English invasion of Scotland (1385) (original) (raw)
قاد ريتشارد الثاني ملك إنجلترا جيشًا إنجليزيًا نحو إسكتلندا في يوليو عام 1385. كان الغزو بشكل جزئي ردًا على الغارات الإسكتلندية على الحدود، ولكن كان أكثر ما دفع نحو الغزو هو وصول الجيش الفرنسي إلى إسكتلندا في الصيف السابق. انخرطت إنجلترا وفرنسا في حرب المئة عام، وكان لدى فرنسا وإسكتلندا معاهدة لدعم بعضهما البعض. لم يبلغ الملك الإنجليزي آنذاك سن الرشد إلا حديثًا، وكان من المتوقع أن يلعب دورًا عسكريًا تمامًا مثلما فعل والده إدوارد الأمير الأسود وجده إدوارد الثالث. كان هناك بعض الخلاف بين القيادة الإنجليزية حول غزو فرنسا أو إسكتلندا. فضل عم الملك، جون غونت، غزو فرنسا، ليكسب له ميزة تكتيكية في قشتالة، حيث كان هو الملك عمليًا بسبب زوجته ولكن واجه صعوبة في دعم مطلبه. فضل أصدقاء الملك من النبلاء - الذين كانوا أيضًا أعداء غونت - غزو إسكتلندا. منح البرلمان في العام السابق أموالًا لحملة قارية وكان م
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| dbo:abstract | قاد ريتشارد الثاني ملك إنجلترا جيشًا إنجليزيًا نحو إسكتلندا في يوليو عام 1385. كان الغزو بشكل جزئي ردًا على الغارات الإسكتلندية على الحدود، ولكن كان أكثر ما دفع نحو الغزو هو وصول الجيش الفرنسي إلى إسكتلندا في الصيف السابق. انخرطت إنجلترا وفرنسا في حرب المئة عام، وكان لدى فرنسا وإسكتلندا معاهدة لدعم بعضهما البعض. لم يبلغ الملك الإنجليزي آنذاك سن الرشد إلا حديثًا، وكان من المتوقع أن يلعب دورًا عسكريًا تمامًا مثلما فعل والده إدوارد الأمير الأسود وجده إدوارد الثالث. كان هناك بعض الخلاف بين القيادة الإنجليزية حول غزو فرنسا أو إسكتلندا. فضل عم الملك، جون غونت، غزو فرنسا، ليكسب له ميزة تكتيكية في قشتالة، حيث كان هو الملك عمليًا بسبب زوجته ولكن واجه صعوبة في دعم مطلبه. فضل أصدقاء الملك من النبلاء - الذين كانوا أيضًا أعداء غونت - غزو إسكتلندا. منح البرلمان في العام السابق أموالًا لحملة قارية وكان من غير الحكمة إهانة مجلس العموم. وبالكاد أمكن التاج تحمل نفقات حملة كبيرة. دعا ريتشارد للضريبة الإقطاعية، التي لم تُفرض منذ سنوات عديدة؛ وكانت هذه آخر مناسبة تفرض فيها. أصدر ريتشارد مراسيم للحفاظ على الانضباط ضمن قوة الغزو، لكن الحملة كانت تعاني من مشاكل منذ البداية. قُتل أحد فرسان ريتشارد على يد الأخ غير الشقيق للملك قبل أن يصل الجيش إلى نيوكاسل. وبمجرد الوصول إلى هناك، كانت القيادة منقسمة وغالبًا ما انغمست في القتال بين بعضهم أكثر من القتال ضد الإسكتلنديين، الذين تراجعوا مع حلفائهم الفرنسيين في مواجهة الإنجليز ورفضوا المعركة. أحرق الإسكتلنديون الأرض أثناء تراجعهم. وسرعان ما استنفد الغزاة طعامهم وإمداداتهم الأخرى؛ وبحلول الوقت الذي وصل فيه الإنجليز إلى إدنبرة، كانوا قد حققوا القليل من النتائج العسكرية، أغلبها حرق الكنائس. ربما اقترح غونت مطاردة الإسكتلنديين في الجبال لإجبارهم على القتال، لكن الملك رفض قبول مثل هذا التكتيك وسرعان ما انسحب الجيش إلى إنجلترا. عندما غادرت قوة ريتشارد إسكتلندا، غزا الجيش الفرنسي الإسكتلندي إنجلترا من الغرب ووصل إلى كارلايل ودمر كمبريا ودرم عند عودته. كان على ريتشارد أن يقترح غزوًا آخر لإسكتلندا بعد بضع سنوات، لكن هذا لم يحدث؛ وفي غزوه التالي لأيرلندا عام 1399، أطاح به هنري بولينغبروك ابن غونت. (ar) In July 1385 Richard II, king of England, led an English army into Scotland. The invasion was, in part, retaliation for Scottish border raids, but was most provoked by the arrival of a French army into Scotland the previous summer. England and France were engaged in the Hundred Years' War, and France and Scotland had a treaty to support each other. The English King had only recently come of age, and it was expected that he would play a martial role just as his father, Edward the Black Prince, and grandfather Edward III had done. There was some disagreement amongst the English leadership whether to invade France or Scotland; the King's uncle, John of Gaunt, favoured invading France, to gain him a tactical advantage in Castile, where he himself was technically king through his wife but had trouble asserting his claim. The King's friends among the nobility – who were also Gaunt's enemies – preferred an invasion of Scotland. A parliament the year before had granted funds for a continental campaign and it was deemed unwise to flout the House of Commons. The Crown could barely afford a big campaign. Richard summoned the feudal levy, which had not been called for many years; this was the last occasion on which it was to be summoned. Richard promulgated ordinances to maintain discipline in his invasion force, but the campaign was beset by problems from the start. One of Richard's knights was killed by the king's half-brother before the army even reached Newcastle; once there, the leadership was divided and often indulged more in internecine fighting than in fighting against the Scots, who, with their French allies, had retired in the face of the English and refused battle. The Scots scorched the earth as they retired. The invaders swiftly exhausted their food and other supplies; by the time the English reached Edinburgh, they had achieved little of military value, mostly the burning of churches. Gaunt may have proposed chasing the Scots into the mountains to force them to battle, but the King refused to countenance such a tactic and the army soon withdrew to England. As Richard's force left Scotland, the Franco-Scottish army counter-invaded England from the West March getting almost as far as Carlisle and ravaged Cumbria and Durham on its return. Richard was to propose another invasion of Scotland a few years later, but this came to nothing; and on his next invasion, of Ireland in 1399, he was deposed by Gaunt's son, Henry Bolingbroke. (en) |
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| dbp:quote | In this type of warfare there was little room for French knights. The growing antagonism between them and their allies is vividly portrayed by Froissart, whose admiration for the bravery of the Scots mingled with contempt for their poverty-stricken uncouthness. (en) The campaign as a whole also reveals a grasp of strategy and the will—perhaps even the courage to carry it out...The King, however, had achieved and carefully defended his military objective. (en) The English...had no enemy to fight and no food to eat. Increasingly hungry and frustrated, they took what revenge they could. (en) There has been considerable debate as to why [the feudal levy] should have been needed, given the Crown's power for decades past to raise military forces without such an expedient being necessary. Broadly, the debate hinges on whether a feudal summons was needed to ensure an impressive turn-out for Richard's first campaign, or whether the government hoped to ease its fiscal problems by placing financial burdens on those who did not respond to the feudal call to arms. (en) |
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| dbp:source | James Gillespie, Richard II: The King of Battles? (en) Nigel Saul, Richard II (en) Ranald Nicholson, Scotland: The Later Middle Ages (en) Maurice Keen, Richard II's Ordinances of War of 1385 (en) Alastair J Macdonald, Border Bloodshed: Scotland and England at War, 1369-1403 (en) |
| dbp:text | The French wanted a sustained campaign which would tie down significant English forces. They wanted to attack the major walled towns and castles of the English borderlands. They believed in careful advanced planning and disciplined movement. The Scots wanted to fight the kind of campaign which they had always fought, involving fast movement by formless hordes of men, maximum physical destruction and the capture of valuable cattle. (en) They were amazed to find that Edinburgh, which had been described to them as the Paris of the north, had only 400 houses. They were unimpressed by the 'red-faced and bleary-eyed' King Robert. they found his subjects a 'savage race' without courtesy or chivalry and his country bare of everything that made life sweet. (en) The component companies of a contract army could be very heterogeneous in their makeup, which was another reason why common rules, binding all, needed to be made explicit. Individual companies varied enormously in size and the status and background of their leaders; in their ranks, near-professionals with long campaigning records mingled with young men who were "armed for the first time". (en) |
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| rdfs:comment | قاد ريتشارد الثاني ملك إنجلترا جيشًا إنجليزيًا نحو إسكتلندا في يوليو عام 1385. كان الغزو بشكل جزئي ردًا على الغارات الإسكتلندية على الحدود، ولكن كان أكثر ما دفع نحو الغزو هو وصول الجيش الفرنسي إلى إسكتلندا في الصيف السابق. انخرطت إنجلترا وفرنسا في حرب المئة عام، وكان لدى فرنسا وإسكتلندا معاهدة لدعم بعضهما البعض. لم يبلغ الملك الإنجليزي آنذاك سن الرشد إلا حديثًا، وكان من المتوقع أن يلعب دورًا عسكريًا تمامًا مثلما فعل والده إدوارد الأمير الأسود وجده إدوارد الثالث. كان هناك بعض الخلاف بين القيادة الإنجليزية حول غزو فرنسا أو إسكتلندا. فضل عم الملك، جون غونت، غزو فرنسا، ليكسب له ميزة تكتيكية في قشتالة، حيث كان هو الملك عمليًا بسبب زوجته ولكن واجه صعوبة في دعم مطلبه. فضل أصدقاء الملك من النبلاء - الذين كانوا أيضًا أعداء غونت - غزو إسكتلندا. منح البرلمان في العام السابق أموالًا لحملة قارية وكان م (ar) In July 1385 Richard II, king of England, led an English army into Scotland. The invasion was, in part, retaliation for Scottish border raids, but was most provoked by the arrival of a French army into Scotland the previous summer. England and France were engaged in the Hundred Years' War, and France and Scotland had a treaty to support each other. The English King had only recently come of age, and it was expected that he would play a martial role just as his father, Edward the Black Prince, and grandfather Edward III had done. There was some disagreement amongst the English leadership whether to invade France or Scotland; the King's uncle, John of Gaunt, favoured invading France, to gain him a tactical advantage in Castile, where he himself was technically king through his wife but had t (en) |
| rdfs:label | الغزو الإنجليزي لاسكتلندا (1385) (ar) English invasion of Scotland (1385) (en) |
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