Rudolph Rummel (original) (raw)
Rudolph Joseph Rummel (* 21. Oktober 1932 in Cleveland, Ohio; † 2. März 2014 in Kāneʻohe, Hawaii) war ein US-amerikanischer Politikwissenschaftler. Er lehrte an der University of Hawaiʻi politische Wissenschaften und Geschichte. Als empirischer Forscher beschäftigte er sich mit der Theorie vom Demokratischen Frieden. Anhand statistischer Verfahren belegt er in seinen vielfältigen Studien unter anderem die Annahme, dass zwischen demokratischen Staaten weniger kriegerische Auseinandersetzungen stattfinden.
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| dbo:abstract | Rudolph Joseph Rummel (* 21. Oktober 1932 in Cleveland, Ohio; † 2. März 2014 in Kāneʻohe, Hawaii) war ein US-amerikanischer Politikwissenschaftler. Er lehrte an der University of Hawaiʻi politische Wissenschaften und Geschichte. Als empirischer Forscher beschäftigte er sich mit der Theorie vom Demokratischen Frieden. Anhand statistischer Verfahren belegt er in seinen vielfältigen Studien unter anderem die Annahme, dass zwischen demokratischen Staaten weniger kriegerische Auseinandersetzungen stattfinden. (de) Rudolph Joseph Rummel, né le 21 octobre 1932 à Cleveland dans l'Ohio et mort le 2 mars 2014 à Kaneohe (Hawaï), est un professeur émérite américain en sciences politiques à l'université d'Hawaï. Il inventa le concept de démocide pour caractériser des meurtres de masse exécutés par un gouvernement. (fr) Rudolph Joseph Rummel (October 21, 1932 – March 2, 2014) was an American political scientist and professor at the Indiana University, Yale University, and University of Hawaiʻi. He spent his career studying data on collective violence and war with a view toward helping their resolution or elimination. Contrasting genocide, Rummel coined the term democide for murder by government, such as the genocide of indigenous peoples and colonialism, Nazi Germany, the Stalinist purges, Mao Zedong's Cultural Revolution, and other authoritarian, totalitarian, or undemocratic regimes, coming to the conclusion that democratic regimes result in the least democides. Rummel estimated that a total of 212 million people were killed by all governments during the 20th century, of which 148 million were killed by Communist governments from 1917 to 1987. To give some perspective on these numbers, Rummel stated that all domestic and foreign wars during the 20th century killed in combat around 41 million. His figures for Communist governments have been criticized for the methodology which he used to arrive at them, and they have also been criticized for being higher than the figures which have been given by most scholars. In his last book, Rummel increased his estimate to over 272 million innocent, non-combatant civilians who were murdered by their own governments during the 20th century. Rummel stated that his 272 million death estimate was his lower, more prudent figure, stating that it "could be over 400,000,000." Rummel came to the conclusion that a democracy is the form of government which is least likely to kill its citizens because democracies do not tend to wage wars against each other. This latest view is a concept, which was further developed by Rummel, known as the democratic peace theory. Rummel was the author of twenty-four scholarly books, and he published his major results between 1975 and 1981 in Understanding Conflict and War (1975). He spent the next fifteen years refining the underlying theory and testing it empirically on new data, against the empirical results of others, and on case studies. He summed up his research in Power Kills (1997). His other works include Lethal Politics: Soviet Genocides and Mass Murders 1917–1987 (1990), China's Bloody Century: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900 (1991), Democide: Nazi Genocide and Mass Murder (1992), Death by Government: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900 (1994), and Statistics of Democide (1997). Extracts, figures, and tables from the books, including his sources and details regarding the calculations, are available online on his website. Rummel also authored Applied Factor Analysis (1970) and Understanding Correlation (1976). (en) Rudolph Joseph Rummel (21 Oktober 1932 – 2 Maret 2014) adalah di Universitas Hawaii. Rummel adalah pengarang dari dua puluh empat (24) buku pendidikan, dan menerbitkan hasil utamanya dalam Understanding Conflict and War (1975–81). Karya-karya lainnya meliputi Lethal Politics: Soviet Genocides and Mass Murders 1917–1987 (1990); China's Bloody Century: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900 (1991); Democide: Nazi Genocide and Mass Murder (1992); Death by Government (1994); dan Statistics of Democide (1997). (in) Rudolph Joseph Rummel (Cleveland, 21 ottobre 1932 – Kaneohe, 2 marzo 2014) è stato un politologo statunitense, storico e professore emerito di scienze politiche all'Università delle Hawaii. È stato docente anche all'Università dell'Indiana e alla Yale University. (it) Рудольф Джозеф Руммель (21 октября 1932, Кливленд, Огайо — 2 марта 2014) — американский политолог. Преподаватель политологии и истории в Гавайском университете. Автор концепции демоцида, включающей различные формы массовых убийств невооружённого гражданского населения (например, геноцид), осуществляемых правительством. Согласно его исследованиям, количество людей, погибших от демоцида только в течение одного XX века, в шесть раз больше, чем за все войны этого столетия, вместе взятые. Был сторонником теории демократического мира: используя статистический метод, он сделал предположение, что вероятность вооружённого конфликта между демократическими государствами наименее вероятна, и что «демократии не воюют друг с другом». (ru) Rudolph Joseph Rummel, född 21 oktober 1932 i Cleveland, Ohio, död 2 mars 2014 i Kaneohe, Hawaii, var en amerikansk forskare och professor i statsvetenskap vid University of Hawaii. Rummels forskning var inriktad på krig, politiska konflikter och politiska mord. Han myntade uttrycket democide som kan beskrivas som "mord genomfört av en nationell regering" oavsett det handlar om politiska lönnmord, politiska massmord eller folkmord. Rummel uppskattade att 170 miljoner personer dödades genom democide under 1900-talet, jämfört med cirka 38 miljoner som dödats i militära strider. I en artikel i december 2005 utökade han skattningen av antal döda enl. democide-begreppet under kolonialmakterna med 50 miljoner. Rummel ansåg att det finns stark korrelation mellan demokrati och fred - av de 353 krig som utkämpats sedan 1816 skulle inget ha stått mellan demokratier, vilket enligt kritiker mest beror på att "demokrati" inte har någon enhetlig definition. Denna teori kallas demokratisk fredsteori (democratic peace theory). Rummels analys har kritiserats. Det har anförts att de demokratiska Västländerna dominerar de globala marknaderna och internationella organ och har världens starkaste krigsmakter. Dessa stater agerar odemokratiskt på den internationella scenen och exporterar krig och fattigdom, de två mest grundläggande hindren för demokrati. Rummel var stark motståndare till totalitära system, han var även uttalad antikommunist och stark motståndare till olika högerdiktaturer. Rummel författade även ett antal romaner, i bokserien "Never Again", som populariserar hans forskning om democide och spekulerar kring hur världen hade kunnat utvecklas om man förhindrat politiska massmördare och diktatorer att komma till makten. (sv) Rudolph Joseph Rummel (21 de outubro de 1932) foi um acadêmico e professor emérito norte-americano de ciência política na Universidade do Havaí. Passou boa parte de sua vida acadêmica montando uma base dados sobre violência coletiva e guerra, buscando ajudar em sua solução ou eliminação. Rummel cunhou o termo democídio para assassinato pelo governo. Suas pesquisas levaram-no a afirmar que morreram seis vezes mais pessoas por democídio durante o século XX do que em todas as guerras daquele século, somadas. Ele conclui dizendo que a democracia é a forma de governo menos provável de matar seus cidadãos e que uma democracia nunca (ou quase nunca) entra em guerra contra outra. (pt) 魯道夫·約瑟夫·拉梅爾（Rudolph Joseph Rummel，1932年10月21日－2014年3月2日）是夏威夷大學榮譽退休的政治學教授。他将自己的大半生用于收集並研究人類近代的集體暴力歷史。拉梅爾也是發展民主和平論的重要學者之一，他主張民主政府是最不會隨意殘殺其人民的政府形式，同時民主國家之間也從來不會（或幾乎不會）互相爭戰。 拉梅爾著作豐富，寫下了24本學術書籍，並且在1975-1981年間出版的《認識衝突與戰爭》（Understanding Conflict and War）中記載了他研究的主要成果。他在接下來15年裡埋頭於建構民主和平的理論，不斷加入各種新的資料和數據測試，對比其他人的研究成果，並對許多單獨的戰爭案例進行研究。1997年出版的《權力屠殺》（Power Kills）一書總結了拉梅爾的研究，其他重要的作品還包括了《致命政治：蘇聯的種族滅絕和大屠殺—1917-1987 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）》（1990）、《中國的血腥世紀：從1900年來的民族掙扎和大滅絕 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）》（1991）、《大滅絕：納粹的種族滅絕和大屠殺 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）》（1992）、《政府謀殺 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）》（1994）、以及《大滅絕的人口統計 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）》（1997）。拉梅爾同時也將他眾多著作中的各種圖表、摘要、和表格刊登在自己的網站上，包括他收集的參考文獻和各種統計上的資料。拉梅爾早年也曾發表過《了解因素分析 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）》（1970）和《了解相關性 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）》（1976）。 拉梅爾還撰寫了《絕不重蹈覆轍 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）》一系列的架空歷史小說，由一個神祕的組織派遣兩名戀人傳送重回1906年，透過現代的武器和科技改變人類歷史，以將20世紀改寫為一個和平的世紀。拉梅爾在他的網站有一串廣泛的FAQ問答集，回答各種對於民主和平理論及大滅絕的問題及批評。 (zh) Рудольф Джозеф Руммель (англ. Rudolph Rummel; 21 жовтня 1932, Клівленд, Огайо, США — 2 березня 2014, Канеоге, Гаваї, США) — американський політолог. Викладач політології та історії в Гавайському університеті. Автор концепції демоциду, що включає різні форми масових вбивств неозброєного цивільного населення (наприклад, геноцид), що здійснюються урядом. Згідно з його дослідженням, кількість людей, які загинули від демоциду тільки протягом одного XX століття, в шість разів більше, ніж за всі війни цього століття, разом узяті. Був прихильником теорії демократичного світу: використовуючи статистичний метод, він зробив припущення, що ймовірність збройного конфлікту між демократичними державами найменш імовірна, і що «демократії не воюють одна з одною». (uk) |
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| rdfs:comment | Rudolph Joseph Rummel (* 21. Oktober 1932 in Cleveland, Ohio; † 2. März 2014 in Kāneʻohe, Hawaii) war ein US-amerikanischer Politikwissenschaftler. Er lehrte an der University of Hawaiʻi politische Wissenschaften und Geschichte. Als empirischer Forscher beschäftigte er sich mit der Theorie vom Demokratischen Frieden. Anhand statistischer Verfahren belegt er in seinen vielfältigen Studien unter anderem die Annahme, dass zwischen demokratischen Staaten weniger kriegerische Auseinandersetzungen stattfinden. (de) Rudolph Joseph Rummel, né le 21 octobre 1932 à Cleveland dans l'Ohio et mort le 2 mars 2014 à Kaneohe (Hawaï), est un professeur émérite américain en sciences politiques à l'université d'Hawaï. Il inventa le concept de démocide pour caractériser des meurtres de masse exécutés par un gouvernement. (fr) Rudolph Joseph Rummel (21 Oktober 1932 – 2 Maret 2014) adalah di Universitas Hawaii. Rummel adalah pengarang dari dua puluh empat (24) buku pendidikan, dan menerbitkan hasil utamanya dalam Understanding Conflict and War (1975–81). Karya-karya lainnya meliputi Lethal Politics: Soviet Genocides and Mass Murders 1917–1987 (1990); China's Bloody Century: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900 (1991); Democide: Nazi Genocide and Mass Murder (1992); Death by Government (1994); dan Statistics of Democide (1997). (in) Rudolph Joseph Rummel (Cleveland, 21 ottobre 1932 – Kaneohe, 2 marzo 2014) è stato un politologo statunitense, storico e professore emerito di scienze politiche all'Università delle Hawaii. È stato docente anche all'Università dell'Indiana e alla Yale University. (it) Рудольф Джозеф Руммель (21 октября 1932, Кливленд, Огайо — 2 марта 2014) — американский политолог. Преподаватель политологии и истории в Гавайском университете. Автор концепции демоцида, включающей различные формы массовых убийств невооружённого гражданского населения (например, геноцид), осуществляемых правительством. Согласно его исследованиям, количество людей, погибших от демоцида только в течение одного XX века, в шесть раз больше, чем за все войны этого столетия, вместе взятые. Был сторонником теории демократического мира: используя статистический метод, он сделал предположение, что вероятность вооружённого конфликта между демократическими государствами наименее вероятна, и что «демократии не воюют друг с другом». (ru) Rudolph Joseph Rummel (21 de outubro de 1932) foi um acadêmico e professor emérito norte-americano de ciência política na Universidade do Havaí. Passou boa parte de sua vida acadêmica montando uma base dados sobre violência coletiva e guerra, buscando ajudar em sua solução ou eliminação. Rummel cunhou o termo democídio para assassinato pelo governo. Suas pesquisas levaram-no a afirmar que morreram seis vezes mais pessoas por democídio durante o século XX do que em todas as guerras daquele século, somadas. Ele conclui dizendo que a democracia é a forma de governo menos provável de matar seus cidadãos e que uma democracia nunca (ou quase nunca) entra em guerra contra outra. (pt) Рудольф Джозеф Руммель (англ. Rudolph Rummel; 21 жовтня 1932, Клівленд, Огайо, США — 2 березня 2014, Канеоге, Гаваї, США) — американський політолог. Викладач політології та історії в Гавайському університеті. Автор концепції демоциду, що включає різні форми масових вбивств неозброєного цивільного населення (наприклад, геноцид), що здійснюються урядом. Згідно з його дослідженням, кількість людей, які загинули від демоциду тільки протягом одного XX століття, в шість разів більше, ніж за всі війни цього століття, разом узяті. Був прихильником теорії демократичного світу: використовуючи статистичний метод, він зробив припущення, що ймовірність збройного конфлікту між демократичними державами найменш імовірна, і що «демократії не воюють одна з одною». (uk) Rudolph Joseph Rummel (October 21, 1932 – March 2, 2014) was an American political scientist and professor at the Indiana University, Yale University, and University of Hawaiʻi. He spent his career studying data on collective violence and war with a view toward helping their resolution or elimination. Contrasting genocide, Rummel coined the term democide for murder by government, such as the genocide of indigenous peoples and colonialism, Nazi Germany, the Stalinist purges, Mao Zedong's Cultural Revolution, and other authoritarian, totalitarian, or undemocratic regimes, coming to the conclusion that democratic regimes result in the least democides. (en) Rudolph Joseph Rummel, född 21 oktober 1932 i Cleveland, Ohio, död 2 mars 2014 i Kaneohe, Hawaii, var en amerikansk forskare och professor i statsvetenskap vid University of Hawaii. Rummels forskning var inriktad på krig, politiska konflikter och politiska mord. Han myntade uttrycket democide som kan beskrivas som "mord genomfört av en nationell regering" oavsett det handlar om politiska lönnmord, politiska massmord eller folkmord. Rummel var stark motståndare till totalitära system, han var även uttalad antikommunist och stark motståndare till olika högerdiktaturer. (sv) 魯道夫·約瑟夫·拉梅爾（Rudolph Joseph Rummel，1932年10月21日－2014年3月2日）是夏威夷大學榮譽退休的政治學教授。他将自己的大半生用于收集並研究人類近代的集體暴力歷史。拉梅爾也是發展民主和平論的重要學者之一，他主張民主政府是最不會隨意殘殺其人民的政府形式，同時民主國家之間也從來不會（或幾乎不會）互相爭戰。 拉梅爾著作豐富，寫下了24本學術書籍，並且在1975-1981年間出版的《認識衝突與戰爭》（Understanding Conflict and War）中記載了他研究的主要成果。他在接下來15年裡埋頭於建構民主和平的理論，不斷加入各種新的資料和數據測試，對比其他人的研究成果，並對許多單獨的戰爭案例進行研究。1997年出版的《權力屠殺》（Power Kills）一書總結了拉梅爾的研究，其他重要的作品還包括了《致命政治：蘇聯的種族滅絕和大屠殺—1917-1987 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）》（1990）、《中國的血腥世紀：從1900年來的民族掙扎和大滅絕 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）》（1991）、《大滅絕：納粹的種族滅絕和大屠殺 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）》（1992）、《政府謀殺 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）》（1994）、以及《大滅絕的人口統計 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）》（1997）。拉梅爾同時也將他眾多著作中的各種圖表、摘要、和表格刊登在自己的網站上，包括他收集的參考文獻和各種統計上的資料。拉梅爾早年也曾發表過《了解因素分析 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）》（1970）和《了解相關性 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）》（1976）。 (zh) |
| rdfs:label | Rudolph Joseph Rummel (de) Rudolph Rummel (in) Rudolph Joseph Rummel (fr) Rudolph Joseph Rummel (it) Rudolph Rummel (en) Rudolph Joseph Rummel (pt) R.J. Rummel (sv) Руммель, Рудольф (ru) 魯道夫·拉梅爾 (zh) Рудольф Руммель (uk) |
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