Wonderful Parliament (original) (raw)
L'Admirable Parlement (Wonderful Parliament en anglais) est une session du Parlement d'Angleterre qui se déroule en 1386. Elle aboutit à une réforme de l'administration de Richard II. Son surnom provient d'un pamphlet de Thomas Fovent, Historia siue narracio de modo et forma mirabilis parliamenti apud Westmonasterium anno domini millesimo CCCLXXXVJ, écrit quelques années plus tard. Le poète Geoffrey Chaucer siège à ce Parlement en tant que représentant du comté de Kent. Cette expérience lui a peut-être inspiré une scène de Troïlus et Cressida.
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| dbo:abstract | L'Admirable Parlement (Wonderful Parliament en anglais) est une session du Parlement d'Angleterre qui se déroule en 1386. Elle aboutit à une réforme de l'administration de Richard II. Son surnom provient d'un pamphlet de Thomas Fovent, Historia siue narracio de modo et forma mirabilis parliamenti apud Westmonasterium anno domini millesimo CCCLXXXVJ, écrit quelques années plus tard. En 1386, cela fait plusieurs années que les relations entre Richard II et une partie de la noblesse sont tendues. Plusieurs grands barons, parmi lesquels les oncles de Richard, Jean de Gand et Thomas de Woodstock, n'apprécient pas la manière dont est conduite la guerre de Cent Ans, ainsi que la promotion des fidèles du roi à de hautes fonctions, à l'image de l'élévation du comte d'Oxford au titre de duc d'Irlande. Réuni en octobre 1386, le Parlement exige le renvoi de John Fordham et du comte de Suffolk, respectivement trésorier et chancelier. Richard commence par refuser, mais il est finalement contraint de se soumettre et d'accepter que ses proches conseillers soient remplacés. Une commission gouvernementale de quatorze membres est mise en place, jugulant encore davantage le pouvoir du roi. Ces événements marquent le début d'un conflit entre Richard II et les Lords Appellant, qui se poursuit par la bataille de Radcot Bridge en 1387 et l'Impitoyable Parlement de 1388. Le poète Geoffrey Chaucer siège à ce Parlement en tant que représentant du comté de Kent. Cette expérience lui a peut-être inspiré une scène de Troïlus et Cressida. (fr) The Wonderful Parliament was a session of the English parliament held from October to November 1386 in Westminster Abbey. Originally called to address King Richard II's need for money, it quickly refocused on pressing for the reform of his administration. The King had become increasingly unpopular because of excessive patronage towards his political favourites combined with the unsuccessful prosecution of war in France. Further, there was a popular fear that England was soon to be invaded, as a French fleet had been gathering in Flanders for much of the year. Discontent with Richard peaked when he requested a then-unprecedented sum to raise an army with which to invade France. Instead of granting the King's request, the houses of the Lords and the Commons effectively united against him and his unpopular chancellor, Michael de la Pole, 1st Earl of Suffolk. Seeing de la Pole as both a favourite who had unfairly benefited from the King's largesse, and the minister responsible for the King's failures, parliament demanded the earl's impeachment. At first, the King refused to attend the parliament, instead attempting—unsuccessfully—to dissolve the sitting. Richard requested the Commons send a delegation to negotiate with him at Eltham Palace; they, fearing an ambush, sent two lords instead. One of them, the Duke of Gloucester (Richard's uncle) threatened Richard with deposition unless the King agreed to return to Westminster and do parliament's bidding. He was forced to sack the unpopular de la Pole and was restricted to advisers vetted and appointed by parliament. The King was incensed at what he perceived to be an unnatural restriction on his God-given right to appoint his own ministers and advisers; he left Westminster almost immediately. He spent much of the following year gathering support in the regions, ignoring his parliament-imposed council, and taking legal advice on how to annul the constraints on his rule. During this time de la Pole was returned to royal favour. Although the King managed to overturn most of the restrictions the Wonderful Parliament placed upon him, within a few years the crisis had resurged, even worse than in 1386. Armed conflict broke out between crown and nobility, eventually resulting in de la Pole's exile, and the execution of many of his supporters. (en) Замечательный парламент (англ. Wonderful Parliament) — 14-й парламент Англии, созванный английским королём Ричардом II, проходивший с 1 октября до 28 ноября 1386 года в Вестминстере. Его основной целью было получить денежную субсидию для защиты королевства от возможного вторжения французской армии. Однако вскоре возник конституционный кризис, когда обе палаты потребовали от короля реформировать свою администрацию. В результате, получив ультиматум с угрозой смещения с престола, король был вынужден согласиться на требования оппозиции, сместив непопулярного канцлера Майкла де ла Поля и согласившись на создание совета для надзора над королевским правительством в течение одного года. Традиционно считается, что именно к Замечательному парламенту восходят последующие конституционные и политические неурядицы, возникавшие во время правления Ричарда II. (ru) |
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| dbp:quote | In 1386 ...when the king should have first blossomed into manhood, a certain archbishop of York called Alexander Neville, Robert de Vere, Duke of Ireland, Michael de la Pole, earl of Suffolk and chancellor of England, Robert Tresilian, the king's chief justice, and Sir Nicholas Brembre, formerly mayor of the city of London, were the king's rulers and closest advisers. They were men of vicious character who deceived the king, having an eye to the business neither of the king nor kingdom, but they grasped to themselves the riches of iniquity by many evil deeds. The impoverished king was put into the shadow of their sin, and so the realm was smitten by the levying of a great plague of tenths and subsidies. (en) |
| dbp:source | Thomas Favent's short chronicle of the parliament, probably composed 1388, describes the background to the session. (en) |
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| rdfs:comment | L'Admirable Parlement (Wonderful Parliament en anglais) est une session du Parlement d'Angleterre qui se déroule en 1386. Elle aboutit à une réforme de l'administration de Richard II. Son surnom provient d'un pamphlet de Thomas Fovent, Historia siue narracio de modo et forma mirabilis parliamenti apud Westmonasterium anno domini millesimo CCCLXXXVJ, écrit quelques années plus tard. Le poète Geoffrey Chaucer siège à ce Parlement en tant que représentant du comté de Kent. Cette expérience lui a peut-être inspiré une scène de Troïlus et Cressida. (fr) The Wonderful Parliament was a session of the English parliament held from October to November 1386 in Westminster Abbey. Originally called to address King Richard II's need for money, it quickly refocused on pressing for the reform of his administration. The King had become increasingly unpopular because of excessive patronage towards his political favourites combined with the unsuccessful prosecution of war in France. Further, there was a popular fear that England was soon to be invaded, as a French fleet had been gathering in Flanders for much of the year. Discontent with Richard peaked when he requested a then-unprecedented sum to raise an army with which to invade France. Instead of granting the King's request, the houses of the Lords and the Commons effectively united against him and (en) Замечательный парламент (англ. Wonderful Parliament) — 14-й парламент Англии, созванный английским королём Ричардом II, проходивший с 1 октября до 28 ноября 1386 года в Вестминстере. Его основной целью было получить денежную субсидию для защиты королевства от возможного вторжения французской армии. Однако вскоре возник конституционный кризис, когда обе палаты потребовали от короля реформировать свою администрацию. В результате, получив ультиматум с угрозой смещения с престола, король был вынужден согласиться на требования оппозиции, сместив непопулярного канцлера Майкла де ла Поля и согласившись на создание совета для надзора над королевским правительством в течение одного года. (ru) |
| rdfs:label | Admirable Parlement (fr) Замечательный парламент (ru) Wonderful Parliament (en) |
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