Supercritical airfoil (original) (raw)
Une voilure supercritique est en aéronautique un profil d'aile dont la vitesse critique est plus grande que pour une voilure conventionnelle. La vitesse critique de l'avion est celle qui provoque localement un écoulement supersonique de l'air sur la partie supérieure de l'aile et induit une trainée d'onde. Le Mach critique est celui où, l'avion étant à une vitesse inférieure à celle du son, l'écoulement commence à devenir supersonique sur une partie du profil. Le régime d'écoulement est alors transsonique.
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| dbo:abstract | Une voilure supercritique est en aéronautique un profil d'aile dont la vitesse critique est plus grande que pour une voilure conventionnelle. La vitesse critique de l'avion est celle qui provoque localement un écoulement supersonique de l'air sur la partie supérieure de l'aile et induit une trainée d'onde. Le Mach critique est celui où, l'avion étant à une vitesse inférieure à celle du son, l'écoulement commence à devenir supersonique sur une partie du profil. Le régime d'écoulement est alors transsonique. (fr) A supercritical airfoil (supercritical aerofoil in British English) is an airfoil designed primarily to delay the onset of wave drag in the transonic speed range. Supercritical airfoils are characterized by their flattened upper surface, highly cambered ("downward-curved") aft section, and larger leading-edge radius compared with NACA 6-series laminar airfoil shapes. Standard wing shapes are designed to create lower pressure over the top of the wing. Both the thickness distribution and the camber of the wing determine how much the air accelerates around the wing. As the speed of the aircraft approaches the speed of sound, the air accelerating around the wing reaches Mach 1 and shockwaves begin to form. The formation of these shockwaves causes wave drag. Supercritical airfoils are designed to minimize this effect by flattening the upper surface of the wing. The origins of the supercritical airfoil can be traced back to the German aerodynamicist K. A. Kawalki, who designed a number of airfoils during the Second World War. Following the end of the conflict, multiple nations continued research into the field, including Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States. In particular, Hawker Siddeley Aviation designed a number of advanced airfoils that were, amongst other programmes, incorporated into the Airbus A300. In America, the aerodynamicist Richard Whitcomb produced supercritical airfoils similar to Kawalki's earlier work; these were used to devise a supercritical wing that was, in turn, incorporated into both civil and military aircraft. Accordingly, techniques learned from studies of the original supercritical airfoil sections have been used to design airfoils for several high-speed subsonic and transonic aircraft, from the Airbus A310 and Boeing 777 airliners to the McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II jumpjet. (en) Un profilo alare supercritico è un profilo progettato, in primo luogo, per ritardare l'instaurazione della resistenza d'onda nella gamma di velocità transonica. Le superfici aerodinamiche supercritiche sono caratterizzate dalla superficie del dorso alare appiattita, da un'elevata curvatura della linea di camber in prossimità del bordo di fuga e da un maggiore raggio di curvatura del bordo d'attacco.Quando un velivolo viaggia a velocità inferiori alla velocità del suono, ma vicino a questa (superiore a circa Mach 0,7) in alcuni punti dell'ala l'accelerazione dell'aria causata dalla curvatura del profilo alare può far sì che in certi punti si possano formare zone in cui la velocità del flusso superi la velocità del suono (Mach>1). In quei punti si forma quindi un'onda d'urto, il passaggio brusco da velocità supersonica a monte dell'onda a velocità subsonica a valle dell'onda causa una dispersione di energia con aumento di resistenza aerodinamica e diminuzione della portanza. I profili supercritici hanno caratteristiche che diminuiscono questi effetti indesiderati alle alte velocità aumentando l'efficienza dell'ala e diminuendone la resistenza (diminuendo così anche il consumo). (it) 超临界机翼（英文：Supercritical airfoil或Supercritical Wing）是飛機翼的一種，其設計有別於傳統機翼，其主要功能在於減輕跨音速飛行的（wave drag）。 (zh) |
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| rdfs:comment | Une voilure supercritique est en aéronautique un profil d'aile dont la vitesse critique est plus grande que pour une voilure conventionnelle. La vitesse critique de l'avion est celle qui provoque localement un écoulement supersonique de l'air sur la partie supérieure de l'aile et induit une trainée d'onde. Le Mach critique est celui où, l'avion étant à une vitesse inférieure à celle du son, l'écoulement commence à devenir supersonique sur une partie du profil. Le régime d'écoulement est alors transsonique. (fr) 超临界机翼（英文：Supercritical airfoil或Supercritical Wing）是飛機翼的一種，其設計有別於傳統機翼，其主要功能在於減輕跨音速飛行的（wave drag）。 (zh) A supercritical airfoil (supercritical aerofoil in British English) is an airfoil designed primarily to delay the onset of wave drag in the transonic speed range. Supercritical airfoils are characterized by their flattened upper surface, highly cambered ("downward-curved") aft section, and larger leading-edge radius compared with NACA 6-series laminar airfoil shapes. Standard wing shapes are designed to create lower pressure over the top of the wing. Both the thickness distribution and the camber of the wing determine how much the air accelerates around the wing. As the speed of the aircraft approaches the speed of sound, the air accelerating around the wing reaches Mach 1 and shockwaves begin to form. The formation of these shockwaves causes wave drag. Supercritical airfoils are designed (en) Un profilo alare supercritico è un profilo progettato, in primo luogo, per ritardare l'instaurazione della resistenza d'onda nella gamma di velocità transonica. Le superfici aerodinamiche supercritiche sono caratterizzate dalla superficie del dorso alare appiattita, da un'elevata curvatura della linea di camber in prossimità del bordo di fuga e da un maggiore raggio di curvatura del bordo d'attacco.Quando un velivolo viaggia a velocità inferiori alla velocità del suono, ma vicino a questa (superiore a circa Mach 0,7) in alcuni punti dell'ala l'accelerazione dell'aria causata dalla curvatura del profilo alare può far sì che in certi punti si possano formare zone in cui la velocità del flusso superi la velocità del suono (Mach>1). In quei punti si forma quindi un'onda d'urto, il passaggio br (it) |
| rdfs:label | Voilure supercritique (fr) Profilo supercritico (it) Supercritical airfoil (en) 超临界机翼 (zh) |
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