| dbo:abstract |
Das Rough Wooing (dt.: „Rüde Werbung“) war ein Krieg zwischen England und Schottland und dauerte von Dezember 1543 bis März 1551. Nach seinem Bruch mit Rom versuchte England erneut, Schottland zu erobern, teilweise um die Auld Alliance zu zerstören und um zu verhindern, dass Schottland den Franzosen als Sprungbrett für künftige Invasionen Englands diente. Den Krieg erklärte der englische König Heinrich VIII., um die Schotten zu zwingen, in eine Ehe seines Sohnes Eduard mit der jungen Maria Stuart einzuwilligen, sodass eine neue Allianz zwischen Schotten und Engländern entstehe. Eduard VI., der 1547 zum König gekrönt wurde, führte den Krieg fort, bis eine Änderung der Umstände ihn 1550 überflüssig machte. Es war der letzte größere Konflikt zwischen England und Schottland vor der 1603, vielleicht mit Ausnahme der englischen Intervention bei der Belagerung von Leith 1560. Das Rough Wooing zählt zu den anglo-schottischen Kriegen des 16. Jahrhunderts. (de) Las llamadas guerras del Rough Wooing (conocidas en español como la guerra del cortejo duro, cortejo brutal o cortejo a la inglesa) se refiere a los dos periodos de conflicto, de 1543-46 y de 1547-50, entre los reinos de Inglaterra y Escocia en el contexto de las guerras de independencia de Escocia, estos a su vez enmarcados en las libradas desde principios del siglo XIV hasta finales del XVI. Aunque las causas fueron varias, incluyendo el intento del rey Enrique VIII de Inglaterra de poner fin al Auld Alliance ('Antigua Alianza'), el acuerdo firmado en 1295 entre Escocia y Francia, y de cubrir su retaguardia ante su conflicto con Francia, el desencadenante fue el hecho de que, a finales de 1543, el parlamento escocés había rechazado el Tratado de Greenwich, mediante el cual el rey Enrique pretendía unir las dos coronas con un matrimonio entre su hijo, el príncipe de Gales, futuro rey Eduardo VI y la futura reina María I de Escocia (recién nacida en la fecha del tratado). Las fuerzas inglesas llevaron a cabo cuatro importantes invasiones de Escocia durante la década comenzando con el saqueo de Edimburgo en mayo de 1544, seguida por otra invasión en septiembre de 1545. Tras el fallecimiento del rey Enrique en enero de 1547, Edward Seymour, I duque de Somerset fue nombrado lord Protector para la regencia de su sobrino, el rey Eduardo. El duque, quien había estado al mando de las tropas inglesas en el saqueo de Edimburgo, optó por continuar la guerra con Escocia y en septiembre de 1547 estuvo al mando de las tropas inglesas que obtuvieron una victoria decisiva en batalla de Pinkie Cleugh. En agosto de 1548, otra fuerza numerosa de tropas inglesas logró levantar el (Haddington). Durante este periodo, los ingleses también construyeron varias fortalezas desde donde lanzaron numerosos ataques a menor escala por toda la frontera entre los dos reinos. (es) Le rough wooing (la cour brutale, en anglais) désigne la guerre anglo-écossaise déclenchée par Henri VIII d’Angleterre pour tenter de forcer les Écossais à accepter un mariage entre son fils Édouard, héritier de la couronne anglaise et Marie Stuart, reine d'Écosse, au lieu de renouveler l’Auld Alliance avec la France, et qui eut lieu par intermittence entre 1544 et 1551. Elle fut d’abord dirigée par Henry VIII, du 9 novembre 1543 au 6 juin 1546, puis par le régent du roi d'Angleterre Edouard VI, Edward Seymour, du 2 septembre 1547 au 24 mars 1550. (fr) The Rough Wooing (December 1543 – March 1551), also known as the Eight Years' War, was part of the Anglo-Scottish Wars of the 16th century. Following its break with the Roman Catholic Church, England attacked Scotland, partly to break the Auld Alliance and prevent Scotland being used as a springboard for future invasion by France, partly to weaken Scotland, and partly to force the Scottish Parliament to confirm the existing marriage alliance between Mary, Queen of Scots (born 8 December 1542), and the English heir apparent Edward (born 12 October 1537), son of King Henry VIII, under the terms of the Treaty of Greenwich of July 1543. An invasion of France was also contemplated. Henry declared war in an attempt to force the Scottish Parliament to agree to the planned marriage between Edward, who was six years old at the start of the war, and the infant queen, thereby creating a new alliance between Scotland and England. Upon Edward's accession to the throne in 1547 at the age of nine, the war continued for a time under the direction of the Duke of Somerset, before Somerset's removal from power in 1549 and replacement by the Duke of Northumberland, who wished for a less costly foreign policy than his predecessor. It was the last major conflict between Scotland and England before the Union of the Crowns in 1603. (en) Con Brutale corteggiamento si indica un conflitto che vide contrapposti il Regno d'Inghilterra e il Regno di Scozia dal novembre 1543 al marzo 1550. La guerra venne scatenata da Enrico VIII d'Inghilterra nel tentativo di forzare gli scozzesi ad accettare il matrimonio fra suo figlio Edoardo e Maria Stuarda; gli scozzesi dal canto loro poterono contare sull'aiuto dei francesi in virtù dell'Auld Alliance che univa i loro due paesi. Alla morte di Enrico il suo erede Edoardo VI d'Inghilterra continuò a combattere finché le circostanze mutarono in maniera tale da rendere la guerra inutile. Il "Brutale corteggiamento" fu l'ultimo grande conflitto fra le due nazioni prima dell'Unione delle corone che avvenne con l'avvento al trono di Giacomo VI di Scozia al trono inglese, con l'eccezione forse dell'Assedio di Leith del 1560 che faceva parte delle Guerre anglo-scozzesi che imperversavano in quel periodo. (it) Грубое сватовство или грубое ухаживание (англ. Rough Wooing) — историческое название войны между Англией и Шотландией в 1543—1551 годах. Это название было популяризировано Вальтером Скоттом в XIX веке. В конце войны на стороне Шотландии против Англии выступила Франция, что и позволило Шотландии отстоять свою независимость. (ru) The Rough Wooing var ett kring mellan England och Skottland som ägde rum mellan 1543 och 1551. Kriget initierades av Henrik VIII av England sedan trolovningen mellan Skottlands drottning Maria Stuart och den engelska tronarvingen hade brutits av den skotska förmyndarregeringen, som istället hade valt att förnya alliansen med det katolska Frankrike mot det nu protestantiska England. England önskade att trolovningen mellan Maria Stuart och den blivande Edvard IV skulle återupptas och ville förhindrade franska trupper från att stationera sig i Skottland och därmed utgöra ett hot mot England. Kriget är känt för att ha orsakat stor förödelse i Skottland, då engelsmännen använde sig av plundring som avsiktlig terrormetod, och både huvudstaden Edinburgh och den kungliga palatset i Edinburgh plundrades och brändes. (sv) 粗暴求婚（Rough Wooing）是1543年12月至1551年3月間蘇格蘭王國和英格蘭王國之間爆發的一場戰爭。英格蘭王國的國王亨利八世是戰爭發起者，他打算藉由強迫蘇格蘭王位繼承人玛丽嫁給其子愛德華從而摧毀老同盟、削弱蘇格蘭的實力并防止法國人入侵。愛德華在1547年（時年9歲）加冕，英格蘭在第一代薩默塞特公爵愛德華·西摩的領導下繼續發動戰爭。愛德華·西摩在1549年失勢，掌權者如第一代諾森伯蘭公爵約翰·達德利開始尋求結束這場花費高昂的戰爭的途徑，1550年戰事已經基本平息，隨著1551年諾漢姆條約（Treaty of Norham）的簽署，戰爭正式結束。 雖然戰爭結束了，雙方都認為自己並沒有戰敗。這是蘇格蘭和英格蘭王國最後一場大規模軍事衝突，隨著1603年聯合法令的頒布，英格蘭和蘇格蘭的王權同歸一人。 (zh) |
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Anglo-Scottish border at the time of the Rough Wooing (en) |
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Rough Wooing (en) |
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Le rough wooing (la cour brutale, en anglais) désigne la guerre anglo-écossaise déclenchée par Henri VIII d’Angleterre pour tenter de forcer les Écossais à accepter un mariage entre son fils Édouard, héritier de la couronne anglaise et Marie Stuart, reine d'Écosse, au lieu de renouveler l’Auld Alliance avec la France, et qui eut lieu par intermittence entre 1544 et 1551. Elle fut d’abord dirigée par Henry VIII, du 9 novembre 1543 au 6 juin 1546, puis par le régent du roi d'Angleterre Edouard VI, Edward Seymour, du 2 septembre 1547 au 24 mars 1550. (fr) Грубое сватовство или грубое ухаживание (англ. Rough Wooing) — историческое название войны между Англией и Шотландией в 1543—1551 годах. Это название было популяризировано Вальтером Скоттом в XIX веке. В конце войны на стороне Шотландии против Англии выступила Франция, что и позволило Шотландии отстоять свою независимость. (ru) 粗暴求婚（Rough Wooing）是1543年12月至1551年3月間蘇格蘭王國和英格蘭王國之間爆發的一場戰爭。英格蘭王國的國王亨利八世是戰爭發起者，他打算藉由強迫蘇格蘭王位繼承人玛丽嫁給其子愛德華從而摧毀老同盟、削弱蘇格蘭的實力并防止法國人入侵。愛德華在1547年（時年9歲）加冕，英格蘭在第一代薩默塞特公爵愛德華·西摩的領導下繼續發動戰爭。愛德華·西摩在1549年失勢，掌權者如第一代諾森伯蘭公爵約翰·達德利開始尋求結束這場花費高昂的戰爭的途徑，1550年戰事已經基本平息，隨著1551年諾漢姆條約（Treaty of Norham）的簽署，戰爭正式結束。 雖然戰爭結束了，雙方都認為自己並沒有戰敗。這是蘇格蘭和英格蘭王國最後一場大規模軍事衝突，隨著1603年聯合法令的頒布，英格蘭和蘇格蘭的王權同歸一人。 (zh) Las llamadas guerras del Rough Wooing (conocidas en español como la guerra del cortejo duro, cortejo brutal o cortejo a la inglesa) se refiere a los dos periodos de conflicto, de 1543-46 y de 1547-50, entre los reinos de Inglaterra y Escocia en el contexto de las guerras de independencia de Escocia, estos a su vez enmarcados en las libradas desde principios del siglo XIV hasta finales del XVI. (es) Das Rough Wooing (dt.: „Rüde Werbung“) war ein Krieg zwischen England und Schottland und dauerte von Dezember 1543 bis März 1551. Nach seinem Bruch mit Rom versuchte England erneut, Schottland zu erobern, teilweise um die Auld Alliance zu zerstören und um zu verhindern, dass Schottland den Franzosen als Sprungbrett für künftige Invasionen Englands diente. Den Krieg erklärte der englische König Heinrich VIII., um die Schotten zu zwingen, in eine Ehe seines Sohnes Eduard mit der jungen Maria Stuart einzuwilligen, sodass eine neue Allianz zwischen Schotten und Engländern entstehe. Eduard VI., der 1547 zum König gekrönt wurde, führte den Krieg fort, bis eine Änderung der Umstände ihn 1550 überflüssig machte. Es war der letzte größere Konflikt zwischen England und Schottland vor der 1603, viel (de) The Rough Wooing (December 1543 – March 1551), also known as the Eight Years' War, was part of the Anglo-Scottish Wars of the 16th century. Following its break with the Roman Catholic Church, England attacked Scotland, partly to break the Auld Alliance and prevent Scotland being used as a springboard for future invasion by France, partly to weaken Scotland, and partly to force the Scottish Parliament to confirm the existing marriage alliance between Mary, Queen of Scots (born 8 December 1542), and the English heir apparent Edward (born 12 October 1537), son of King Henry VIII, under the terms of the Treaty of Greenwich of July 1543. An invasion of France was also contemplated. Henry declared war in an attempt to force the Scottish Parliament to agree to the planned marriage between Edward, (en) Con Brutale corteggiamento si indica un conflitto che vide contrapposti il Regno d'Inghilterra e il Regno di Scozia dal novembre 1543 al marzo 1550. La guerra venne scatenata da Enrico VIII d'Inghilterra nel tentativo di forzare gli scozzesi ad accettare il matrimonio fra suo figlio Edoardo e Maria Stuarda; gli scozzesi dal canto loro poterono contare sull'aiuto dei francesi in virtù dell'Auld Alliance che univa i loro due paesi. Alla morte di Enrico il suo erede Edoardo VI d'Inghilterra continuò a combattere finché le circostanze mutarono in maniera tale da rendere la guerra inutile. Il "Brutale corteggiamento" fu l'ultimo grande conflitto fra le due nazioni prima dell'Unione delle corone che avvenne con l'avvento al trono di Giacomo VI di Scozia al trono inglese, con l'eccezione forse de (it) The Rough Wooing var ett kring mellan England och Skottland som ägde rum mellan 1543 och 1551. Kriget initierades av Henrik VIII av England sedan trolovningen mellan Skottlands drottning Maria Stuart och den engelska tronarvingen hade brutits av den skotska förmyndarregeringen, som istället hade valt att förnya alliansen med det katolska Frankrike mot det nu protestantiska England. (sv) |
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Rough Wooing (en) Rough Wooing (de) Rough Wooing (es) Rough Wooing (fr) Brutale corteggiamento (it) Грубое сватовство (ru) Rough Wooing (sv) 粗暴求婚 (zh) |
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