Knight of the shire (original) (raw)

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Knight of the Shire ist die Bezeichnung für die im Mittelalter und in der Neuzeit gewählten Vertreter der Countys, der 39 englischen Grafschaften, im Englischen Parlament. Bis zum Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts war die Bezeichnung auch noch im britischen bzw. im Parlament des Vereinigten Königreichs gebräuchlich.

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dbo:abstract Knight of the Shire ist die Bezeichnung für die im Mittelalter und in der Neuzeit gewählten Vertreter der Countys, der 39 englischen Grafschaften, im Englischen Parlament. Bis zum Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts war die Bezeichnung auch noch im britischen bzw. im Parlament des Vereinigten Königreichs gebräuchlich. Im Mittelalter durfte jedes der 39 englischen Countys, mit Ausnahme der County Palatines Chester und Durham, zwei Vertreter zu den Parlamentsversammlungen senden. Erstmals erwähnt werden die Knights of the Shire als Vertreter jedes County 1254. Wenn der König ein Parlament einberief, erließ die königliche Kanzlei einen Aufruf an den jeweiligen Sheriff des Countys, die Knights of the Shires wählen zu lassen. Für die Wahl wurde ein County Court, eine Versammlung aller Freien einberufen, während Leibeigene von der Wahl ausgeschlossen waren. Gewählt wurden üblicherweise Angehörige des reichen Landadels, die im Mittelalter tatsächlich dem Ritterstand angehörten. Neben den Burgesses, den Vertretern der Boroughs, sowie den Vertretern der Universitäten von Cambridge und Oxford bildeten die Knights of the Shires die wichtigsten Vertreter der Commons. Als die Zahl der Freien und damit der Wahlberechtigten im 14. und 15. Jahrhundert stark anstieg und die Wahlversammlungen unübersichtlich wurden, wurde 1429 ein neues Wahlrecht erlassen. Danach hatten nur noch Yeoman, Grundbesitzer, deren Jahreseinkünfte aus freiem Grundeigentum mindestens 40 Shilling (zwei Pfund Sterling) betrugen, das Wahlrecht. Pächter, auch wenn sie keine Leibeigenen waren, hatten kein Wahlrecht mehr. Durch diese Einschränkung blieb das Wahlrecht auf eine kleine Anzahl von Grundbesitzern beschränkt, die damit politisch dominierend blieben. Die Wahl zum Knight of the Shire wurde für Angehörige der Gentry zum Ausdruck und zur Bestätigung ihres sozialen Status. Häufig wurden sie, sofern sie es noch nicht waren, nach ihrer Wahl zum Knight Bachelor geschlagen. Nach den Gesetzen zur Eingliederung von Wales durften ab 1536 auch die zwölf walisischen Countys Knights of the Shires als Vertreter in das Parlament senden, im Gegensatz zu den englischen Countys wurde den Walisern jedoch nur ein Vertreter je County zugestanden. Erst die gegen den Widerstand des konservativen Landadels durchgeführte Wahlrechtsreform von 1832 bezog das Bürgertum weiter in die Wählerschaft ein, die Wahlrechtsreform von 1867 weitete das Wahlrecht auf die Arbeiter aus. Nach der dritten Wahlrechtsreform von 1885 wurde die Bezeichnung Knight of Shire unüblich, als es nicht mehr selbstverständlich war, dass Mitglieder des Parlaments der Gentry angehörten und Knights waren oder wurden. Die Aufteilung der Countys in Wahlkreise führte weiter dazu, dass im 20. Jahrhundert die Bezeichnung Knight of the Shire endgültig zugunsten der Bezeichnung Member of Parliament verschwand. (de) Knight of the shire (Latin: milites comitatus) was the formal title for a member of parliament (MP) representing a county constituency in the British House of Commons, from its origins in the medieval Parliament of England until the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 ended the practice of each county (or shire) forming a single constituency. The corresponding titles for other MPs were burgess in a borough constituency (or citizen if the borough had city status) and baron for a Cinque Ports constituency. Knights of the shire had more prestige than burgesses, and sitting burgesses often stood for election for the shire in the hope of increasing their standing in Parliament. The name "knight of the shire" originally implied that the representative had to be a knight, and the writ of election referred to a belted knight until the 19th century; but by the 14th century men who were not knights were commonly elected. An act of Henry VI stipulated that those eligible for election were knights and "such notable esquires and gentlemen as have estates sufficient to be knights, and by no means of the degree of yeoman". From Simon de Montfort's Parliament in 1265, each shire sent two knights, and the number was standard until 1826 when Yorkshire gained two additional knights after the disfranchisement of Grampound borough. Under the Great Reform Act of 1832 counties with larger populations sent more knights than smaller ones. The Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 split each multiple-seat shire into multiple single-seat divisions. This change, together with the concomitant standardisation of the franchise, means that county and borough constituencies now differ only slightly, as to election expenses and their type of returning officer. The term "knight of the shire" has been used more recently in a tongue-in-cheek manner for senior Conservative Party backbenchers representing rural constituencies in England and Wales. (en)
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rdfs:comment Knight of the Shire ist die Bezeichnung für die im Mittelalter und in der Neuzeit gewählten Vertreter der Countys, der 39 englischen Grafschaften, im Englischen Parlament. Bis zum Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts war die Bezeichnung auch noch im britischen bzw. im Parlament des Vereinigten Königreichs gebräuchlich. (de) Knight of the shire (Latin: milites comitatus) was the formal title for a member of parliament (MP) representing a county constituency in the British House of Commons, from its origins in the medieval Parliament of England until the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 ended the practice of each county (or shire) forming a single constituency. The corresponding titles for other MPs were burgess in a borough constituency (or citizen if the borough had city status) and baron for a Cinque Ports constituency. Knights of the shire had more prestige than burgesses, and sitting burgesses often stood for election for the shire in the hope of increasing their standing in Parliament. (en)
rdfs:label Knight of the Shire (de) Knight of the shire (en)
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