Women's poll tax repeal movement (original) (raw)
- Le mouvement pour l'abrogation de la poll taxe des femmes, en anglais : Women's poll tax repeal movement, est un mouvement social américain mené principalement par des femmes qui ont tenté d'obtenir l'abolition de l'impôt par tête, appelé poll tax, condition préalable au vote dans le Sud des États-Unis. Le mouvement commence peu après la ratification, en 1920, du dix-neuvième amendement de la Constitution des États-Unis, qui accorde le droit de vote aux femmes. Avant d'obtenir le droit de vote, les femmes n'étaient pas obligées de payer l'impôt, mais peu après l'entrée en vigueur du dix-neuvième amendement, les États du Sud ont commencé à examiner comment les lois sur l'impôt électoral pouvaient être appliquées aux femmes. Par exemple, la Caroline du Nord et celle du Sud ont exempté les femmes du paiement de la taxe, tandis que la Géorgie n'exige pas des femmes qu'elles la paient, à moins qu'elles ne s'inscrivent pour voter. Dans d'autres États du Sud, la taxe est due cumulativement pour chaque année où une personne a le droit de vote. Le paiement de l'impôt est difficile pour les Afro-Américains, les Hispaniques et les femmes, principalement parce que leurs revenus sont beaucoup plus faibles que ceux des hommes blancs. Pour les femmes mariées, la coverture les empêche de contrôler leurs propres biens. Reconnaissant que le paiement de l'impôt, comme condition préalable au vote, peut les priver de leur droit de vote, les femmes commencent à s'organiser, dans les années 1920, pour abroger les lois sur l'impôt électoral, mais le mouvement ne prend pas beaucoup d'ampleur avant la Grande Dépression des années 1930. Les femmes noires et blanches font pression au niveau de l'État et au niveau national pour que des mesures législatives soient prises afin d'abolir les lois qui exigent de payer pour voter. En outre, les femmes intentent une série de procès pour tenter d'obtenir des changements. Dans les années 1950, la croisée des coutumes et des lois sexistes et racistes est évidente pour ceux qui luttent contre la poll taxe. Cela créé des collaborations entre les activistes impliqués dans le mouvement pour les taxes électorales et ceux qui sont actifs dans le mouvement plus large des droits civiques. La Louisiane abandonne sa poll taxe en 1932 et le nombre de femmes électrices augmente de 77 %. Le militantisme des femmes contribue à l'abrogation de la législation sur les droits de vote en Floride, en 1937, en Géorgie, en 1945, au Tennessee, en 1953, et en Arkansas, en 1964. Cette année-là, le vingt-quatrième amendement de la Constitution des États-Unis est adopté, interdisant les poll taxes, obstacles au vote lors des élections fédérales. L'adoption de la loi dite Voting Rights Act de 1965 donne au département de la Justice le pouvoir fédéral d'intenter des poursuites contre les quatre États qui utilisent encore la poll taxe pour priver les électeurs de leur droit de vote, lors des élections d'État. La Cour suprême met finalement fin à cette lutte de quatre décennies, en abolissant l'obligation de payer la poll taxe pour pouvoir voter lors de toute élection, fédérale ou d'État, dans son arrêt (en), en 1966. (fr)
- The women's poll tax repeal movement was a movement in the United States predominantly led by women that attempted to secure the abolition of poll taxes as a prerequisite for voting in the Southern states. The movement began shortly after the ratification in 1920 of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which granted suffrage to women. Before obtaining the right to vote, women were not obliged to pay the tax, but shortly after the Nineteenth Amendment became law, Southern states began examining how poll tax statutes could be applied to women. For example, North and South Carolina exempted women from payment of the tax, while Georgia did not require women to pay it unless they registered to vote. In other Southern states, the tax was due cumulatively for each year someone had been eligible to vote. Payment of the tax was difficult for Black, Hispanic, and women voters, primarily because their incomes were much lower than those of white men. For married women, coverture prevented them from controlling their own assets. Recognizing that payment of the tax as a prerequisite to voting could lead to their disenfranchisement, women began organizing themselves in the 1920s to repeal the poll tax laws, but the movement did not gain much traction until the Great Depression in the 1930s. Both black and white women pressed at state and national levels for legislative action to abolish laws that required paying to vote. In addition, women filed a series of lawsuits to try to effect change. By the 1950s, the intersection of sexist and racist customs and law was apparent to those fighting the poll tax. This created collaborations between activists involved in the poll tax movement and those active in the broader civil rights movement. Louisiana abandoned its poll tax law in 1932, and the number of women voters increased by 77 percent. Women's activism helped bring about the repeal of poll tax legislation in Florida in 1937, in Georgia in 1945, in Tennessee in 1953, and in Arkansas in 1964. That year, the Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution was passed, prohibiting poll taxes as a barrier to voting in federal elections. Passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 gave federal authority to the Department of Justice to institute lawsuits against the four states that still used poll tax to disenfranchise voters in state elections. The Supreme Court finally settled the four-decades-long struggle, abolishing the requirement to pay poll tax to be able to vote in any election, federal or state, in their ruling on Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections in 1966. (en)
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- The women's poll tax repeal movement was a movement in the United States predominantly led by women that attempted to secure the abolition of poll taxes as a prerequisite for voting in the Southern states. The movement began shortly after the ratification in 1920 of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which granted suffrage to women. Before obtaining the right to vote, women were not obliged to pay the tax, but shortly after the Nineteenth Amendment became law, Southern states began examining how poll tax statutes could be applied to women. For example, North and South Carolina exempted women from payment of the tax, while Georgia did not require women to pay it unless they registered to vote. In other Southern states, the tax was due cumulatively for each year some (en)
- Le mouvement pour l'abrogation de la poll taxe des femmes, en anglais : Women's poll tax repeal movement, est un mouvement social américain mené principalement par des femmes qui ont tenté d'obtenir l'abolition de l'impôt par tête, appelé poll tax, condition préalable au vote dans le Sud des États-Unis. Le mouvement commence peu après la ratification, en 1920, du dix-neuvième amendement de la Constitution des États-Unis, qui accorde le droit de vote aux femmes. Avant d'obtenir le droit de vote, les femmes n'étaient pas obligées de payer l'impôt, mais peu après l'entrée en vigueur du dix-neuvième amendement, les États du Sud ont commencé à examiner comment les lois sur l'impôt électoral pouvaient être appliquées aux femmes. Par exemple, la Caroline du Nord et celle du Sud ont exempté les fe (fr)
- Mouvement pour l'abrogation de la poll taxe des femmes (fr)
- Women's poll tax repeal movement (en)
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