4 marzo 1857 con l'insediamento e si concluse il 4 marzo 1861. Buchanan, esponente di rilievo del Partito Democratico per la Pennsylvania, divenne il 15º presidente degli Stati Uniti d'America battendo l'ex presidente Millard Fillmore dei Know Nothing e John Charles Frémont del neonato Partito Repubblicano nelle elezioni presidenziali del 1856. Ottenne la nomination democratica alla Convention del Partito superando sia l'ex presidente Franklin Pierce che il senatore dell'Illinois Stephen A. Douglas. Durante la precedente presidenza di Franklin Pierce, Buchanan era stato ambasciatore nel Regno Unito ed ebbe quindi la ventura di non essere coinvolto nella polemica attorno alla legge Kansas-Nebraska Act che aveva profondamente diviso il paese e lo stesso Partito Democratico.Prima di entrare in carica fece pressioni sulla Corte Suprema perché, nel caso Dred Scott contro Sandford, legittimasse in modo ampio la schiavitù. Si alleò con il Sud nel tentativo di ottenere l'ammissione del Kansas all'Unione come Stato schiavista con la "Costituzione di Lecompton". Sempre conciliatorio, almeno in apparenza, cercò comunque costantemente di non alienarsi né i secessionisti né gli unionisti ed in tal maniera finì col non piacere mai veramente a nessuno. Venne spesso chiamato "doppia faccia", un nordista con forti simpatie sudiste, combattendo contro Douglas (leader della corrente fautrice del "principio di sovranità popolare" nella questione dello schiavismo) per avere il controllo totale del Partito; mentre aumentava la spaccatura tra gli Stati schiavisti da quelli liberi, il paese fu colpito dalla crisi economica dovuta al panico del 1857, con diffusi fallimenti di imprese ed un elevato tasso di disoccupazione. Nel corso di questi anni si assisté anche al confronto armato prolungato che vide contrapposti i pionieri mormoni nel territorio dello Utah e le forze federali: la guerra dello Utah durò dal maggio del 1857 al luglio del 1858. Nel suo discorso inaugurale promise di rimanere in carica solo per un quadriennio e, col montare della crisi nazionale sulla questione della schiavitù, nessuno gli chiese di revocare questo proposito, accettato da tutti come un impegno preso. Tuttavia, nonostante la sua radicata esperienza nelle questioni diplomatiche, non fu capace di calmare la crescente crisi tra Nord e Sud che avrebbe tragicamente diviso la nazione verso la fine del suo mandato; la successiva presidenza di Abraham Lincoln dovette infatti misurarsi con la secessione del Sud riunito negli Stati Confederati d'America e la conseguente guerra di secessione americana. La firma autografa del presidente Buchanan. Il candidato repubblicano del 1860, Abraham Lincoln, aveva come programma politico di mantenere la schiavitù laddove essa fosse già presente, ma di non farla estendere anche ai territori occidentali; batté lo stesso democratico Douglas, il sudista vicepresidente in carica John C. Breckinridge e John Bell, vincendo così le elezioni presidenziali del 1860. In risposta alla vittoria di Lincoln sette Stati del Sud dichiararono la loro separazione dall'Unione. Nei quattro mesi tra le elezioni e il passaggio delle consegne, Buchanan si rifiutò con decisione di affrontare gli Stati ribelli con la forza militare, ma riuscì a mantenere il controllo di Fort Sumter. La crisi culminò con la guerra civile subito dopo che Buchanan lasciò la carica. È finora l'unico presidente della storia degli Stati Uniti d'America celibe sia al momento dell'elezione sia durante il mandato. (it)
- Gabinet Jamesa Buchanana – został powołany i zaprzysiężony w 1857. (pl)
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- James Buchanan (en)
- Presidency of James Buchanan (en)
- Buchanan (en)
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- Het kabinet-Buchanan was de uitvoerende macht van de Amerikaanse overheid van 4 maart 1857 tot 4 maart 1861. Voormalig ambassadeur James Buchanan uit Pennsylvania werd gekozen als de 15e president van de Verenigde Staten na het winnen van de presidentsverkiezingen van 1856 over de kandidaat van de Republikeinse Partij voormalig Senator voor Californië John Charles Frémont en de kandidaat van de "American Party" voormalig president Millard Fillmore uit New York. (nl)
- Gabinet Jamesa Buchanana – został powołany i zaprzysiężony w 1857. (pl)
- James Buchanan war der letzte Präsident der Vereinigten Staaten vor dem Ausbruch des Sezessionskrieges. In der Nachbetrachtung zahlreicher Historiker gilt er als einer der schwächsten Amtsinhaber, wozu vor allem seine passive Haltung angesichts des drohenden Krieges beitrug. Bei der Präsidentschaftswahl 1856 hatte er es als erster Demokrat mit einem republikanischen Gegner zu tun, wobei John C. Frémont immerhin bereits in elf Bundesstaaten eine Mehrheit erhielt. 1860 trat Buchanan nicht mehr an. Bis zum Jahr 1884 war er der letzte Kandidat der Demokraten, der zum Präsidenten gewählt wurde. (de)
- La présidence de James Buchanan débuta le 4 mars 1857, date de l'investiture de James Buchanan en tant que 15e président des États-Unis, et prit fin le 4 mars 1861. Buchanan, un démocrate originaire de Pennsylvanie, entra en fonction après avoir battu l'ancien président Millard Fillmore, candidat du Parti américain, et John Charles Frémont, candidat du Parti républicain, à l'élection présidentielle de 1856. Quatre ans plus tard, le républicain Abraham Lincoln lui succéda à la Maison-Blanche. (fr)
- The presidency of James Buchanan began on March 4, 1857, when James Buchanan was inaugurated as 15th president of the United States, and ended on March 4, 1861. Buchanan, a Democrat from Pennsylvania, took office as the 15th United States president after defeating former President Millard Fillmore of the American Party, and John C. Frémont of the Republican Party in the 1856 presidential election. (en)
- La presidenza di James Buchanan ebbe inizio il 4 marzo 1857 con l'insediamento e si concluse il 4 marzo 1861. Buchanan, esponente di rilievo del Partito Democratico per la Pennsylvania, divenne il 15º presidente degli Stati Uniti d'America battendo l'ex presidente Millard Fillmore dei Know Nothing e John Charles Frémont del neonato Partito Repubblicano nelle elezioni presidenziali del 1856. Ottenne la nomination democratica alla Convention del Partito superando sia l'ex presidente Franklin Pierce che il senatore dell'Illinois Stephen A. Douglas. La firma autografa del presidente Buchanan. (it)
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