History of communism (original) (raw)
마르크스주의는 정립된 후 전세계에 널리 확산되어 20세기에 이르기까지 적극적 지지자들에 의하여 수많은 혁명을 이끄는 데 중요한 역할을 했다. 한편으로는 무장혁명을 거부하면서도 집단적 재산과 계급 없는 사회라는 마르크스주의적인 이상을 받아들인 공산주의자들도 많이 생겨났다. 공산주의는 집단이 생산 요소를 소유하는 경제 시스템이다. 국가에서는 정부가 집단을 대표하며, 생산 수단은 노동, 기업가 정신, 자본재 및 천연 자원이다. 공산주의 아래에는 사유 재산과 같은 것이 없다. 모든 재산은 공동 소유이며, 각 사람은 필요한 것에 따라 일부를 받는다. 강력한 중앙 정부인 국가는 경제 생산의 모든 측면을 통제하고 시민들에게 식량, 주택, 의료 및 교육을 포함한 기본적인 필수품을 제공한다. 공산주의의 역사는 부, 경제적 기업, 그리고 재산의 공동 소유의 핵심 이론적 가치를 공유하는 다양한 이념과 정치적 행동을 포함한다. 대부분의 현대 공산주의 형태는 적어도 명목상으로는 19세기 칼 마르크스가 고안한 이론과 방법인 마르크스주의에 근거한다.
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| dbo:abstract | La història del comunisme està summament unida al pensament que el filòsof alemany Karl Marx va delinear en el segle xix. Aquest va veure el comunisme com l'estat original, l'estat de caçador recol·lector, quan el gènere humà va sorgir. Per a Marx, només després que la humanitat era capaç de produir en excés, la propietat privada es desenvolupa de manera massiva i permanent. No obstant això a Occident el comunisme era una idea d'una societat basada en la propietat comuna, idea que es remunta fins i tot a l'antiguitat clàssica. La seva forma moderna com un moviment polític de masses va sorgir a Europa amb el moviment dels treballadors durant la Revolució industrial en el segle xix. Al segle xix, l'ascens del comunisme com una idea política va ser expressada per Karl Marx, que va desenvolupar el marxisme, i Friedrich Engels, que desenvolupà la concepció moderna de comunisme com el resultat d'una revolucionària lluita de classes entre el proletariat i la burgesia. La primera vegada en què un Partit Comunista va aconseguir el poder fou en la Revolució russa de 1917. El marxisme leninisme va sorgir com la bandera principal del comunisme en la política mundial. Posteriorment van sorgir altres corrents comunistes com el maoisme, que accentua el paper de la classe camperola com a agents de revolució. El comunisme s'ha desenvolupat organitzativament al llarg de la història per mitjà de diversos moviments polítics. Aquest desenvolupament s'ha dut a terme amb la formació de les Internacionals Comunistes. (ca) أغلب الأفكر أو الافكار الشيوعية الحديثة تعود إلى الأفكار الماركسية، التي انشأها عالم الاجتماع كارل ماركس في عام 1840م، وقد صنف بعض الديانات المؤكدة للمساواة والملكية المشتركة للبضائع والأموال بالشيوعة، وانتشرت كذلك الأفكار الماركسية انتشارا مكبيرا منذ ذلك الوقت في أجزاء كبيرة من أوروبا والقارة الأمريكية وافريقيا في القرن ال19 الميلادي، ومع تولي الحزب البلشفي السلطة بعد الحرب الأهلية الروسية عام أصبحت الاتحاد السوفيتي أول دولة تحمل الفكر الماركسي في القرن ال20 أي بعد القرن 19، ومع ذلك قامت العديد من الدول الشيوعية ذاك ادراج فكر مخلفة ومتنوعة طورت الفكر الماركسي. قامت العديد من أنطمة دول حاملة اسم الشيوعية في وسيطرت على معظم شرق أوروبا وشرق آسيا، على أي حال في الثمانينات وإلى التسعينات سقطت أغلب هذه الحكومات من السلطة وحولت تلك الدول نظامها إلى رأس مالي. (ar) La historia del comunismo está sumamente unida al pensamiento que los filósofos alemanesKarl Marx y Friedrich Engels desarrollaron en el siglo XIX. Estos vieron al comunismo como el estado óptimo, la Socialización de los medios de producción. Para Marx, sólo después de que la humanidad fuese capaz de producir en exceso, la propiedad privada se desarrollaría de forma masiva y permanente. Sin embargo en Occidente, el comunismo era una idea de una sociedad basada en la propiedad común, idea que se remonta incluso desde la Antigüedad clásica. Su forma moderna como un movimiento político de masas surgió en Europa con el movimiento de los trabajadores durante la Revolución industrial. En el siglo XIX el ascenso del comunismo como una idea política fue expresada por Marx, que desarrolló el Marxismo, y Friedrich Engels, que desarrolló la concepción moderna de comunismo como el resultado de una revolucionaria lucha de clases entre el proletariado y la burguesía. La primera vez en donde un Partido Comunista logró obtener el poder fue en la Revolución rusa de 1917. El marxismo-leninismo surgió como la bandera principal del comunismo en la política mundial, de la mano de Lenin. Posteriormente surgieron otras corrientes comunistas como el Maoísmo, que acentúa el papel de la clase campesina como los agentes de revolución. (es) The history of communism encompasses a wide variety of ideologies and political movements sharing the core theoretical values of common ownership of wealth, economic enterprise, and property. Most modern forms of communism are grounded at least nominally in Marxism, a theory and method conceived by Karl Marx during the 19th century. Marxism subsequently gained a widespread following across much of Europe and throughout the late 1800s its militant supporters were instrumental in a number of failed revolutions on that continent. During the same era, there was also a proliferation of communist parties which rejected armed revolution, but embraced the Marxist ideal of collective property and a classless society. Although Marxist theory suggested that the places ripest for social revolution, either through peaceful transition or by force of arms, were industrial societies, communism was mostly successful in underdeveloped countries with endemic poverty such as the Russian Empire and the Republic of China. In 1917, the Bolshevik Party seized power during the Russian Revolution and in 1922 created the Soviet Union, the world's first self-declared socialist state. The Bolsheviks thoroughly embraced the concept of proletarian internationalism and world revolution, seeing their struggle as an international rather than a purely regional cause. This was to have a phenomenal impact on the spread of communism during the 20th century as the Soviet Union installed new Marxist–Leninist governments in Central and Eastern Europe following World War II and indirectly backed the ascension of others in the Americas, Asia and Africa. Pivotal to this policy was the Communist International, also known as the Comintern, formed with the perspective of aiding and assisting communist parties around the world and fostering revolution. This was one major cause of tensions during the Cold War as the United States and its military allies equated the global spread of communism with Soviet expansionism by proxy. By 1985, one-third of the world's population lived under a Marxist–Leninist system of government in one form or another. However, there was significant debate among communist and Marxist ideologues as to whether most of these countries could be meaningfully considered Marxist at all since many of the basic components of the Marxist system were altered and revised by such countries. The failure of these governments to live up to the ideal of a communist society, their general trend towards increasing authoritarianism and the inherent inefficiencies in their economies has been linked to the decline of communism in the late 20th century. With the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, several Marxist–Leninist states repudiated or abolished the ideology altogether. As of the 21st century, only a small number of Marxist–Leninist states remain, namely China, Cuba, Laos and Vietnam. All of these states have started allowing more economic competition while maintaining one-party rule. (en) L'Histoire du communisme recouvre l'ensemble des évolutions de ce courant d'idées et, par extension, celle des mouvances et des régimes politiques qui s'en sont réclamés. Le communisme se développe principalement au XXe siècle, dont il constitue l'une des principales forces politiques : à son apogée, durant la seconde moitié du siècle, un quart de l'humanité vit sous un régime communiste. Le concept d'une société égalitaire où la propriété privée serait abolie existe de très longue date dans la pensée utopiste : c'est à partir de la fin du XVIIIe siècle qu'il commence à être désigné par le mot communisme. Au début du XIXe siècle, l'idée de communisme devient une composante du socialisme : le terme est notamment revendiqué par Karl Marx et Friedrich Engels, qui publient en 1848 le Manifeste du parti communiste. Le marxisme, courant de pensée dérivé des œuvres de Marx et Engels, acquiert au cours du XIXe siècle une importance essentielle au sein de la mouvance socialiste ; quant au mot communisme, qui ne désigne pas alors un courant d'idées distinct, il continue de faire partie des vocabulaires socialiste et anarchiste, mais tombe en relative désuétude. Le terme communisme revient en usage au XXe siècle, mais son emploi change alors radicalement, car en 1917, les bolcheviks, dont Lénine est le principal dirigeant et idéologue, prennent le pouvoir en Russie. L'année suivante, ils prennent le nom de Parti communiste ; l'Internationale communiste est constituée en 1919 et la mouvance socialiste se divise à l'échelle mondiale entre partisans et adversaires du nouveau régime russe. Si des tendances opposées, comme la gauche communiste et plus tard le trotskisme, peuvent également se réclamer du communisme, l'Union des républiques socialistes soviétiques domine la mouvance de manière incontestée. Après la mort de Lénine, Joseph Staline s'impose comme le maître absolu de l'URSS et de l'Internationale communiste, achevant de mettre en place un régime politique particulièrement répressif et meurtrier. Le fonctionnement de l'URSS a par la suite servi de modèle aux autres régimes communistes, se caractérisant par une mainmise des partis communistes locaux sur le pouvoir politique, une économie étatisée, la présence massive de la police politique dans la société, et la surveillance des activités des citoyens. Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, une partie des pays européens, occupés militairement par l'URSS, deviennent des États communistes à parti unique et constituent le bloc de l'Est. En Asie, la République populaire de Chine est proclamée en 1949, après la victoire militaire du Parti communiste chinois dirigé par Mao Zedong. La guerre froide oppose durant plusieurs décennies les pays communistes — eux-mêmes progressivement divisés entre eux — au « monde libre » dont les États-Unis constituent la superpuissance dominante, rivale de l'URSS. Dans plusieurs démocraties européennes, comme la France et l'Italie, les communistes constituent une force électorale de premier plan et tiennent un rôle important dans la vie intellectuelle et culturelle. La mort de Staline et la déstalinisation qui s'ensuit à partir de 1956 amènent à révéler une partie des crimes du régime soviétique, altérant l'image de la mouvance communiste. Refusant la déstalinisation, la Chine de Mao rompt avec l'URSS, mais reste isolée. L'Union soviétique use ensuite de sa puissance militaire et politique pour empêcher toute réforme conséquente du monde communiste. De nouveaux régimes communistes apparaissent aux Amériques (Cuba), en Asie et en Afrique. La pratique dictatoriale des États communistes — dont les exemples les plus célèbres sont, en Europe, l'écrasement de l'insurrection de Budapest, la construction du mur de Berlin, et la répression du Printemps de Prague — contribue cependant à faire perdre au modèle soviétique une large part de son attrait. La Chine maoïste subit elle aussi des désastres lors du Grand Bond en avant, puis de la Révolution culturelle. Par ailleurs, l'identité communiste continue d'être revendiquée par une partie de l'extrême gauche, qui cherche des formes alternatives au modèle soviétique. La sclérose économique et politique des pays communistes leur pose des problèmes croissants : à partir de 1986, un vaste mouvement de réformes, connu sous le nom de perestroïka, tente de remédier à la situation. Cette libéralisation politique s'avère cependant insuffisante pour sauver le bloc de l'Est, et débouche au contraire sur l'effondrement des régimes communistes européens. L'URSS elle-même est dissoute à la fin de 1991. De nombreux partis communistes, ainsi que plusieurs régimes se réclamant de cette idéologie, continuent cependant d'exister. La République populaire de Chine, convertie à l'économie de marché mais toujours gouvernée par un parti communiste, tient un rôle de premier plan sur la scène politique internationale et dans l'économie mondiale. (fr) Con storia del comunismo si intende l'insieme di studi storici riguardanti le teorie, i fatti, gli eventi legati al comunismo, inteso sia come movimento ideologico e politico, sia come forma di governo e di Stato dei paesi dove alcune forme di comunismo sono state prese a modello. Nonostante gli eventi più significativi e rilevanti risalgano alla storia della modernità, l'aspirazione a creare una società egualitaria ha origini assai più lontane e ha dato vita nel corso dei secoli a teorie che nel tempo hanno assunto connotazioni e realizzazioni differenti suscitando consensi e critiche di ogni genere. Tali connotazioni spesso notevolmente divergenti sono comunque collegate con la visione utopica di una società di tipo egalitario, e le applicazioni pratiche di tale ideale spesso sono entrate in conflitto anche violento tra loro, non solo nelle ottocentesche contrapposizioni tra le categorie marxiane di socialismo utopistico e socialismo scientifico, dimostrando un ampio spettro politico del concetto comunistico. (it) 마르크스주의는 정립된 후 전세계에 널리 확산되어 20세기에 이르기까지 적극적 지지자들에 의하여 수많은 혁명을 이끄는 데 중요한 역할을 했다. 한편으로는 무장혁명을 거부하면서도 집단적 재산과 계급 없는 사회라는 마르크스주의적인 이상을 받아들인 공산주의자들도 많이 생겨났다. 공산주의는 집단이 생산 요소를 소유하는 경제 시스템이다. 국가에서는 정부가 집단을 대표하며, 생산 수단은 노동, 기업가 정신, 자본재 및 천연 자원이다. 공산주의 아래에는 사유 재산과 같은 것이 없다. 모든 재산은 공동 소유이며, 각 사람은 필요한 것에 따라 일부를 받는다. 강력한 중앙 정부인 국가는 경제 생산의 모든 측면을 통제하고 시민들에게 식량, 주택, 의료 및 교육을 포함한 기본적인 필수품을 제공한다. 공산주의의 역사는 부, 경제적 기업, 그리고 재산의 공동 소유의 핵심 이론적 가치를 공유하는 다양한 이념과 정치적 행동을 포함한다. 대부분의 현대 공산주의 형태는 적어도 명목상으로는 19세기 칼 마르크스가 고안한 이론과 방법인 마르크스주의에 근거한다. (ko) Historia ruchu komunistycznego obejmuje historię grup i organizacji uznających idee komunistyczne. (pl) A história do comunismo abrange uma ampla variedade de movimentos políticos que compartilham os valores teóricos fundamentais sobre a propriedade comum da riqueza. A principal forma de comunismo na história foi aquela concebida por Karl Marx e Friedrich Engels, que a definiu como "a doutrina das condições de libertação do proletariado". (pt) Коммунизм — общее название учений, провозглашающих целью преодоление частной собственности и освобождение человека и общества от экономического и социального гнёта. Слово «коммунизм» объединяет те религиозные, нравственные и экономические учения, которые считают, что субъектом всех имущественных прав должна быть не личность, а община, союз, народ или всё человечество, и при этом основанием распределения имущества должны служить потребности людей. Хотя термин «коммунизм» применяли к себе лишь позднейшие из этих учений (приблизительно с XIX века), базовые коммунистические идеи фактически появились ещё в древности и постепенно развивались в средневековье. (ru) 共产主义运动起源于十九世纪西欧的工人运动，以德国学者卡尔·马克思和弗里德里希·恩格斯所著《共产党宣言》为理论基础，以各国共产党或类似名称的共产主义政党为组织基础，成为不同国家内部無產階級以暴力反抗现行政治秩序的社会运动的路径之一，深刻地影响了人类社会在20世纪的内部冲突、动荡以及大范围的社会秩序重建。 共产主义运动是全世界范围内的无产阶级通过暴力来反对资本主义制度，并将建立一种新式的政权组织形式做为初级目标，以共产主义为终极结果的世界工人运动。共产主义者认为其是为争取全人类最终解放而进行的运动。共产主义运动以工人阶级为主体，其主要主要原因为工人阶级组织性是最强的，此外 ，工人阶级是不占有任何生产资料的无产者。因此，工人阶级处于社会最底层，其诉求也是各阶层中最多者。因此，共产主义者认为满足了无产阶级的诉求，就等于是满足了全社会的要求；无产阶级的解放也就可以说是全社会的解放。这种解放，首先要通过剥夺剥削者资产阶级的生产资料，粉碎资本主义的生产关系来达到。这种革命胜利以后，将立即建立起「无产阶级的民主制度」，并使用无产阶级专政来推行无产阶级的要求，并最终实现共产主义。 (zh) |
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| dbp:quote | The communists disdain to conceal their views and aims. They openly declare that their ends can be attained only by the forcible overthrow of all existing social conditions. Let the ruling classes tremble at a communist revolution. The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win. (en) I believe that no one will contest the justness of this proposition: that where no property exists, none of its pernicious consequences could exist...if you were to take away property, the blind and pitiless self-interest that accompanies it, you would cause all the prejudices in errors that they sustain to collapse. (en) |
| dbp:sign | Karl Marx, 1844 (en) |
| dbp:source | —Karl Marx, 1848 (en) —Étienne-Gabriel Morelly, 1755 (en) |
| dbp:text | Communism is the riddle of history solved, and it knows itself to be this solution. (en) |
| dbp:width | 246 (xsd:integer) 300 (xsd:integer) |
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| dct:subject | dbc:History_of_socialism dbc:Communism dbc:History_of_political_thought |
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| rdfs:comment | 마르크스주의는 정립된 후 전세계에 널리 확산되어 20세기에 이르기까지 적극적 지지자들에 의하여 수많은 혁명을 이끄는 데 중요한 역할을 했다. 한편으로는 무장혁명을 거부하면서도 집단적 재산과 계급 없는 사회라는 마르크스주의적인 이상을 받아들인 공산주의자들도 많이 생겨났다. 공산주의는 집단이 생산 요소를 소유하는 경제 시스템이다. 국가에서는 정부가 집단을 대표하며, 생산 수단은 노동, 기업가 정신, 자본재 및 천연 자원이다. 공산주의 아래에는 사유 재산과 같은 것이 없다. 모든 재산은 공동 소유이며, 각 사람은 필요한 것에 따라 일부를 받는다. 강력한 중앙 정부인 국가는 경제 생산의 모든 측면을 통제하고 시민들에게 식량, 주택, 의료 및 교육을 포함한 기본적인 필수품을 제공한다. 공산주의의 역사는 부, 경제적 기업, 그리고 재산의 공동 소유의 핵심 이론적 가치를 공유하는 다양한 이념과 정치적 행동을 포함한다. 대부분의 현대 공산주의 형태는 적어도 명목상으로는 19세기 칼 마르크스가 고안한 이론과 방법인 마르크스주의에 근거한다. (ko) Historia ruchu komunistycznego obejmuje historię grup i organizacji uznających idee komunistyczne. (pl) A história do comunismo abrange uma ampla variedade de movimentos políticos que compartilham os valores teóricos fundamentais sobre a propriedade comum da riqueza. A principal forma de comunismo na história foi aquela concebida por Karl Marx e Friedrich Engels, que a definiu como "a doutrina das condições de libertação do proletariado". (pt) Коммунизм — общее название учений, провозглашающих целью преодоление частной собственности и освобождение человека и общества от экономического и социального гнёта. Слово «коммунизм» объединяет те религиозные, нравственные и экономические учения, которые считают, что субъектом всех имущественных прав должна быть не личность, а община, союз, народ или всё человечество, и при этом основанием распределения имущества должны служить потребности людей. Хотя термин «коммунизм» применяли к себе лишь позднейшие из этих учений (приблизительно с XIX века), базовые коммунистические идеи фактически появились ещё в древности и постепенно развивались в средневековье. (ru) 共产主义运动起源于十九世纪西欧的工人运动，以德国学者卡尔·马克思和弗里德里希·恩格斯所著《共产党宣言》为理论基础，以各国共产党或类似名称的共产主义政党为组织基础，成为不同国家内部無產階級以暴力反抗现行政治秩序的社会运动的路径之一，深刻地影响了人类社会在20世纪的内部冲突、动荡以及大范围的社会秩序重建。 共产主义运动是全世界范围内的无产阶级通过暴力来反对资本主义制度，并将建立一种新式的政权组织形式做为初级目标，以共产主义为终极结果的世界工人运动。共产主义者认为其是为争取全人类最终解放而进行的运动。共产主义运动以工人阶级为主体，其主要主要原因为工人阶级组织性是最强的，此外 ，工人阶级是不占有任何生产资料的无产者。因此，工人阶级处于社会最底层，其诉求也是各阶层中最多者。因此，共产主义者认为满足了无产阶级的诉求，就等于是满足了全社会的要求；无产阶级的解放也就可以说是全社会的解放。这种解放，首先要通过剥夺剥削者资产阶级的生产资料，粉碎资本主义的生产关系来达到。这种革命胜利以后，将立即建立起「无产阶级的民主制度」，并使用无产阶级专政来推行无产阶级的要求，并最终实现共产主义。 (zh) أغلب الأفكر أو الافكار الشيوعية الحديثة تعود إلى الأفكار الماركسية، التي انشأها عالم الاجتماع كارل ماركس في عام 1840م، وقد صنف بعض الديانات المؤكدة للمساواة والملكية المشتركة للبضائع والأموال بالشيوعة، وانتشرت كذلك الأفكار الماركسية انتشارا مكبيرا منذ ذلك الوقت في أجزاء كبيرة من أوروبا والقارة الأمريكية وافريقيا في القرن ال19 الميلادي، ومع تولي الحزب البلشفي السلطة بعد الحرب الأهلية الروسية عام أصبحت الاتحاد السوفيتي أول دولة تحمل الفكر الماركسي في القرن ال20 أي بعد القرن 19، ومع ذلك قامت العديد من الدول الشيوعية ذاك ادراج فكر مخلفة ومتنوعة طورت الفكر الماركسي. (ar) La història del comunisme està summament unida al pensament que el filòsof alemany Karl Marx va delinear en el segle xix. Aquest va veure el comunisme com l'estat original, l'estat de caçador recol·lector, quan el gènere humà va sorgir. Per a Marx, només després que la humanitat era capaç de produir en excés, la propietat privada es desenvolupa de manera massiva i permanent. No obstant això a Occident el comunisme era una idea d'una societat basada en la propietat comuna, idea que es remunta fins i tot a l'antiguitat clàssica. La seva forma moderna com un moviment polític de masses va sorgir a Europa amb el moviment dels treballadors durant la Revolució industrial en el segle xix. (ca) La historia del comunismo está sumamente unida al pensamiento que los filósofos alemanesKarl Marx y Friedrich Engels desarrollaron en el siglo XIX. Estos vieron al comunismo como el estado óptimo, la Socialización de los medios de producción. Para Marx, sólo después de que la humanidad fuese capaz de producir en exceso, la propiedad privada se desarrollaría de forma masiva y permanente. Sin embargo en Occidente, el comunismo era una idea de una sociedad basada en la propiedad común, idea que se remonta incluso desde la Antigüedad clásica. Su forma moderna como un movimiento político de masas surgió en Europa con el movimiento de los trabajadores durante la Revolución industrial. (es) The history of communism encompasses a wide variety of ideologies and political movements sharing the core theoretical values of common ownership of wealth, economic enterprise, and property. Most modern forms of communism are grounded at least nominally in Marxism, a theory and method conceived by Karl Marx during the 19th century. Marxism subsequently gained a widespread following across much of Europe and throughout the late 1800s its militant supporters were instrumental in a number of failed revolutions on that continent. During the same era, there was also a proliferation of communist parties which rejected armed revolution, but embraced the Marxist ideal of collective property and a classless society. (en) L'Histoire du communisme recouvre l'ensemble des évolutions de ce courant d'idées et, par extension, celle des mouvances et des régimes politiques qui s'en sont réclamés. Le communisme se développe principalement au XXe siècle, dont il constitue l'une des principales forces politiques : à son apogée, durant la seconde moitié du siècle, un quart de l'humanité vit sous un régime communiste. (fr) Con storia del comunismo si intende l'insieme di studi storici riguardanti le teorie, i fatti, gli eventi legati al comunismo, inteso sia come movimento ideologico e politico, sia come forma di governo e di Stato dei paesi dove alcune forme di comunismo sono state prese a modello. (it) |
| rdfs:label | History of communism (en) تاريخ الشيوعية (ar) Història del comunisme (ca) Historia del comunismo (es) Histoire du communisme (fr) Storia del comunismo (it) 공산주의의 역사 (ko) Historia ruchu komunistycznego (pl) História do comunismo (pt) История коммунистических учений (ru) 共产主义运动 (zh) |
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