Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence (original) (raw)
تصريح 28 فبراير 1922 هو تصريح اعلنته بريطانيا من طرف واحد في لندن والقاهرة في هذا التاريخ. أعلنت فيه إنهاء الحماية البريطانية على مصر، وأن مصر " دولة مستقلة ذات سيادة "، لكن احتفظت بريطانيا بحق تأمين مواصلات امبراطوريتها في مصر، وحقها في الدفاع عنها ضد أي اعتداء أو تدخل أجنبي، وحماية المصالح الأجنبية والأقليات فيها، وإبقاء الوضع في السودان على ما هو عليه. وتحولت السلطنة المصرية بناء عليه إلى المملكة المصرية.
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| dbo:abstract | تصريح 28 فبراير 1922 هو تصريح اعلنته بريطانيا من طرف واحد في لندن والقاهرة في هذا التاريخ. أعلنت فيه إنهاء الحماية البريطانية على مصر، وأن مصر " دولة مستقلة ذات سيادة "، لكن احتفظت بريطانيا بحق تأمين مواصلات امبراطوريتها في مصر، وحقها في الدفاع عنها ضد أي اعتداء أو تدخل أجنبي، وحماية المصالح الأجنبية والأقليات فيها، وإبقاء الوضع في السودان على ما هو عليه. وتحولت السلطنة المصرية بناء عليه إلى المملكة المصرية. (ar) Die Einseitige Deklaration der ägyptischen Unabhängigkeit vom 28. Februar 1922 (englisch Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence, arabisch تصريح 28 فبراير) war eine Erklärung Großbritanniens, in welcher die britische Regierung unter Premierminister David Lloyd George Ägypten unter der Herrschaft der Dynastie des Muhammad Ali die staatliche Unabhängigkeit gewährte. (de) La déclaration unilatérale d'indépendance de l'Égypte du 28 février 1922 est l'instrument juridique par lequel la Grande-Bretagne abolit le protectorat en Égypte, reconnaît ce pays comme un État souverain indépendant, mais y maintient son influence dans plusieurs domaines importants. Les restrictions à la souveraineté de l'Egypte ne permettent pas de parler de décolonisation pleine et entière, l'indépendance accordée étant à certains égards plus formelle que réelle. La déclaration d'indépendance égyptienne n'impliquait pas de souveraineté pour l'Égypte, mais un statut «semi-autonome» selon l'historienne Caroline Elkins. (fr) The Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence on 28 February 1922 was the formal legal instrument by which the United Kingdom recognised Egypt as an independent sovereign state. The status of Egypt had become highly convoluted ever since its virtual breakaway from the Ottoman Empire in 1805 under Muhammad Ali Pasha. From then on, Egypt was de jure a self-governing vassal state of the Ottoman Empire, but de facto independent, with its own hereditary monarchy, military, currency, legal system, and empire in Sudan. From 1882 onwards, Egypt was occupied by the United Kingdom, but not annexed, leading to a unique situation of a country that was legally a vassal of the Ottoman Empire whilst having almost all the attributes of statehood, but in reality being governed by the United Kingdom in what was known as a "veiled protectorate". In 1914, the legal fiction of Ottoman sovereignty was ended, and the Sultanate of Egypt (which the Ottomans had destroyed in 1517) was re-established, but Egypt was not legally independent. Though the United Kingdom did not annex Egypt, it made the restored sultanate a protectorate (a state not part of the British Empire but nonetheless administered by the United Kingdom), thereby formalising the political and military role that it had exercised in Egypt since 1882. The continued control of Egyptian affairs by the United Kingdom, as well as British repression of Egyptians who pushed for independence, sparked the Egyptian Revolution of 1919. Subsequently, the United Kingdom government entered into negotiations intended to abate Egyptian grievances whilst maintaining its own military presence and political influence in the country. When these negotiations failed, the United Kingdom acted unilaterally to terminate the protectorate and recognise Egypt as an independent state. In the unilateral declaration, the United Kingdom granted to itself "reserved" powers in four areas central to the governance of Egypt: foreign relations, communications, the military, and Sudan, which was legally a condominium of both Egypt and the United Kingdom. These reserved powers, to which the Egyptian government did not consent, meant that nationalist grievances against the United Kingdom continued and would contribute to the causes of the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 three decades later. According to historian Jennifer Elkins, the Egyptian independence declaration did not entail sovereignty for Egypt, but rather a "semiautonomous" status. (en) A declaração unilateral de independência egípcia foi emitida pelo governo do Reino Unido da Grã-Bretanha e Irlanda em 28 de fevereiro de 1922. Através desta declaração, o governo britânico encerrou unilateralmente seu protetorado sobre o Egito e concedeu independência nominal com exceção de quatro "áreas reservadas": relações exteriores, comunicações, militares e o Sudão Anglo-Egípcio. (pt) |
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| rdfs:comment | تصريح 28 فبراير 1922 هو تصريح اعلنته بريطانيا من طرف واحد في لندن والقاهرة في هذا التاريخ. أعلنت فيه إنهاء الحماية البريطانية على مصر، وأن مصر " دولة مستقلة ذات سيادة "، لكن احتفظت بريطانيا بحق تأمين مواصلات امبراطوريتها في مصر، وحقها في الدفاع عنها ضد أي اعتداء أو تدخل أجنبي، وحماية المصالح الأجنبية والأقليات فيها، وإبقاء الوضع في السودان على ما هو عليه. وتحولت السلطنة المصرية بناء عليه إلى المملكة المصرية. (ar) Die Einseitige Deklaration der ägyptischen Unabhängigkeit vom 28. Februar 1922 (englisch Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence, arabisch تصريح 28 فبراير) war eine Erklärung Großbritanniens, in welcher die britische Regierung unter Premierminister David Lloyd George Ägypten unter der Herrschaft der Dynastie des Muhammad Ali die staatliche Unabhängigkeit gewährte. (de) A declaração unilateral de independência egípcia foi emitida pelo governo do Reino Unido da Grã-Bretanha e Irlanda em 28 de fevereiro de 1922. Através desta declaração, o governo britânico encerrou unilateralmente seu protetorado sobre o Egito e concedeu independência nominal com exceção de quatro "áreas reservadas": relações exteriores, comunicações, militares e o Sudão Anglo-Egípcio. (pt) La déclaration unilatérale d'indépendance de l'Égypte du 28 février 1922 est l'instrument juridique par lequel la Grande-Bretagne abolit le protectorat en Égypte, reconnaît ce pays comme un État souverain indépendant, mais y maintient son influence dans plusieurs domaines importants. Les restrictions à la souveraineté de l'Egypte ne permettent pas de parler de décolonisation pleine et entière, l'indépendance accordée étant à certains égards plus formelle que réelle. (fr) The Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence on 28 February 1922 was the formal legal instrument by which the United Kingdom recognised Egypt as an independent sovereign state. The status of Egypt had become highly convoluted ever since its virtual breakaway from the Ottoman Empire in 1805 under Muhammad Ali Pasha. From then on, Egypt was de jure a self-governing vassal state of the Ottoman Empire, but de facto independent, with its own hereditary monarchy, military, currency, legal system, and empire in Sudan. From 1882 onwards, Egypt was occupied by the United Kingdom, but not annexed, leading to a unique situation of a country that was legally a vassal of the Ottoman Empire whilst having almost all the attributes of statehood, but in reality being governed by the United Kingdom i (en) |
| rdfs:label | تصريح 28 فبراير (ar) Deklaration der Unabhängigkeit Ägyptens (de) Déclaration unilatérale d'indépendance de l'Égypte (fr) Declaração unilateral de independência do Egito (pt) Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence (en) |
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