| dbo:abstract |
Operation Avalanche war der Codename für die Landung der Alliierten im Golf von Salerno am 9. September 1943, als Teil der Invasion des italienischen Festlands. Diese Operation wurde von der 5. US-Armee unter dem amerikanischen General Mark W. Clark durchgeführt. Die primären Ziele bestanden darin, den Hafen Neapels einzunehmen, um damit die eigenen Versorgungswege herzustellen und gleichzeitig die deutschen Streitkräfte aufzuspalten und nach Süditalien abzudrängen. (de) La Operación Avalanche o invasión aliada de Italia fue el desembarco aliado en Italia continental el 3 de septiembre de 1943 por el del general Harold Alexander (que comprendía al del general Mark Wayne Clark y al del general Bernard Law Montgomery) durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial. La operación siguió a la exitosa invasión de Sicilia durante la Campaña de Italia. La principal fuerza de invasión aterrizó en torno a Salerno, en la costa occidental en la Operación Avalanche, mientras que otras dos operaciones de apoyo tuvieron lugar en Calabria y en Tarento (Operación Slapstick). (es) (Pour le film, voir Operation Avalanche (film). )( Pour les articles homonymes, voir Avalanche (homonymie). ) Certaines informations figurant dans cet article ou cette section devraient être mieux reliées aux sources mentionnées dans les sections « Bibliographie », « Sources » ou « Liens externes » (mars 2017). Vous pouvez améliorer la vérifiabilité en associant ces informations à des références à l'aide d'appels de notes. Opération Avalanche Seconde Guerre mondiale Batailles Campagne d'Italie Invasion de la Sicile * Lampedusa * Corkscrew * Mincemeat * Barclay * Animals * Chestnut * Narcissus * Fustian * Ladbroke * Gela * Troina * Centuripe Invasion de l'Italie * Baytown * * Rome * Slapstick * Armistice de Cassibile * Achse * Naples * Bombardement du Vatican * Ligne Volturno * Libération de la Corse * Ligne Barbara * Bombardement de Bari Ligne Gustave * Ligne Bernhardt * Raincoat * San Pietro Infine * Rivière Moro * Ortona * Rivière Rapido * Monte Cassino * Shingle * Cisterna * Diadem * Strangle * Ligne Trasimene * Libération de Rome * Ancône * Brassard Ligne gothique * Rimini * Saint-Marin * Gemmano * Montecieco * Monte Castello * Garfagnana Offensive du printemps 1945 * Tombola * Bowler * Roast * Bologne * Argenta Gap * Herring * Collecchio Guerre civile italienne L'opération Avalanche est l'une des opérations principales de débarquement des troupes alliées dans la péninsule italienne pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Ce débarquement a lieu à proximité de Salerne pendant que deux opérations de diversion ont lieu en Calabre (opération Baytown) et à Tarente (opération Slapstick). (fr) Operation Avalanche was the codename for the Allied landings near the port of Salerno, executed on 9 September 1943, part of the Allied invasion of Italy during World War II. The Italians withdrew from the war the day before the invasion, but the Allies landed in an area defended by German troops. Planned under the name Top Hat, it was supported by the deception plan Operation Boardman. The landings were carried out by the U.S. Fifth Army, under Lieutenant General Mark W. Clark. It comprised the U.S. VI Corps, the British X Corps, and the U.S. 82nd Airborne Division, a total of about nine divisions. Its primary objectives were to seize the port of Naples to ensure resupply, and to cut across to the east coast, trapping the Axis troops further south. In order to draw troops away from the landing ground, Operation Baytown was mounted. This was a landing by the British Eighth Army, under General Sir Bernard Montgomery, in Calabria in the 'toe' of Italy, on 3 September. Simultaneous sea landings were made by the British 1st Airborne Division at the port of Taranto (Operation Slapstick). General Montgomery had predicted Baytown would be a waste of effort because it assumed the Germans would give battle in Calabria; if they failed to do so, the diversion would not work. He was proved correct. After Baytown, the Eighth Army marched 300 miles (480 km) north to the Salerno area against no opposition other than engineer obstacles. The Salerno landings were carried out without previous naval or aerial bombardment in order to achieve surprise. Surprise was not achieved. As the first wave approached the shore at Paestum a loudspeaker from the landing area proclaimed in English, "Come on in and give up. We have you covered." The troops attacked nonetheless. The Germans had established artillery and machine-gun posts and scattered tanks through the landing zones which made progress difficult, but the beach areas were captured. Around 07:00 a concerted counterattack was made by the 16th Panzer Division. It caused heavy casualties but was beaten off. Both the British and the Americans made slow progress, and still had a 10 miles (16 km) gap between them at the end of day one. They linked up by the end of day two and occupied 35–45 miles (56–72 km) of coastline to a depth of 6–7 miles (9.7–11.3 km). Over 12–14 September the Germans organized a concerted counterattack by six divisions of motorized troops, hoping to throw the Salerno beachhead into the sea before it could link with the British Eighth Army. Heavy casualties were inflicted, as the Allied troops were too thinly spread to be able to resist concentrated attacks. The outermost troops were therefore withdrawn in order to reduce the perimeter. The new perimeter was held with the assistance of naval and aerial support, although the German attacks reached almost to the beaches in places. (en) Lo sbarco a Salerno (nome in codice operazione Avalanche) fu effettuato dagli Alleati il 9 settembre 1943, lungo le coste del golfo della città omonima e come continuazione della campagna d'Italia della seconda guerra mondiale. Gli alti comandi alleati intendevano costituire un'importante testa di ponte e da lì occupare di slancio Napoli con il suo fondamentale porto, utile per rifornire le truppe impegnate sul fronte italiano: la 5th Army del tenente generale Mark Clark condusse l'attacco anfibio con il concordato appoggio dell'8th Army britannica del generale Bernard Law Montgomery, sbarcata a Reggio Calabria il 3 settembre. Assieme, le due armate avrebbero poi attaccato le postazioni difensive tedesche della Linea del Volturno e della Gustav, in Italia centrale. Le truppe del generale Clark sbarcarono tra difficoltà tutto sommato gestibili e imbevute di un ottimismo dettato dall'avvenuta resa italiana. Nell'arco di due giornate, però, subirono i violenti contrattacchi delle divisioni in affluenza della 10. Armee del tenente generale Heinrich von Vietinghoff, che il feldmaresciallo Albert Kesselring (comandante supremo tedesco per il Mediterraneo) aveva opportunamente concentrato sulle alture dominanti il golfo; i tedeschi, in particolare, sfruttarono un largo varco tra i due corpi d'armata che componevano la 5th Army, coincidente con il fiume Sele, e riuscirono a penetrare a fondo nella testa di ponte. Clark temette un disastro, al punto di abbozzare piani di evacuazione, ma in ultimo la tenace resistenza anglo-statunitense (caratterizzata dal massiccio supporto d'artiglieria, terrestre e navale) scongiurò la minaccia e frenò i tedeschi. Dopo dieci giorni di aspri combattimenti gli Alleati, che pure avevano subito perdite molto più elevate dei tedeschi, riuscirono a uscire dalla testa di ponte il 19 e a riorganizzarsi in vista dell'avanzata verso Napoli, che nel frattempo era già insorta, dove giunsero il 1º ottobre 1943. La 10. Armee, al contempo, aveva ripiegato ordinatamente in direzione della Linea del Volturno, arroccata nell'impervio territorio appenninico a nord del capoluogo campano, dove si preparò ad affrontare nuovamente gli Alleati. (it) アヴァランチ作戦（アヴァランチさくせん、Operation Avalanche）、アヴァランシュ作戦は、第二次世界大戦中、1943年9月9日に実行された連合国軍によるイタリア、サレルノへの上陸作戦である。この作戦にはハロルド・アレクサンダー将軍の（マーク・ウェイン・クラークのアメリカ第5軍、バーナード・モントゴメリーのイギリス軍）が投入された。 この作戦は成功に終わったハスキー作戦に次ぐイタリア戦線におけるものであった。主要な攻撃目標はサレルノ周辺のイタリア本土西海岸への上陸であった。この作戦を支援するためにベイタウン作戦、スラップスティック作戦といった作戦も計画された。 (ja) (ang. Operation Avalanche, pol. dosł. operacja „lawina”) – aliancka operacja desantowa rozpoczęta 9 września 1943 roku, lądowania aliantów na południe od Neapolu, w okolicach miasta Salerno nad Morzem Tyrreńskim w czasie kampanii włoskiej. (pl) Операція «Аваланч» (англ. Operation Avalanche) — морська десантна операція, що проводилася з 9 вересня по 16 вересня 1943 року військами союзників (США, Велика Британія) з метою висадки морського десанту в районі італійського міста Салерно на узбережжі континентальної Італії під час Другої світової війни. 9 вересня 1943 5-та американська армія під командуванням генерал-лейтенанта Марка Кларка здійснила висадку поблизу Салерно, на відстані близько 70 км від Неаполя з ціллю завдання потужного удару по італійсько-німецьких військах на Апеннінському півострові та виведення Італії з війни на стороні країн Осі. (uk) |
| dbo:causalties |
Total: 42 wounded 422 wounded Royal Navy: 83 killed 1,318 missing 2,149 killed 2,230 missing 2,841 wounded 296 killed 4,060 wounded 4,099 missing 551 missing 5th Army: 7,365 wounded 788 killed 982 killed US Navy: |
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170,000 servicemen. 35,000 Germans |
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Fld. Mrshl. Albert Kesselring (en) GdPT Heinrich von Vietinghoff (en) Lt. Gen. Mark W. Clark, USA (en) Lt. Gen. Richard L. McCreery, BA (en) Maj. Gen. Ernest J. Dawley, USA (en) U.S. infantry landing on Salerno, September 1943. (en) Vice Adm. H. Kent Hewitt, USN (en) |
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Mark W. Clark (en) H. von Vietinghoff (en) |
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Operation Avalanche (en) |
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Army group and army commanders (en) Clark's corps commanders (en) Naval and ground force commanders for Operation Avalanche (en) |
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Operation Avalanche war der Codename für die Landung der Alliierten im Golf von Salerno am 9. September 1943, als Teil der Invasion des italienischen Festlands. Diese Operation wurde von der 5. US-Armee unter dem amerikanischen General Mark W. Clark durchgeführt. Die primären Ziele bestanden darin, den Hafen Neapels einzunehmen, um damit die eigenen Versorgungswege herzustellen und gleichzeitig die deutschen Streitkräfte aufzuspalten und nach Süditalien abzudrängen. (de) La Operación Avalanche o invasión aliada de Italia fue el desembarco aliado en Italia continental el 3 de septiembre de 1943 por el del general Harold Alexander (que comprendía al del general Mark Wayne Clark y al del general Bernard Law Montgomery) durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial. La operación siguió a la exitosa invasión de Sicilia durante la Campaña de Italia. La principal fuerza de invasión aterrizó en torno a Salerno, en la costa occidental en la Operación Avalanche, mientras que otras dos operaciones de apoyo tuvieron lugar en Calabria y en Tarento (Operación Slapstick). (es) アヴァランチ作戦（アヴァランチさくせん、Operation Avalanche）、アヴァランシュ作戦は、第二次世界大戦中、1943年9月9日に実行された連合国軍によるイタリア、サレルノへの上陸作戦である。この作戦にはハロルド・アレクサンダー将軍の（マーク・ウェイン・クラークのアメリカ第5軍、バーナード・モントゴメリーのイギリス軍）が投入された。 この作戦は成功に終わったハスキー作戦に次ぐイタリア戦線におけるものであった。主要な攻撃目標はサレルノ周辺のイタリア本土西海岸への上陸であった。この作戦を支援するためにベイタウン作戦、スラップスティック作戦といった作戦も計画された。 (ja) (ang. Operation Avalanche, pol. dosł. operacja „lawina”) – aliancka operacja desantowa rozpoczęta 9 września 1943 roku, lądowania aliantów na południe od Neapolu, w okolicach miasta Salerno nad Morzem Tyrreńskim w czasie kampanii włoskiej. (pl) Operation Avalanche was the codename for the Allied landings near the port of Salerno, executed on 9 September 1943, part of the Allied invasion of Italy during World War II. The Italians withdrew from the war the day before the invasion, but the Allies landed in an area defended by German troops. Planned under the name Top Hat, it was supported by the deception plan Operation Boardman. (en) (Pour le film, voir Operation Avalanche (film). )( Pour les articles homonymes, voir Avalanche (homonymie). ) Certaines informations figurant dans cet article ou cette section devraient être mieux reliées aux sources mentionnées dans les sections « Bibliographie », « Sources » ou « Liens externes » (mars 2017). Vous pouvez améliorer la vérifiabilité en associant ces informations à des références à l'aide d'appels de notes. Opération Avalanche Seconde Guerre mondiale Batailles Campagne d'Italie Invasion de la Sicile Invasion de l'Italie Ligne Gustave Ligne gothique Offensive du printemps 1945 (fr) Lo sbarco a Salerno (nome in codice operazione Avalanche) fu effettuato dagli Alleati il 9 settembre 1943, lungo le coste del golfo della città omonima e come continuazione della campagna d'Italia della seconda guerra mondiale. Gli alti comandi alleati intendevano costituire un'importante testa di ponte e da lì occupare di slancio Napoli con il suo fondamentale porto, utile per rifornire le truppe impegnate sul fronte italiano: la 5th Army del tenente generale Mark Clark condusse l'attacco anfibio con il concordato appoggio dell'8th Army britannica del generale Bernard Law Montgomery, sbarcata a Reggio Calabria il 3 settembre. Assieme, le due armate avrebbero poi attaccato le postazioni difensive tedesche della Linea del Volturno e della Gustav, in Italia centrale. (it) Операція «Аваланч» (англ. Operation Avalanche) — морська десантна операція, що проводилася з 9 вересня по 16 вересня 1943 року військами союзників (США, Велика Британія) з метою висадки морського десанту в районі італійського міста Салерно на узбережжі континентальної Італії під час Другої світової війни. (uk) |
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Operation Avalanche (en) Operation Avalanche (Zweiter Weltkrieg) (de) Operación Avalanche (es) Opération Avalanche (fr) Sbarco a Salerno (it) アヴァランチ作戦 (ja) Operacja Avalanche (pl) Операція «Аваланч» (uk) |
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