Radicalization (original) (raw)
La radicalisation est le processus par lequel une personne devient plus extrême dans son point de vue ou ses idées. Elle fait aussi référence au retour aux racines d'une question. La radicalisation renvoie à un ensemble de gestes qualifiés d'« extrêmes » qui découlent d'une interprétation idéologique et littérale des principes d'un système, qu'ils soient politiques, religieux ou économiques. Selon le International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence (ICSR), la radicalisation peut mener « différents types d'activisme extrême, incluant le terrorisme ».
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| dbo:abstract | التطرف (أو الراديكالية) هو عملية يتبنى بواسطتها فرد أو جماعة المثل العليا والتطلعات السياسية والاجتماعية والدينية المتطرفة التي ترفض أو تقوض الوضع الراهن أو الأفكار والتعبيرات المعاصرة للأمة. تتشكل نتائج التطرف من خلال أفكار المجتمع ككل؛ على سبيل المثال، يمكن أن ينشأ التطرف من إجماع اجتماعي واسع ضد التغييرات التقدمية في المجتمع أو من رغبة واسعة في التغيير في المجتمع. يمكن أن يكون التطرف عنيفًا وغير عنيف، على الرغم من أن معظم الكتابات الأكاديمية تركز على التطرف إلى التطرف العنيف. هناك مسارات متعددة تشكل عملية التطرف، والتي يمكن أن تكون مستقلة ولكن عادة ما يعزز بعضها بعضًا. يزيد التطرف الذي يحدث عبر مسارات متعددة لكن مقوية لبعضها البعض من قدرة المجموعة على التحمل وخطورتها. علاوة على ذلك، من خلال المساومة على قدرتها على الاندماج في مجتمع غير راديكالي والمشاركة في اقتصاد وطني عصري، فإن التطرف بمثابة نوع من الفخ الاجتماعي الذي لا يمنح الأفراد أي مكان آخر يذهبون إليه لتلبية احتياجاتهم المادية والروحية. لقد فرض العلماء عددًا من العوامل المسببة للتطرف العنيف: الفقر، المظالم الاجتماعية والاقتصادية، التدين المتشدد، عدم التعليم أو الاستبعاد من إبداء الرأى، واضطهاد الدولة. من بين الباحثين الذين يدرسون نوع الجنس، المرأة والإرهاب، كان التركيز على شرح الدوافع الفردية عند النساء المتطرفات، بدلاً من دراسة ديناميكيات القوة بين الجنسين في انتشار التطرف العنيف. على المستوى الفردي، كثيراً ما يكون لدى مرتكبي ما يسمى بالهجمات الإرهابية «الذئب الوحيد» عاملاً مشتركاً وهو ارتكابهم مسبقًا للعنف ضد المرأة. لاحظ الباحثون والممارسون الذين يقومون بتحليل التطرف الاستمرارية وعوامل مشتركة من العنف، الخوف والسيطرة في كل من العنف المنزلي والإرهاب. من الناحية السياسية، هناك تداخل بين كره النساء وسياسة المحافظين في الجماعات الأصولية الدينية والمتطرفة العنيفة. من خلال فهم الدوافع الجنسانية للعنف، قد نتمكن من عزل مرتكبي العنف المحتملين للتطرف والتركيز بشكل أكثر دقة على البرامج التي تسعى إلى منع التطرف للعنف. الآن فقط بدأت الأبحاث التجريبية في تحليل الصلات بين التطرف العنيف والجنس، وبالتالي بين كره النساء والعنف ضد المرأة والتطرف العنيف. (ar) La radicalització és el procés pel qual un individu o grup pot arribar a adoptar opinions cada vegada més radicals en oposició a un statu quo polític, social o religiós. Les idees de la societat en general conformen els resultats de la radicalització; per exemple, els moviments radicals poden tenir el seu origen en un ampli consens social contra els canvis progressius de la societat o en un ampli desig de canvi en la societat. La radicalització pot donar lloc a accions tant violentes com no violentes - la major part de la literatura acadèmica se centra en la radicalització cap a l'extremisme violent. Múltiples vies separades poden promoure el procés de radicalització, que pot ser independent però que en general es reforcen mútuament. La radicalització que es produeix a través de múltiples vies de reforç augmenta en gran manera la resistència i la letalitat d'un grup. A més, en comprometre la capacitat d'un grup per a integrar-se en una societat no radical i participar en una economia moderna, nacional o internacional, la radicalització serveix com una espècie de parany sociològic que no dona als individus cap altre lloc al qual acudir per a satisfer les seves necessitats materials i espirituals. (ca) Přesto, že neexistuje univerzálně platná definice radikalizace a její případné projevy je nutno posuzovat v kontextu událostí, můžeme radikalizaci označit jako proces růstu radikalismu, vyhrocování a vyostřování názorů, postojů nebo i společenské praxe. Tyto vyostřené názory a ideály často podemílají současné myšlenky a projevy společnosti. Může se týkat jednotlivců i celých názorových nebo ideologických skupin, které chtějí nedostatky společnosti odstraňovat zásadně a důkladně, „vytrhnout i s kořeny“ (latinsky radix, radicalis). Nese tak s sebou odmítání kompromisů, omezení tolerance a tedy i jistý konfliktní potenciál (nesnášenlivost, nepřátelství). Dokud však neporušuje zásady a pravidla demokratického zřízení, je ve svobodných společnostech přípustná a nemá[zdroj?] se zaměňovat s extremismem. Radikalizace může být jak násilná, tak nenásilná, většina odborné literatury se ovšem zaměřuje na radikalizaci násilnou, která často přechází do extremismu. Radikalizace představuje ze sociologického hlediska určitou past, do které když se jedinec dostane, není schopen zapojit se do neradikální společnosti a najít jiné místo, kde by mohl ukojit své hmotné a duchovní potřeby. (cs) Radikalisierung beschreibt den Prozess, in dem ein Individuum oder eine Gruppe radikale oder extreme politische, soziale oder religiöse Einstellungen und Überzeugungen entwickelt oder übernimmt und sich gegebenenfalls eine dementsprechende Ideologie zu Eigen macht. Es handelt sich dabei nicht um eine einmalige, isolierte Entscheidung, sondern eine graduelle Entwicklung, die schrittweise und kumulativ zu Veränderungen des politischen, sozialen oder religiösen Denkens, des Handelns gegenüber Mitmenschen und gesellschaftlichen Institutionen, des sozialen Umfelds, der Lebensplanung sowie der Persönlichkeitsstruktur führen und im Ergebnis in Extremismus, Gesellschaftsfeindschaft und Befürwortung von oder sogar Beteiligung an verfassungsfeindlichen, revolutionären, kriegerischen oder terroristischen Akten münden kann. Die vertretenen Meinungen weichen laut Sanne B. Geeraerts in der Folge immer weiter von den vorherrschenden ab, während es dem im Prozess der Radikalisierung befindlichen Individuum immer schwerer falle, gegensätzliche Meinungen zu akzeptieren. Dieser Prozess sei nicht eindimensional, sondern von verschiedenen Faktoren abhängig. (de) Radicalization (or radicalisation) is the process by which an individual or a group comes to adopt increasingly radical views in opposition to a political, social, or religious status quo. The ideas of society at large shape the outcomes of radicalization; for example, radical movements can originate from a broad social consensus against progressive changes in society or from a broad desire for change in society. Radicalization can result in both violent and nonviolent action – academic literature focuses on radicalization into violent extremism (RVE) or radicalisation leading to acts of terrorism. Multiple separate pathways can promote the process of radicalization, which can be independent but are usually mutually reinforcing. Radicalization that occurs across multiple reinforcing pathways greatly increases a group's resilience and lethality. Furthermore, by compromising a group's ability to blend in with non-radical society and to participate in a modern, national or international economy, radicalization serves as a kind of sociological trap that gives individuals no other place to go to satisfy their material and spiritual needs. (en) La radicalisation est le processus par lequel une personne devient plus extrême dans son point de vue ou ses idées. Elle fait aussi référence au retour aux racines d'une question. La radicalisation renvoie à un ensemble de gestes qualifiés d'« extrêmes » qui découlent d'une interprétation idéologique et littérale des principes d'un système, qu'ils soient politiques, religieux ou économiques. Selon le International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence (ICSR), la radicalisation peut mener « différents types d'activisme extrême, incluant le terrorisme ». (fr) Radicalisering is het proces waarbij de gedachten en gedragingen van een persoon of groep extremer worden en in toenemende mate afwijken van de gangbare norm in de cultuur, waardoor de persoon of groep geneigd is extremistische daden te plegen. Het individu of de groep vervreemdt steeds meer van de maatschappij en kan daarna steeds meer neigen naar het uitvoeren van zijn gedachten, een extreme vorm van deviant gedrag. De Nederlandse overheid spreekt van radicalisering bij de bereidheid om diep ingrijpende veranderingen in de samenleving (eventueel op ondemocratische wijze) na te streven. Bij de bereidheid geweld te gebruiken voor het verwezenlijken van doelen spreekt zij van terrorisme. (nl) |
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| dbp:author | Alava, Séraphin, Divina Frau-Meigs, and Ghayada Hassan (en) |
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| dbp:title | Youth and violent extremism on social media: mapping the research (en) |
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| rdfs:comment | La radicalisation est le processus par lequel une personne devient plus extrême dans son point de vue ou ses idées. Elle fait aussi référence au retour aux racines d'une question. La radicalisation renvoie à un ensemble de gestes qualifiés d'« extrêmes » qui découlent d'une interprétation idéologique et littérale des principes d'un système, qu'ils soient politiques, religieux ou économiques. Selon le International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence (ICSR), la radicalisation peut mener « différents types d'activisme extrême, incluant le terrorisme ». (fr) التطرف (أو الراديكالية) هو عملية يتبنى بواسطتها فرد أو جماعة المثل العليا والتطلعات السياسية والاجتماعية والدينية المتطرفة التي ترفض أو تقوض الوضع الراهن أو الأفكار والتعبيرات المعاصرة للأمة. تتشكل نتائج التطرف من خلال أفكار المجتمع ككل؛ على سبيل المثال، يمكن أن ينشأ التطرف من إجماع اجتماعي واسع ضد التغييرات التقدمية في المجتمع أو من رغبة واسعة في التغيير في المجتمع. يمكن أن يكون التطرف عنيفًا وغير عنيف، على الرغم من أن معظم الكتابات الأكاديمية تركز على التطرف إلى التطرف العنيف. هناك مسارات متعددة تشكل عملية التطرف، والتي يمكن أن تكون مستقلة ولكن عادة ما يعزز بعضها بعضًا. (ar) La radicalització és el procés pel qual un individu o grup pot arribar a adoptar opinions cada vegada més radicals en oposició a un statu quo polític, social o religiós. Les idees de la societat en general conformen els resultats de la radicalització; per exemple, els moviments radicals poden tenir el seu origen en un ampli consens social contra els canvis progressius de la societat o en un ampli desig de canvi en la societat. La radicalització pot donar lloc a accions tant violentes com no violentes - la major part de la literatura acadèmica se centra en la radicalització cap a l'extremisme violent. Múltiples vies separades poden promoure el procés de radicalització, que pot ser independent però que en general es reforcen mútuament. (ca) Přesto, že neexistuje univerzálně platná definice radikalizace a její případné projevy je nutno posuzovat v kontextu událostí, můžeme radikalizaci označit jako proces růstu radikalismu, vyhrocování a vyostřování názorů, postojů nebo i společenské praxe. Tyto vyostřené názory a ideály často podemílají současné myšlenky a projevy společnosti. Může se týkat jednotlivců i celých názorových nebo ideologických skupin, které chtějí nedostatky společnosti odstraňovat zásadně a důkladně, „vytrhnout i s kořeny“ (latinsky radix, radicalis). Nese tak s sebou odmítání kompromisů, omezení tolerance a tedy i jistý konfliktní potenciál (nesnášenlivost, nepřátelství). Dokud však neporušuje zásady a pravidla demokratického zřízení, je ve svobodných společnostech přípustná a nemá[zdroj?] se zaměňovat s extre (cs) Radikalisierung beschreibt den Prozess, in dem ein Individuum oder eine Gruppe radikale oder extreme politische, soziale oder religiöse Einstellungen und Überzeugungen entwickelt oder übernimmt und sich gegebenenfalls eine dementsprechende Ideologie zu Eigen macht. Es handelt sich dabei nicht um eine einmalige, isolierte Entscheidung, sondern eine graduelle Entwicklung, die schrittweise und kumulativ zu Veränderungen des politischen, sozialen oder religiösen Denkens, des Handelns gegenüber Mitmenschen und gesellschaftlichen Institutionen, des sozialen Umfelds, der Lebensplanung sowie der Persönlichkeitsstruktur führen und im Ergebnis in Extremismus, Gesellschaftsfeindschaft und Befürwortung von oder sogar Beteiligung an verfassungsfeindlichen, revolutionären, kriegerischen oder terroristis (de) Radicalization (or radicalisation) is the process by which an individual or a group comes to adopt increasingly radical views in opposition to a political, social, or religious status quo. The ideas of society at large shape the outcomes of radicalization; for example, radical movements can originate from a broad social consensus against progressive changes in society or from a broad desire for change in society. Radicalization can result in both violent and nonviolent action – academic literature focuses on radicalization into violent extremism (RVE) or radicalisation leading to acts of terrorism. Multiple separate pathways can promote the process of radicalization, which can be independent but are usually mutually reinforcing. (en) Radicalisering is het proces waarbij de gedachten en gedragingen van een persoon of groep extremer worden en in toenemende mate afwijken van de gangbare norm in de cultuur, waardoor de persoon of groep geneigd is extremistische daden te plegen. Het individu of de groep vervreemdt steeds meer van de maatschappij en kan daarna steeds meer neigen naar het uitvoeren van zijn gedachten, een extreme vorm van deviant gedrag. (nl) |
| rdfs:label | Radicalization (en) التطرف الراديكالي (ar) Radicalització (ca) Radikalizace (cs) Radikalisierung (de) Radicalisation (fr) Radykalizacja (pl) Radicalisering (nl) Våldsfrämjande radikalisering (sv) |
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